This thesis assesses the UK Terrorism Act 2000’s stop and search and pre-charge detention powers against liberty and security rights. It proposes that criminalizing ‘terrorism’, and legitimacy of counter-terrorism laws, depends on moral and legal norms defining legitimate sovereign power. External norms of territorial sovereignty and non-intervention define and legitimize external defensive actions by the state to protect nation state security. Individual liberty and security rights, specifically pursuant to article 9, ICCPR and article 5 ECHR, have a special moral and legal status externally, but are not universally determinative of sovereign legitimacy. The thesis argues that these external norms accommodate contrasting paradigms of internal legitimacy, the ‘security state’ and the ‘liberal state’. Conceptually, sovereign legitimacy in the former is grounded on heteronymous collective or ideological values, grounding fundamental obligations legitimizing ‘balancing’ of individual liberty and security against security of those ultimate norms. The ‘balancing metaphor’ and exceptionalist theories are conceptually located within the security state paradigm. Conversely, political and individual autonomy (liberty and security of the person) circumscribe legitimacy of liberal state action, grounding fundamental obligations to prevent and punish harms, and to refrain from violating individual autonomy unless justified by those obligations. Liberal rule of law standards, including due process rights, are legitimized by the instrumental role of law as the primary source of justification in the liberal state. Evaluating the policy justifications, enactment, and scope of the TA provisions against those norms, the thesis concludes they contradict liberal norms, violate international norms and individual legal rights to liberty and security, and undermine the rule of law and due process rights. The pre-emptive counter-terrorism policy, balancing national security against individual liberty, and degradation of due process rights, belies a security state approach.

Dans ce mémoire, nous nous interrogeons sur de nouvelles règles de preuve du Code criminel pour déterminer si elles ont complètement éliminé le phénomène de victimisation des plaignantes dans les procédures en matière d'agression sexuelle. Nous émettons l'hypothèse qu'elles n'ont pas éliminé le traitement inéquitable des victimes dans le procès pénal et que ce traitement inéquitable nuit autant à la recherche de la vérité qu'au respect des droits des plaignantes. Nous examinons d'abord les droits constitutionnels respectifs de la plaignante et de l'accusé dans le procès en matière de crimes sexuels et leur interaction avec des règles qui portent sur la réputation et l'état de santé des deux protagonistes dans de telles affaires. Nous observons que ces règles de preuve offriraient une symétrie apparente au sujet du traitement de la mauvaise réputation de l'accusé et de la réputation sexuelle et la santé mentale de la victime dans la procédure. Cette symétrie serait toutefois imparfaite, inappropriée ou biaisée par le caractère adversaire du procès et la priorité accordée aux droits constitutionnels de l'inculpé et ce, parfois même au détriment de la vérité et de la justice. Enfin, nous proposons des modifications aux règles actuelles de preuve et de procédure en matière d'agression sexuelle pour favoriser une meilleure recherche de la vérité et un respect accru des droits constitutionnels des victimes / In this master's thesis, we will ask whether the new rules of evidence in the Criminal Code have eliminated the phenomenon of victimization of complainants in sexual assault matters. We emit the hypothesis that the new rules of evidence have not eliminated the inequitable treatment of female plaintiffs in criminal trials and that this inequitable treatment is equally harmful to the search for the truth as well as to the respect of the victim's rights. First, we will state the constitutional rights of the plaintiff and of the accused party in matters of sexual crimes and the current rules of evidence specifically in regards to the reputation and the state of health of the two parties, the accused and the plaintiff, in sexual assault trials and in regards to their respective constitutional rights in such matters. In particular, we will examine the existence of a noticeable symmetry between the rules of evidence relative to the bad reputation of the accused and those concerning the sexual reputation and mental health of the victim, a symmetry which is nevertheless imperfect, inappropriate or biased because of the adversarial procedure and the constitutional debate which we will examine in second place. Thirdly, we will propose certain modifications be made to the rules of evidence and procedure in matters of sexual assault to encourage the discovery of the truth and the respect of the plaintiff’s constitutional rights.

Paragraphs 138 to 140 of the Outcome Document of the 2005 UN World Summit not only elevated the element of prevention to a prominent place within the principle of “responsibility to protect” (R2P), but also restricted the scope of R2P to four specific crimes under international law: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. This thesis explores the conceptual and practical consequences of linking R2P to the concept of international crimes, with a particular focus on the preventive dimension of R2P, the socalled “responsibility to prevent”. To date, much of what has been written about the “responsibility to prevent” borrows primarily from conflict prevention theory and practice. Such conflict prevention inspired accounts of the “responsibility to prevent” tend to depict the principle as a long-term agenda that seeks to build societies resilient to atrocity crimes; that rests primarily on pillars one (state responsibility) and two (international assistance and capacity-building); that is supportive rather than undermining of state sovereignty; and that can largely adhere to the traditional conflict prevention principles of impartiality, consent, and minimal coercion should more direct prevention efforts become necessary. Drawing on literature from criminology, this thesis develops an international crimes framework for operationalizing the preventive dimension of R2P. The framework, combined with three case studies of international crime prevention (Bosnia 1991-1995; Kenya 2007-08; and Libya 2011), challenges key assumptions of the conflict prevention accounts, arguing that linking R2P to the concept of international crimes turns the “responsibility to prevent” into a principle that is more focused on the short-term, rather than on so-called root causes of atrocity crimes; more focused on individuals, rather than on state structures and capacity; more partial regarding perpetrators and victims; and more coercive, intrusive, and controversial than is commonly acknowledged in academic writing and policy debates on the subject. More broadly, the thesis concludes that taking R2P’s focus on the prevention of international crimes seriously requires re-rethinking the “responsibility to prevent” in important respects.

This doctoral thesis aims to provide an answer to the question of why the criminal law should be concerned with the emotional response of the offender. Emotions have important instrumental aptness, such as the capacity to reveal a person's values to himself. Emotional obligations can exist within friendship, and even between strangers when the basic duty of respect has been breached. Emotions therefore have important roles to play in connection to wrongful acts between fellow citizens. The emotions that are the most relevant to the committing of a wrong are guilt and shame. The thought content of guilt is responsibility for a wrong, while the thought content of shame focuses on a weakness of the self. In response to a wrong, guilt feelings distance the wrongdoer from the moral falsehood that was implicit in the offence, restoring relations with society. Shame might have similar beneficial effects, but it might also tie the wrongdoer closer to a personal weakness (which is only indirectly related to the wrong) and might therefore weaken the relationship with himself and society. Preventing undesirable behavior is an aim of criminal law. Good criminal law should aim to persuade offenders to endorse the legal rule that was flouted by the offence. The law is not a suitable basis for citizen's emotional obligations, but emotions are particularly capable of allowing an offender to properly recognise certain reasons for obeying the law, such as moral reasons and reasons of respect for law. Guilt feelings in a setting of victim-offender mediation are very promising in this respect, while shame and humiliation run the risk of distancing the offender from his regard of himself as a moral person and society at large.

O presente trabalho se dedica a estudar o surgimento e critérios de aplicação que envolvem a incidência do princípio da insignificância. Serão analisados, para tanto, os conceitos do chamado direito penal de mínima intervenção, que prega o respeito à ultima ratio do Direito Penal. Demonstra, desta forma, que a Constituição vigente, ainda que não refira expressamente o principio da insignificância, o legitima por meio dos demais princípios. Demonstra, ainda, que a aplicação do princípio está em consonância com os preceitos de uma intervenção penal minimamente necessária. / The present work aims to study the emergence and criteria for applying the principle of insignificance. Therefore, will be analyzed the concepts of criminal law called minimal intervention, which advocates respect for the ultima ratio of the Criminal Law. Thus, demonstrates that the current Constitution, though not explicitly refer to the principle of insignificance, legitimized it through the principles of others. It also demonstrates that the principle is in line with the precepts of a criminal intervention minimally required.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-21T10:34:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JONES MARIEL KEHL_.pdf: 967232 bytes, checksum: dac034e48d5761d990e65358e6f01077 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-21T10:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JONES MARIEL KEHL_.pdf: 967232 bytes, checksum: dac034e48d5761d990e65358e6f01077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-04 / Nenhuma / Da análise da situação experimentada nos Estados democráticos de Direito após os atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001, ocorrido nos Estados Unidos, verifica-se a adoção de uma série de medidas legislativas e executivas voltadas à luta contra tal criminalidade. As legislações antiterror normalmente inserem-se no contexto do denominado Direito Penal do inimigo, em que se pretende a exclusão do delinquente da sociedade. Entretanto, é preciso encontrar limites operativos da definição de terrorismo de modo a permitir sua incriminação no marco das sociedades democráticas. Para tanto, por meio de uma abordagem fenomenológica, enquanto revisão crítica dos temas centrais transmitidos pela tradição filosófica através da linguagem, adota-se o método monográfico e, enquanto técnica de pesquisa, a documentação indireta, notadamente pesquisa bibliográfica espanhola e norte-americana, bem como análise de propostas legislativas e de textos legislativos, a fim de verificar a situação brasileira sobre o tema. Com isso, analisando o conteúdo do injusto de tal criminalidade, observa-se o ataque a bens jurídicos concretos protegidos pelos crimes comuns, à paz pública e as vias democráticas de tomada de decisões políticas. Assim, o método terrorista deve ter a intimidação massiva como forma de comissão, com violência reiterada e indiscriminada, a comissão de crimes gravíssimos como modo de execução e caráter armado enquanto meio utilizado. Para lograr êxito no ataque aos bens jurídicos, a conduta terrorista deverá ser executada por uma organização, imbuída de uma finalidade política, no sentido de impor uma determinada regulação à margem dos mecanismos democráticos de tomada de decisão política estabelecidos. A partir disso, o método terrorista serve como limite horizontal para a tipificação da conduta, ao passo que a estrutura organizativa serve como limite vertical e, por fim, o elemento teleológico, como limite transversal. / Analyzing the situation experienced in the law of democratic States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, occurred in the United States, there is the adoption of a series of legislative and executive measures aimed at combating such crime. The anti-terror laws usually falls within the context of the enemy called Criminal Law, according to which it is intended the exclusion of the offender from society. However, it's necessary find operating limits of the definition of terrorism to allow incrimination in the context of democratic societies. Therefore, through a phenomenological approach, while critical review of the central themes transmitted by philosophical tradition through language, it was adopted the monographic method, while technical research, the indirect documentation, notably Spanish literature and American, and analysis of legislative proposals and legislation in order to verify the Brazilian situation on the topic. Thus, analyzing the content of the unjust in such crime, there was the attack on concrete legal rights protected by common crimes, public peace and democratic process of political decision-making. Thus, the terrorist method must have the massive intimidation as a form of commission, with repeated and indiscriminate violence, the commission very serious crimes as a way of implementation and armed character as a means used. To bring about the attack on the legal interests, the terrorist conduct must be performed by an organization, which must have political purpose, to impose a particular setting the margins of democratic mechanisms established political decision-making. From this, the terrorist method serves as a horizontal limit for its characterization, while the organizational structure serves as a vertical limit and, finally, the teleological element, such as transverse edge.

O processo penal no Brasil é conjunto de atos jurídicos, formalmente ordenados, com o objetivo de apurar a veracidade de fatos criminosos, resultando na sentença condenatória ou absolvição do agente envolvido no crime. Ocorre que durante o procedimento inclui a figura do perito criminal como representante legal para a análise de provas das infrações. As diversas modalidades do crime resultam em complexos levantamentos de provas, exigindo do perito criminal o conhecimento técnico - científico do crime específico a ser examinado. Os Institutos de perícias são formados por profissionais multidisciplinares que tem como objetivo atingir a maior abrangência das ciências para auxiliar na justiça. Com a nova modalidade de crime de maus-tratos aos animais, o Estado tem a responsabilidade de materializar os vestígios relacionados com os animais, convergindo o respectivo trabalho ao perito criminal com formação em medicina veterinária. Atualmente é reduzido o número profissionais veterinários nos quadros dos peritos criminais, interferindo nos compromissos da veracidade ou autenticidade dos fatos. Paralelamente a esta nova demanda, os institutos de ensino superior estão implementando a nova especialidade denominada de Medicina Veterinária Legal que tem como objetivo disciplinar o conhecimento da medicina veterinária no auxilio da justiça. O presente trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, onde a primeira tem como objetivo expor o funcionamento sistema jurídico nacional e as atribuições dos peritos criminais, pontuando as importâncias do conhecimento médico veterinário legal quando do levantamento de provas envolvendo maus-tratos aos animais, e na segunda parte, as imagens das práticas do levantamento de provas pelo perito criminal médico veterinário em infrações de maus-tratos aos animais e discussões envolvendo as dificuldades e apontamentos pertinentes a prática legal. / Criminal processes in Brazil are a set of legal acts formally organized with the goal of investigating the veracity of crime facts, resulting in a sentence or pardon of the person involved in the crime. During the process, the forensic expert is included as a legal representative to analyze the evidence. Several modalities of crime result in complex retrieval of evidence, requiring from the forensic expert technical and scientific knowledge of the crime to be examined. Forensic Institutes are composed of multidisciplinary professionals with the goal of achieving the largest possible breadth of sciences to assist the Law. In the new animal abuse modality of crime, the State has the responsibility of retrieving the traces related to animals, turning over the work to the forensic expert with training in veterinary medicine. Currently the number of veterinarians is small among forensic experts, interfering with veracity and authenticity of facts. In parallel to this new demand, higher education institutions are implementing a new specialty called Legal Veterinary Medicine, which aims at formalizing the knowledge of veterinary medicine to assist the Law. The current work is divided into two parts: the first aims at exposing how the national legal system works and the attributions of forensic experts, evidencing the importance of Legal Veterinary Medicine when retrieving evidence involving animal abuse. And the second part exposes the images of the practices of evidence retrieval by forensic veterinary medics in animal abuse cases and discussions involving the difficulties and observations relative to legal practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Fernanda Soares Macedo.pdf: 944452 bytes, checksum: 6a3b413cdeac303bda5c5e7bd202c140 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation has as main objective present the collision between the theory of Criminal Law of Enemy and Citizenship, sheltered by the Brazilian constitutional order. The emphasis above the collision is about protection of human dignity and fundamental rights and guarantees. This theory can be analyzed by many ways. The purpose of this paper is to compare the theory with the exercise of citizenship, especially in questions of equality and freedom. / A presente dissertação possui como finalidade principal a demonstração da colisão entre a teoria do Direito Penal do Inimigo, amplamente defendida pelo professor alemão Günther Jakobs e a Cidadania, abrigada pela ordem constitucional brasileira. A ênfase da referida incompatibilidade versa sobre a necessidade da proteção da dignidade da pessoa humana, e de seus direitos e garantias fundamentais. Insta salientar que o estudo da referida teoria comporta inúmeras maneiras de análise. O objetivo da presente dissertação consiste em confrontá-la com o exercício da cidadania, especialmente nos quesitos de igualdade e liberdade entre as pessoas.

O processo penal no Brasil é conjunto de atos jurídicos, formalmente ordenados, com o objetivo de apurar a veracidade de fatos criminosos, resultando na sentença condenatória ou absolvição do agente envolvido no crime. Ocorre que durante o procedimento inclui a figura do perito criminal como representante legal para a análise de provas das infrações. As diversas modalidades do crime resultam em complexos levantamentos de provas, exigindo do perito criminal o conhecimento técnico - científico do crime específico a ser examinado. Os Institutos de perícias são formados por profissionais multidisciplinares que tem como objetivo atingir a maior abrangência das ciências para auxiliar na justiça. Com a nova modalidade de crime de maus-tratos aos animais, o Estado tem a responsabilidade de materializar os vestígios relacionados com os animais, convergindo o respectivo trabalho ao perito criminal com formação em medicina veterinária. Atualmente é reduzido o número profissionais veterinários nos quadros dos peritos criminais, interferindo nos compromissos da veracidade ou autenticidade dos fatos. Paralelamente a esta nova demanda, os institutos de ensino superior estão implementando a nova especialidade denominada de Medicina Veterinária Legal que tem como objetivo disciplinar o conhecimento da medicina veterinária no auxilio da justiça. O presente trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, onde a primeira tem como objetivo expor o funcionamento sistema jurídico nacional e as atribuições dos peritos criminais, pontuando as importâncias do conhecimento médico veterinário legal quando do levantamento de provas envolvendo maus-tratos aos animais, e na segunda parte, as imagens das práticas do levantamento de provas pelo perito criminal médico veterinário em infrações de maus-tratos aos animais e discussões envolvendo as dificuldades e apontamentos pertinentes a prática legal. / Criminal processes in Brazil are a set of legal acts formally organized with the goal of investigating the veracity of crime facts, resulting in a sentence or pardon of the person involved in the crime. During the process, the forensic expert is included as a legal representative to analyze the evidence. Several modalities of crime result in complex retrieval of evidence, requiring from the forensic expert technical and scientific knowledge of the crime to be examined. Forensic Institutes are composed of multidisciplinary professionals with the goal of achieving the largest possible breadth of sciences to assist the Law. In the new animal abuse modality of crime, the State has the responsibility of retrieving the traces related to animals, turning over the work to the forensic expert with training in veterinary medicine. Currently the number of veterinarians is small among forensic experts, interfering with veracity and authenticity of facts. In parallel to this new demand, higher education institutions are implementing a new specialty called Legal Veterinary Medicine, which aims at formalizing the knowledge of veterinary medicine to assist the Law. The current work is divided into two parts: the first aims at exposing how the national legal system works and the attributions of forensic experts, evidencing the importance of Legal Veterinary Medicine when retrieving evidence involving animal abuse. And the second part exposes the images of the practices of evidence retrieval by forensic veterinary medics in animal abuse cases and discussions involving the difficulties and observations relative to legal practices.

<p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på hur domstolarna resonerar i sina bedömningar kring straffansvaret i fall där en arbetstagare omkommit på arbetsplatsen. Jag har även undersökt hur långt arbetsgivarens ansvar sträcker sig vad gäller det förebyggande arbetet och skyldigheter som uppkommer i samband med dödsfallen. Jag har genomgående använt mig av en rättsdogmatisk metod och en stor del av uppsatsen är av deskriptiv karaktär för att läsaren ska få en bra överblick i det rådande rättsläget.</p><p>Dödsfallen på arbetsplatserna i Sverige har under de senaste 50 åren minskat rejält men fortfarande omkommer varje år mellan 60-80 personer.  I förhållande till övriga europeiska länder är det en relativt låg siffra men fortfarande rör det sig om många människor som förlorar livet endast på grund av att de utför sitt arbete.</p><p>Största delen av regleringen kring arbetsgivarens ansvar finns i Arbetsmiljölagen, dess förordning och i Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter. Regleringen är väldigt omfattande och klargör tydligt vilka skyldigheter arbetsgivaren har.</p><p>För att kunna redogöra och förstå domstolarnas bedömningsgrunder är en del i uppsatsen vikt åt den svenska straffrättens uppbyggnad gällande vem eller vilka i ett företag som besitter straffansvaret. I kapitlet beskrivs även företagaransvaret, delegering samt en del där övriga länders straffrätt redogörs.</p><p>I det avslutande kapitlet redovisas de slutsatser som framkommit. De visar bland annat att arbetsgivaren har ett omfattande ansvar för arbetsmiljön och besitter ofta själv straffansvaret. Domstolarnas bedömningsgrunder utgår från att först bedöma om det är den åtalade som besitter straffansvaret för att sedan kunna bedöma om det finns ett orsakssamband mellan den åtalades handling och den efterföljande konsekvensen. Om dessa krav uppfylls kan domstolen döma den åtalade för arbetsmiljöbrott enligt kap. 3:10 § BrB.</p>