Magister Legum - LLM

La responsabilité de protéger est une notion que l’on associe souvent à l’ingérence, entendue comme le recours à la force contre la souveraineté d’un État. En réalité, la responsabilité de protéger se divise en trois volets distincts : la responsabilité de prévenir, de réagir et de reconstruire. Si la plupart des études portent sur le volet réactif de la responsabilité de protéger, il s’agit ici d’examiner la notion sous son angle préventif. Construite à partir du rapport de la Commission internationale de l'intervention et de la souveraineté des États et du document final du sommet mondial de 2005, la responsabilité de prévenir propose un modèle de prévention des crimes de masse. Celui-ci repose sur un dispositif spécifique au sein duquel des acteurs sont en charge de la prévention, et agissent selon un mécanisme identifié. Ce modèle formel qu’offre la responsabilité de prévenir permet de l’envisager comme un véritable outil d’un droit international de la prévention. L’examen du bilan de la responsabilité de prévenir met en lumière des réussites patentes ainsi que des succès plus discrets. Plus encore qu’un résultat visible dans les faits, la responsabilité de prévenir est un réel adjuvant au droit existant. Elle offre une voie supplémentaire pour prévenir et vient renforcer l’obligation de prévenir le génocide, telle qu’elle apparaît dans la Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide de 1948 / The responsibility to protect is a concept that is often associated with intervention, understood as the use of force against the State sovereignty. In reality, the responsibility to protect is divided into three distinct components: the responsibility to prevent, react and rebuild. While most studies focus on the reactive element of the responsibility to protect, this study will focus on the preventing aspect of this concept. Built on the report of the International commission on intervention and state sovereignty and the 2005 World summit outcome, the responsibility to prevent proposes a model for the prevention of mass crimes. This is based on a specific process within which operators are in charge of prevention, and act according to an identified mechanism. This formal model of the responsibility to prevent makes it possible to foresee it as a true tool of an international law of prevention. A review of the assessment of the responsibility to prevent highlights both the apparent successes and also the more discreet achievements. Even more than a visible factual result, the responsibility to prevent is a real addition to the existing law. It provides a complementary approach to prevent and reinforce the obligation to prevent genocide, as it appears in the 1948 Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide

Magister Legum - LLM

Au cours d’un peu plus de deux décennies, la RDC, située au cœur de l’Afrique, dans la région des grands lacs, a été le théâtre des crimes de masse les plus violents. De nombreux rapports relatent les violations à grande échelle des droits de l’homme et du doit international humanitaire commises dans ce pays démontrent. Ils démontrent l’horreur innommable infligée aux populations civiles dans la partie Est du pays. ll s'agit notamment, de Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Bénie, Rusthuru,Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasai, Maniema, Shaba. Dans un contexte global de conflit et de trouble persistant, d’instabilité socio-économique et de crise politique profonde, la commission des crimes graves se trouve exacerbée par la présence des centaines de groupes armés politico-militaro-affairistes, des Forces Armées de la R.D.C., tous soutenus par des troupes étrangères et multinationales. L'environnement politique et sécuritaire empêche la justice congolaise d'évaluer dans la sérénité la quasi-totalité d’éléments de crimes sur le territoire en vue d’identifier les auteurs, d’établir les responsabilités, procéder à leur répression, assurer la réparation des nombreuses victimes et la réconciliation nationale. L'association d'autres formes de justice serait plus que nécessaire, toujours à travers la logique de la complémentarité de la CPI. / . For almost over two decades, the DRC, located in the heart of Africa, in the Great Lakes region, has benn the scene of the most violent crimes. Tremendous public and non government organizations have reported the large-scale violations international humanitarian law and human rights committed in this country. They display the horror inflicted upon the civilian populations in the eastern part of the country. These include amonsgt others the areas of Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Béni, Rusthuru, Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasaï, Maniema, Shaba. In a global context of conflict and persistent turmoil, socio-economic instability and deep political crisis, the commission of serious crimes is exacerbated by the presence of hundreds of armed politico-military-mercenary groups, the Armed Forces of the DRC, all supported by foreign and multinational troops. The currently political and security environment prevents the Congolese justice system from smoothly assessing all elements of crimes on the territory in order to identify the perpetrators, establish the responsibilities, carry out investigation and prosecution as well as legal proceedings, ensure the reparations to millions of victims and the national reconciliation at large. The combination of other forms of justice would be more than ever necessary through the logic of the complementarity of the ICC.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Auxiliadora de Almeida Cunha Arantes.pdf: 1554087 bytes, checksum: 2cbbb11a5ab676f9b17bec5352b8875e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / This work aims at the theoretical approach of torture as a practice that runs through and remains in the history of humans. The sustainment of torture through the ages, despite the continuous process of cultural development, presupposes the existence of an intrinsic obstacle to the humans that prevents its exclusion from the realm of civilization. The search of the obstacle to the ultimate eradication of torture is the main objective of this work. Being essentially a human practice, the theoretical framework consists of the Freudian texts referring to culture and texts of contemporary thinkers who wrote about the cruelty and destructiveness as intrinsic to the relations between men. The approach to torture has been possible from testimonies and narratives of events where this was an extreme practice. The work focuses on the testimony of former political prisoners tortured during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil and adds information about the state of exception that prevailed during this period. The reference to history is adressed through events at different times, which makes evident that the practice is age-old, despite the civilizational efforts to prohibit it. In the closing remarks, are expressed the main conclusions: torture is an act that only humans do and practice throughout history; the torturer who exercises it is fully aware of what is and therefore is responsible for his crime of extreme cruelty; and finally, the finding that the psychic inscription of torture cannot be erased, for nothing that once formed can perish / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a abordagem teórica da tortura como uma prática que percorre a história dos humanos, e que se mantém. A sustentação da tortura ao longo dos tempos, apesar do processo contínuo de desenvolvimento da cultura, faz supor que há um empecilho intrínseco aos humanos que impede sua exclusão do campo da civilização. A busca deste entrave à erradicação definitiva da tortura é o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Sendo uma prática essencialmente humana, o referencial teórico é constituído pelos textos freudianos que se referem à cultura e textos de pensadores contemporâneos que escreveram sobre a crueldade e a destrutividade como intrínsecos às relações entre os homens. A aproximação com a tortura foi possível a partir de testemunhos e de narrativas de acontecimentos onde esta foi uma prática extrema. Privilegio os testemunhos de ex-presos políticos que foram torturados durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil e acrescento informações sobre o estado de exceção que vigorou nesse período. A referência à história é abordada através de acontecimentos em diferentes períodos, o que torna evidente que a prática é milenar, apesar dos esforços civilizatórios que a proíbem. Nas considerações finais, estão expressas as principais conclusões: a tortura é um ato que só os humanos praticam e o fazem ao longo da história; o torturador que a exerce é plenamente consciente do que faz e por isso é responsável pelo seu crime de extrema crueldade; e, finalmente, a constatação de que a inscrição psíquica da tortura não se apaga, pois nada do que uma vez se formou pode perecer

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Auxiliadora de Almeida Cunha Arantes.pdf: 1554087 bytes, checksum: 2cbbb11a5ab676f9b17bec5352b8875e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / This work aims at the theoretical approach of torture as a practice that runs through and remains in the history of humans. The sustainment of torture through the ages, despite the continuous process of cultural development, presupposes the existence of an intrinsic obstacle to the humans that prevents its exclusion from the realm of civilization. The search of the obstacle to the ultimate eradication of torture is the main objective of this work. Being essentially a human practice, the theoretical framework consists of the Freudian texts referring to culture and texts of contemporary thinkers who wrote about the cruelty and destructiveness as intrinsic to the relations between men. The approach to torture has been possible from testimonies and narratives of events where this was an extreme practice. The work focuses on the testimony of former political prisoners tortured during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil and adds information about the state of exception that prevailed during this period. The reference to history is adressed through events at different times, which makes evident that the practice is age-old, despite the civilizational efforts to prohibit it. In the closing remarks, are expressed the main conclusions: torture is an act that only humans do and practice throughout history; the torturer who exercises it is fully aware of what is and therefore is responsible for his crime of extreme cruelty; and finally, the finding that the psychic inscription of torture cannot be erased, for nothing that once formed can perish / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a abordagem teórica da tortura como uma prática que percorre a história dos humanos, e que se mantém. A sustentação da tortura ao longo dos tempos, apesar do processo contínuo de desenvolvimento da cultura, faz supor que há um empecilho intrínseco aos humanos que impede sua exclusão do campo da civilização. A busca deste entrave à erradicação definitiva da tortura é o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Sendo uma prática essencialmente humana, o referencial teórico é constituído pelos textos freudianos que se referem à cultura e textos de pensadores contemporâneos que escreveram sobre a crueldade e a destrutividade como intrínsecos às relações entre os homens. A aproximação com a tortura foi possível a partir de testemunhos e de narrativas de acontecimentos onde esta foi uma prática extrema. Privilegio os testemunhos de ex-presos políticos que foram torturados durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil e acrescento informações sobre o estado de exceção que vigorou nesse período. A referência à história é abordada através de acontecimentos em diferentes períodos, o que torna evidente que a prática é milenar, apesar dos esforços civilizatórios que a proíbem. Nas considerações finais, estão expressas as principais conclusões: a tortura é um ato que só os humanos praticam e o fazem ao longo da história; o torturador que a exerce é plenamente consciente do que faz e por isso é responsável pelo seu crime de extrema crueldade; e, finalmente, a constatação de que a inscrição psíquica da tortura não se apaga, pois nada do que uma vez se formou pode perecer

No marco do direito internacional dos direitos humanos, a presente dissertação de mestrado analisa o desaparecimento forçado de pessoas, que, em razão de constituir grave violação de direitos humanos, foi tipificado crime contra a humanidade. Desse modo, tem por fim verificar o surgimento desse fenômeno nos regimes ditatoriais da América Latina, e o tratamento dispensado a ele pela comunidade internacional, observando-se a interdependência de ramos do direito internacional face ao desaparecimento. Ademais, visa a fazer uma aproximação entre memória e direitos humanos, temática intrinsecamente relacionada com o desaparecimento forçado de pessoas. Nessa perspectiva, apresenta uma análise dos casos de desaparecimento julgados pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos com vistas à sua compreensão acerca do direito à verdade, extraindo-se a afinidade desse direito com a construção de memórias. Dessa maneira, este estudo considera a relação direta entre a manipulação de memórias do passado, pelo ocultamento dos fatos relativos a crimes da natureza do desaparecimento forçado, e as violações de direitos humanos que ocorrem no presente. / Within the framework of international human rights, this thesis analyzes the enforced disappearance of persons, which was typified as a crime against humanity due the fact of being a serious violation of human rights. Thus, it aims to determine the emergence of this phenomenon during dictatorial regimes in Latin America, and its treatment by the international community, emphasizing the interdependence between different international law branches to the disappearance. Moreover, it aims to make a connection between memory and human rights, a theme closely linked to enforced disappearance of persons. Through this perspective, it presents an analysis of disappearance cases judged by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in order to depict its understanding about the right to the truth, extracting the affinity of this right with the construction of memory. Accordingly, this study considers the relationship between the manipulation of memories about the past through the concealment of facts related to enforced disappearance crimes, and ongoing human rights violations.

Les institutions internationales ont à la suite de la 2ème guerre mondiale créé un corpus de droits reliés à l’essence de la condition humaine qui sont aussi intuitifs que difficiles à systématiser. Cette émergence se trouve à l’origine de la relation étroite entre le droit international et un noyau intangible de valeurs considérées comme universelles, érigé à la lumière de constructions philosophiques et juridiques du concept d’humanité jusqu’au moment où elles sont saisies par le droit international coutumier et conventionnel dans une logique de protection. Cette protection relève, d’un côté, du droit international pénal à partir notamment de l’édification des concepts de crime contre l’humanité et de génocide ayant comme corolaire également la définition du concept de graves violations et, de l’autre côté, du droit international des droits de l’Homme, en ce qu’il s’est occupé de la sauvegarde de l’individu en tant qu’être à la fois singulier et collectif, mais aussi des droits essentiels à la préservation de sa condition humaine. Le problème majeur qui se pose est celui des difficiles interactions entre le droit international et le droit national, combiné à l’héritage des paradigmes du droit international classique, ce qui nous amène à répondre à la question du comportement des États quand le droit international a pour objet la préservation de ce noyau dur des valeurs humaines. Dans la présente thèse, nous cherchons donc à démontrer que la protection tissée notamment sur la base des prohibitions apporte au droit international une position de suprématie liée à son caractère de jus cogens, de manière à imposer des devoirs non seulement aux États mais aussi aux individus. / Because of World War II, international institutions have created a set of rights related to the essence of the human condition that are as intuitive as to systematize. The close relationship between international law and the protection of intangible values of the human community as a whole has its sources from this emergence. Indeed, these values were identified in the light of philosophical and legal constructions about the concept of humanity until the moment when it became protected by the customary and conventional international law. On the one hand, this protection came from the international criminal law and its enlightenment about the conception of crime against humanity and genocide, in a manner that it enabled the identification of the meaning of serious violations. On the other hand, this protection came likewise from international human rights law, in which it took care to safeguard the individual either as a singular and collective human being, as well as of the fundamental rights to the preservation of its human condition. The hardest problem that is presented here is about the difficult interactions between international law and national law. This problem is aggravated by the heritage left by the classic international law paradigms, which leads us to seek the answer concerning how the States react or how States must react when international law aims to safeguard these core human values. In this thesis, we seek to demonstrate that the protection exercised, especially on the basis of prohibitions, places international law in a position of supremacy linked to its character of jus cogens, in order to impose obligations over both States and individuals.

Given the unresolved status of the cases of victims of forced sterilizations during the government of Alberto Fujimori, this report aims to identify criterias of rationality from criminal doctrine and jurisprudence developed over the years, that will enable judicial officers to get a fair decision, consistent with a Constitutional Democracy, when determining criminal responsibility.Also, with the review of Salomon Lerner and Yvan Montoya, renowned lawyers defenders of human rights and knowledgeable in the subject. / Ante la situación irresuelta de las denuncias de las victimas deesterilizaciones involuntarias durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori, el presente informe pretende identificar criterios de racionalidad provenientes de la doctrina y jurisprudencia penal que le permitan a los operadores judiciales obtener una decisión justa y acorde a una Democracia Constitucional, al momento de determinar la responsabilidad penal.Asimismo, se cuenta con los comentarios del Dr. Salomón Lerner y Dr. Yvan Montoya, reconocidos abogados defensores de los derechos humanos y entendidos en el tema.

No marco do direito internacional dos direitos humanos, a presente dissertação de mestrado analisa o desaparecimento forçado de pessoas, que, em razão de constituir grave violação de direitos humanos, foi tipificado crime contra a humanidade. Desse modo, tem por fim verificar o surgimento desse fenômeno nos regimes ditatoriais da América Latina, e o tratamento dispensado a ele pela comunidade internacional, observando-se a interdependência de ramos do direito internacional face ao desaparecimento. Ademais, visa a fazer uma aproximação entre memória e direitos humanos, temática intrinsecamente relacionada com o desaparecimento forçado de pessoas. Nessa perspectiva, apresenta uma análise dos casos de desaparecimento julgados pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos com vistas à sua compreensão acerca do direito à verdade, extraindo-se a afinidade desse direito com a construção de memórias. Dessa maneira, este estudo considera a relação direta entre a manipulação de memórias do passado, pelo ocultamento dos fatos relativos a crimes da natureza do desaparecimento forçado, e as violações de direitos humanos que ocorrem no presente. / Within the framework of international human rights, this thesis analyzes the enforced disappearance of persons, which was typified as a crime against humanity due the fact of being a serious violation of human rights. Thus, it aims to determine the emergence of this phenomenon during dictatorial regimes in Latin America, and its treatment by the international community, emphasizing the interdependence between different international law branches to the disappearance. Moreover, it aims to make a connection between memory and human rights, a theme closely linked to enforced disappearance of persons. Through this perspective, it presents an analysis of disappearance cases judged by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in order to depict its understanding about the right to the truth, extracting the affinity of this right with the construction of memory. Accordingly, this study considers the relationship between the manipulation of memories about the past through the concealment of facts related to enforced disappearance crimes, and ongoing human rights violations.