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Kremering är idag det vanligaste jordfästningssättet i Sverige, de allra flesta som avlider kremeras och gravsätts i urna. Frågan om hur de metaller som finns i kroppen men inte får plats i urnan hanteras har hittills inte väckt så stor uppmärksamhet, speciellt inte ur miljösynpunkt. Dock handlar det om åtskilliga ton metall som varje år grävs ner på kyrkogårdar runt om i landet. Denna metall påverkar dels miljön negativt, dels kommer det att ta upp mer och mer plats på kyrkogårdarna i framtiden, och att gräva ner metaller imarken är inte ett miljöoptimerat sätt att hantera dessa. Det finns dock andra saker än bara miljön att ta hänsyn till i denna fråga. Etiska ställningstaganden om vad som är riktigt att göra med t.ex. inopererade kroppsdelar efter döden spelar stor roll för hur hanteringen ser ut idag. Detta kan kopplas till relationen till döden i allmänhet och hur människor förhåller sig till sin egen dödlighet. Svårigheterna i denna fråga ligger i denna spänning, mellan en spänd relation till döden som begrepp och den miljöhänsyn som genomsyrar fler och fler av samhällets delar. I denna studie har fyra personer som arbetar inom begravningsbranschen intervjuats och ett antal teman har diskuterats för att försöka komma underfund med varför hanteringen inte är miljöoptimerad idag och försöka ge ett antal möjliga förklaringar till var svårigheterna i det här problemet ligger. Slutsatserna av undersökningen kan sammanfattas med att tre olika problemområden identifierats: det svåra samtalet om döden, fokus på en antropocentrisk etik i både samhället i stort och i branschen samt attityder och hur dessa kan förändras. Dessa tre är alla sammankopplade när det kommer till denna fråga och alla är en del av början på en lösning av detta problem. / Today, cremation is the most common burial method in Sweden, the vast majority of the deceased are buried using this method. The question of how the metal parts from bodies that will not fit in the urn are handled has not attracted much attention, especially not from an environmental standpoint. However, several tons of metal are buried in cemetaries easch year. This metal will take up more and more space as the use of spare parts in our bodies increases. Apart from this, to bury the metals in the soil is not an environment optimized way to handle them. However, there are several other factors to consider when discussing this issue. Ethical decisions about what is right to do with implanted body parts after death plays a major role in how the issue is delat with today. This can also be linked to the relationship with death in general and how people relate to their own mortality. The difficulty of this question lies in this tension, between a tense relationship with the concept of death and the environment that permeates more and more of society. In this study, four people working in the funeral industry has been interviewed and a number of themes have been discussed to try to figure out why the management of this matter is not environmentally optimized today. I try to give a number of possible explanations as to where the difficulties lie in this problem. The conclusions of the study can be summarized by the three problem areas identified: fear of death, the focusi on an anthropocentric ethics in both the wider community and the industry as well as environmental concerns and attitudes. These three are all connected when it comes to this issue and they are all a part of the beginning of a solution of this problem.

This essay include the osteological analysis of ten cremation burials from the burial ground of Vindförberg in Ore parish, Dalarna. The burial ground on Vindförberg was used between the years 100 and 550 AD. during the Iron age. Vindförberg is a hunting burial ground which is one of two burial practices that existed during this age in Dalarna. The hunting ground graves are located far from settlements and their origin is under debate. Theories about these graves say that they are either settlers from the south or hunting-gatherer groups from the north and west. The questions this essay is if it is possible to see the structure of the community the people behind the burial ground at Vindförberg had. This will be achieved with the help of age and sex determinations to study the relationship between the different graves at Vindförberg. In excess of previous question, it was also of interest to compare the result from Vindförberg with four other contemporary burial grounds to inquire similarities and differences. Of the 43 graves on the burial ground, ten were analyzed in this essay. A total weight and volume of nine kilograms and twelve liters was analyzed. Human, dog, bear, elk, beaver, and fish were the identified species from Vindförberg. Because of the very fragmented material, the determinations of age and sex proved difficult to estimate. This led to the discussion being more about the ancient people’s conception of the world and rituals as well to social structure.

Les lits funéraires de l’époque romaine sont issus d’une tradition ancienne dont les origines, au-delà des Grecs, remontent aux périodes historiques les plus reculées, en Égypte et au Proche-Orient. Depuis le XIXe siècle, les fouilles ont livré de nombreux vestiges chronologiquement situés pour la plupart entre le IIe s. av. et le IIe s. ap. J.-C. ; ils font écho à ceux découverts en contextes domestiques, certes moins nombreux, mais dont l’étude autorise des comparaisons intéressantes et une meilleure compréhension du sujet. La grande variété des modèles répertoriés m’a donc conduit à l’élaboration d’une typologie détaillée, incluant les formes les plus anciennes jusqu’à celles de la période romaine. Les publications consultées ont fait évoluer de manière significative notre connaissance des lits ornés de bronze et ceux rehaussés de décorations en os sculpté. En revanche, les attestations de lits en ivoire demeurent extrêmement rares, que ce soit en Italie ou dans l’ensemble du monde romain. La découverte à Cumes des restes de trois exemplaires, dont les décorations étaient sculptées en ce matériau précieux, constitue par conséquent un témoignage essentiel et de premier ordre. Les fragments étaient mélangés aux ossements des défunts et contenus dans des urnes, elles-mêmes déposées au sein d’importants mausolées. La remarquable qualité de facture et la grande finesse d’exécution, bien visibles sur certaines pièces conservées malgré la destruction engendrée par la crémation, ainsi que les thèmes iconographiques mis en scène, attestent des intentions ostentatoires des propriétaires, soucieux de montrer aux vivants leur statut social, leur richesse et leur vertu. La mise en contexte de ces trois lits et leur étude approfondie, au regard des occurrences connues, a permis pour chacun d’entre eux d’aboutir à une proposition de restitution graphique, préambule indispensable à une analyse iconographique et iconologique. Les résultats obtenus, mis en regard des mausolées dans lesquels ils furent découverts, ont conduit à une compréhension plus précise de la place prépondérante qu’occupaient ces lits dans le cérémonial des funérailles. / The funerary beds of the Roman period come from an ancient tradition, whose origins, beyond the Greeks, can be traced to the earliest historical periods, in Egypt and in the Near East. Since the 19th century, excavations have produced many vestiges, most of them dating back to between the 2nd C. BC up to the 2nd C. AD ; they echo pieces found in domestic contexts which, though less numerous, allow interesting comparisons and a better understanding of the topic. The large variety of the identified models led me to develop a detailed typology of these forms, from the most ancient ones up to those of the Roman period. The consulted publications significantly changed our knowledge of the beds adorned with bronze as well as those adorned with bone carvings. By contrast, instances of ivory beds are extremely rare, whether it be in Italy or in the whole Roman world. Thus, the discovery at Cumae of the vestiges of three ivory beds, adorned with this precious material, serves as essential and unique testimony. The fragments were mixed with the bones of the deceased and placed in urns, themselves located in important mausoleums. Their remarkable quality and meticulous workmanship, clearly visible upon some pieces, which survived the destruction caused by the cremation, as well as the iconographic staged patterns, testify to the conspicuous intentions of their owners, anxious to show their social status, their wealth and their virtues to the living. The contextualization and close study of these three beds, along with a comparison with the known examples, led for each of them to an attempt at a graphic restoration, as a prerequisite for an iconographical and iconological analysis. The achieved results, correlated with the mausoleums where they were found, led to a much more precise understanding of those beds and of the prominent position they enjoyed at the funeral ceremony.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Franco Cardoso.pdf: 4540835 bytes, checksum: 3ba29f33f894b24913e32b59edf81a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In August 1974, there was the inauguration of the Crematorium Jayme Augusto Lopes, popularly known as Crematorium Alpine Village. Thus, the city of São Paulo began offering two destinations for the dead body: burial and cremation. To track the origin of cremation in our city was required in addition to consulting the press, read the Minutes of the City Council, bills and a text of the Public Civil Action on missing politicians found in the ditch in Cemetery Perus. This study focused on the period between the years 1967 and 1974, revealed the position of Brazilian ecclesiastical and political authorities on the practice crematory, measures the contribution of the military to the installation of the first crematorium in the capital, the role of the press in disclosure of government plans, negotiations between the Church, doctors and politicians to define adequate conditions for the population of the city, and promote reflection on the constant transformation of the city of São Paulo in search of modernity / Em agosto de 1974, ocorreu a inauguração do Crematório Jayme Augusto Lopes, popularmente conhecido como Crematório de Vila Alpina. Dessa maneira, a cidade de São Paulo começou a oferecer dois destinos para o corpo morto: o sepultamento e a cremação. Para acompanhar a origem da cremação em nosso município foi necessário além de consultar a imprensa, ler Atas da Câmara Municipal, projetos de lei e um texto da Ação Civil Pública sobre desaparecidos políticos encontrados na vala do Cemitério de Perus. Esse estudo focado no período compreendido entre os anos de 1967 e 1974, revelou a posição de eclesiásticos brasileiros e de autoridades políticas sobre a prática crematória, a contribuição de medidas do governo militar para a instalação dos primeiros fornos na capital, o papel da imprensa na divulgação de planos governamentais, as negociações entre Igreja, médicos e políticos para definição de condições adequadas à população paulistana, além de promover reflexão sobre a constante transformação da cidade de São Paulo em busca de modernidade

In this study bone material from six stone ship settings and a total of seven deposits of bones from two sites on the island of Gotland have been analyzed. Four ship settings from the burial site at Gålrum in Alskog parish and two from Tängelgårda in Lärbro parish. The ships contained both cremated remains and inhumations.  Human remains were identified in five of the analyzed ship settings and a minimum of six individuals was identified in total.  Animals were found in three of the ship settings, where one of them contained only the burned remains of a dog. Two of the ships contained inhumations, one in Gålrum and one in Tängelgårda. The one from Gålrum was determined to 17-19 years of age but of undetermined sex. The inhumation from Tängelgårda was determined to a male of 35-64 years of age.  Of the cremated remains none could be determined to sex but all were determined as adult individuals. The temperature that the cremated bones had been exposed to during the cremation was similar between the different ship settings, with one exception which had been exposed to a slightly higher temperature. The results of the material have also been compared with those of other osteological analysis from ship settings on Gotland. The interpretation of this has been that the amount of bone and the number of individuals that has been buried in stone ship settings vary from different sites. Some ship settings have contained several burials and have been interpreted as family graves (Pettersson 1982) which do not fit with the results from this analysis where all the ship settings contained a maximum of one or two human individuals, so the results from the ship settings on Gålrum and Tängelgårda differ from earlier interpretations of ship settings on Gotland.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

L’étude du bûcher funéraire fondée sur une approche anthracologique, s’inscrit dans la continuité d’unerecherche orientée vers la compréhension de l’organisation sociale des sociétés anciennes. La pratique dela crémation met en oeuvre une succession d’actions qu’il est nécessaire d’identifier pour enrichir nosconnaissances. Au travers de l’étude des bûchers en fosse individuels sous un angle anthracologique,deux objectifs ont été proposés : le premier porte sur un regard critique des données produites par lesanalyses anthracologiques en vu de proposer des catégories d’informations de premier ordre à prendre encompte lors d’études sur les structures de crémation. Le second, proprement archéologique est lié à larestitution du bûcher funéraire abordée sous l’angle de sa chaîne opératoire afin de discuter des moyensmis en oeuvre qui, d’un point de vue technique ou rituel, jalonne la conduite de la crémation. Pourrépondre à ces objectifs trois approches ont été développées.La première, anthracologique, a porté sur l’étude de dix-neuf structures de crémation du quart sud-est dela France, dix-sept appartenant à l’Antiquité, deux à la période protohistorique. L’étude de ces structuresa vu la mise en place de protocole de prélèvements et d’analyses permettant l’obtention de donnéesfiables pour une interprétation des gestes et pratiques funéraire.La deuxième, historique, propose une lecture inédite et approfondie des représentations de bûcher dansl’Antiquité, sur lesquelles un regard d’archéoanthracologue a été porté. Puis une relecture de sourcestextuelles connues et commentées, en mettant à profit nos connaissances techniques sur le sujet, enprenant le parti de vérifier, et parfois de modifier, les traductions tout en prenant soin de recontextualisercertains textes, a mis au jour des détails techniques relativement précis.La troisième approche se veut résolument accès sur la technique, il en ressort une description de la chaîneopératoire et une mise en évidence des moyens engagés pour réaliser une crémation. La conduite de lacrémation peut être vue comme un enchainement d’opérations techniques et rituelles qui ont été en partiecaractérisées par nos analyses anthracologiques. / The study of the funeral pyre based on an anthracological approach, is part of the continuity of a research oriented towards understanding the social organization of ancient societies. The practice of cremation implements a succession of actions that it is necessary to identify, to increase our knowledge. Through the study of individual pyres from an anthracological angle, two objectives have been proposed: the first concerns a critical look at the data produced by charcoal analyzes in order to propose categories of information to be taken in studies of cremation structures. The second, archaeological, is related to the restitution of the funeral pyre approached from the angle of its "chaîne opératoire" to discuss the ways implemented which, from a technical or ritual point of view, punctuates the conduct of cremation. To meet these objectives, three approaches have been developed. The first, anthracological, focused on the study of nineteen cremation structures in the south-east of France. , allowing the establishment of a protocol for sampling and analysis. The second, historical, offers a new and in-depth reading of the representations of the pyre in antiquity and textual sources on which a look of archaeanthracologist was carried. The third approach on the technique, proposes a description of the "chaîne opératoire" and a demonstration of the means committed to achieve a cremation.

Le sujet de la présente thèse est le portrait photographique post-mortem à Buenos Aires et, spécialement, son développement dans le cadre de l'insertion de la photographie dans la presse de masse du début du XXe siècle. En ce sens, l'objectif principal de ce travail est de contribuer à la connaissance des rapports entre mort et représentation visuelle dans le début de la culture de masse. L'analyse d'un corpus hétérogène - des photographies, des peintures, des photogravures, des caricatures, des images aussi journalistiques que publicitaires - essayera donc de rendre compte de quelques problèmes fondamentaux de la présence de l'image et le portrait dans les rites funéraires et les pratiques de deuil modernes. On a aussi le propos de mettre en relief le rôle des pratiques mortuaires dans le processus argentin de modernisation et ses liens avec le développement de la culture visuelle de masse. / The subject of this thesis is the postmortem photographic portrait in Buenos Aires and, especially, its development in the context of the insertion of the photography in the early twentieth century massmedia. In this sense, the main objective of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between death and visual representation in the beginning of the mass culture. The analysis of a heterogeneous corpus - the photographs, paintings, photo-engravings, cartoons, journalistic images and advertisings - therefore tries to study some fundamental problems of the presence of the image and the portrait in modern funerary rites and mourning practices. Its intention is also to highlight the role of mortuary practices in the Argentine modernization process and its links with the development of visual mass culture. / El sujeto de la tesis presente es el retrato fotográfico post-mortem a Buenos Aires y, especialmente, su desarrollo en el marco de la inserción de la fotografía en la prensa de masa de principios del siglo XX. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de los relaciones entre muerto y representación visual en el principio de la cultura de masa. El análisis de un corpus heterogéneo - fotografías, pinturas, fotograbados, caricaturas, imágenes tan periodísticas como publicitarias - tratará pues de dar cuenta de algunos problemas fundamentales de la presencia de la imagen y el retrato en los ritos funerarios y las prácticas modernas de duelo. Tenemos también la intención de poner de relieve el papel de las prácticas mortuorias en el proceso argentino de modernización y sus lazos con desarrollo de la cultura visual de masa.

L’objet de cette thèse vise à restituer les pratiques funéraires d’une partie du territoire atrébate entre la fin de l’Âge du Fer et le début du IIIe s. apr. J.-C. Il est situé à l’est de la Cité des Atrébates, à la rencontre avec les Cités des Nerviens et des Ménapiens. L’Ostrevant n’existe pas en tant que tel dans l’Antiquité. Néanmoins, il correspond à une réalité antique mise en avant par la spécificité des pratiques funéraires par rapport au reste de la Cité et à celles qui l’environnent, soulignant ainsi la nécessité de réaliser des études à l’échelle micro-régionale.Le monde funéraire constitue aujourd’hui une thématique privilégiée, pour laquelle la masse de données rassemblées grâce à l’activité de l’archéologie préventive permet d’effectuer des synthèses de ce type. Le catalogue a été réalisé à partir des données brutes de fouilles d’ensembles funéraires faites par la Direction de l'Archéologie Préventive de la Communauté d'Agglomération du Douaisis (CAD-DAP), augmenté par le dépouillement des rapports de fouilles effectuées dans la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais par les différents opérateurs de l’archéologie préventive. Plus de six cents sépultures sont ainsi inventoriées dans l’Ostrevant, et plus de deux mille dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais et sur la frontière belge. L’étude se découpe en sept chapitres articulés autour du traitement fait aux morts par les vivants : l’ensemble funéraire dans son espace naturel et la relation par rapport aux vivants, l’étape du bûcher, la gestion des résidus de crémation, le traitement des os brûlés du défunt, la constitution de la tombe, et les dépôts de mobilier. Un volet chronologique ouvre l’étude. Enfin, un chapitre synthétique traitant de la signification de la tombe et des dimensions sociales, culturelles et historiques clôt la thèse. / The aim of the thesis is to relate the funeral practices from a part of the territory of the Atrebates between the end of the Iron Age and the beginning of the third century A.D. It is situated at the east of the Civitas Atrebatorum, at the meeting point with the Civitas Nerviorum and the Civitas Menapiorum. The Ostrevant did not exist during antiquity ; however, it corresponds to an antique reality emphasized by the specificity of the funeral practices in comparison with the rest of the Civitas and surrounding areas, thus underlining the interest of doing studies on a micro-regional scale.The funeral world represents a privileged subject in contemporary archaeological research, and the synthesis undertaken in this thesis was made possible by the large amount of data collected by preventive archaeologists. The inventory gathers the data from the excavations of cemeteries led by the archaeological service of the Douaisis (CAD-DAP), augmented by the results of excavations made in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais by various departments of preventive archaeology. More than 600 graves have been unearthed in the Ostrevant, and more than 6000 have been excavated in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais.The study consists of seven chapters, organized around the treatment given to the dead by the living : the cemetery in its natural context and its relation with the living, the stage of the cremation, the management of the cremation residues, the treatment of the burned bones of the dead, the constitution of the grave, and the offerings. A chronological chapter opens the study. Finally, a synthetic chapter treating the significance of the grave and the social, cultural and historical dimensions closes the thesis.