Orienté vers le libre-échange, le droit de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce est basé sur plusieurs principes fondamentaux : la non-discrimination, la réciprocité et la réduction progressive des obstacles au commerce. Il existe des mécanismes répondant à l’impératif d’adaptabilité nécessaires aux membres pour faire face à des situations exceptionnelles afin d’intégrer de la souplesse dans l’application du droit de l’OMC et de déroger aux principes et règles régissant le commerce international. Cela vaut aussi bien en période de crise qu’indépendamment de l’environnement économique général, dès lors que les conditions sont réunies pour que les membres les mettent en œuvre. La crise économique de 2008 a fait craindre un recours accru, voire abusif, à ces instruments d’exception, de dérogation, de sauvegarde, ce qui signifierait un retour à des pratiques protectionnistes. La réflexion sur l’utilisation de ces outils permet la mise en évidence des instruments proposés par le droit de l'OMC pour faire face à des situations qui nécessitent un frein au libre-échange. Elle précise également les pratiques des Membres, la logique générale de ces mécanismes de flexibilité et l’équilibre entre les principes orientés vers le libre-échange et les exceptions qui supposent des restrictions au commerce. Les questions qui se posent doivent conduire à étudier l’ensemble de ces instruments de flexibilité, l’articulation entre ces instruments et ceux des autres organisations internationales en lien avec l’OMC, le rôle du juge de l’OMC dans les différends liés à l’utilisation de ces mécanismes et les perspectives d’évolution ou de réformes des instruments de flexibilité du droit de l’OMC / Oriented toward free trade, the World Trade Organization law is based on several fundamental principles: non-discrimination, reciprocity and the gradual reduction of trade barriers. There are mechanisms that respond to the need for adaptability necessary for Members to deal with exceptional situations in order to incorporate flexibility in the application of WTO law and depart from the principles and rules governing international trade. This applies both in times of crisis, and irrespective of the general economic environment, as soon as the conditions seem to require Members to implement them. The economic crisis of 2008 has raised fears of increased use or abuse of these instruments of exception, derogation (waivers), or safeguard, all of them constituting actions that would mean a return to protectionist practices. Reflection on the use of these tools allows the identification of instruments proposed by the WTO law to deal with crisis and more generally to situations that require a barrier to free trade. But beyond that, it specifies the practices of Members in the use of these tools, the general logic of these mechanisms for flexibility and the balance between the free-trade oriented principles and the exceptions that involve restrictions on trade. The questions then raised should lead to consider all of these instruments of flexibility, the articulation between these instruments and those of other international organizations in connection with the WTO, the judge's role in WTO disputes related to the use of these mechanisms, and the prospects of change or reform of flexibility instruments WTO law

[pt] A indústria de turismo foi fortemente afetada pela pandemia do Covid-19, que se alastrou rapidamente por todo o mundo, causando a interrupção mais severa da economia global no século XXI. Sem vacinas e com capacidade médica limitada para tratar a doença, as intervenções não farmacêuticas foram a principal estratégia adotada pelos países para conter a pandemia, resultando em restrições globais de viagens e reclusão domiciliar. Diante deste cenário, pesquisadores de turismo pediram uma resposta proativa em termos de planejamento de gestão em tempos de crise, visto que pandemias têm um impacto destrutivo devastador na indústria de viagens e turismo, principalmente para as pequenas empresas. Esta dissertação descreve os impactos sofridos por uma pequena empresa familiar brasileira de turismo durante a pandemia do Covid-19, as percepções dos empreendedores durante a crise, bem como as estratégias seguidas pela empresa e seu relacionamento com clientes, adotando o método do estudo de caso. A resposta à crise utilizada pela empresa é avaliada e comparada com a literatura. Com base nas descobertas, são extraídas as conclusões do estudo e feitas recomendações para futuras pesquisas. / [en] The tourism industry was strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which spread rapidly around the world, causing the most severe disruption of the global economy in the 21st century. Without vaccines and limited medical capacity to treat the disease, non-pharmaceutical interventions were the main strategy adopted by countries to contain the pandemic, resulting in global travel restrictions and home confinement. Faced with this scenario, tourism researchers asked for a proactive response in terms of management planning in times of crisis, as pandemics have a devastating destructive impact on the travel and tourism industry, especially for small businesses. This dissertation describes the impacts suffered by a small family-owned Brazilian tourism company during the Covid-19 pandemic, the perceptions of the entrepreneurs during the crisis, as well as the strategies followed by the firm and the relationship with customers, adopting the case study method. The response of the firm to the crisis is evaluated and compared with the literature. Based on the findings, the conclusions are presented, as well as suggestions for future research.

Cette étude vise à mettre en lumière les différences et similarités existant entre les principales crises économiques et financières ayant frappé un échantillon de 21 pays avancés depuis 1981. Nous analyserons plus particulièrement la crise des subprimes que nous rapprocherons avec des épisodes antérieurs. Nous étudierons à la fois les années du déclenchement des turbulences (analyse typologique) ainsi que celles les précédant (prévision). Cette analyse sera fondée sur l’utilisation de la méthode CART (Classification And Regression Trees). Cette technique non linéaire et non paramétrique permet de prendre en compte les effets de seuil et les interactions entre variables explicatives de façon à révéler plusieurs contextes distincts explicatifs d’un même événement. Dans le cadre d‘un modèle de prévision, l’analyse des années précédant les crises nous indique que les variables à surveiller sont : la variation et la volatilité du cours de l’once d’or, le déficit du compte courant en pourcentage du PIB et la variation de l’openness ratio et enfin la variation et la volatilité du taux de change. Dans le cadre de l’analyse typologique, l’étude des différentes variétés de crise (année du déclenchement de la crise) nous permettra d’identifier deux principaux types de turbulence d’un point de vue empirique. En premier lieu, nous retiendrons les crises globales caractérisées par un fort ralentissement ou une baisse de l’activité aux Etats-Unis et une faible croissance du PIB dans les pays touchés. D’autre part, nous mettrons en évidence des crises idiosyncratiques propres à un pays donné et caractérisées par une inflation et une volatilité du taux de change élevées. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze, from an empirical point of view, both the different varieties of economic and financial crises (typological analysis) and the context’s characteristics, which could be associated with a likely occurrence of such events. Consequently, we analyze both: years seeing a crisis occurring and years preceding such events (leading contexts analysis, forecasting). This study contributes to the empirical literature by focusing exclusively on the crises in advanced economies over the last 30 years, by considering several theoretical types of crises and by taking into account a large number of both economic and financial explanatory variables. As part of this research, we also analyze stylized facts related to the 2007/2008 subprimes turmoil and our ability to foresee crises from an epistemological perspective. Our empirical results are based on the use of binary classification trees through CART (Classification And Regression Trees) methodology. This nonparametric and nonlinear statistical technique allows us to manage large data set and is suitable to identify threshold effects and complex interactions among variables. Furthermore, this methodology leads to characterize crises (or context preceding a crisis) by several distinct sets of independent variables. Thus, we identify as leading indicators of economic and financial crises: variation and volatility of both gold prices and nominal exchange rates, as well as current account balance (as % of GDP) and change in openness ratio. Regarding the typological analysis, we figure out two main different empirical varieties of crises. First, we highlight « global type » crises characterized by a slowdown in US economic activity (stressing the role and influence of the USA in global economic conditions) and low GDP growth in the countries affected by the turmoil. Second, we find that country-specific high level of both inflation and exchange rates volatility could be considered as evidence of « idiosyncratic type » crises.

L’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) est un examen incontournable pour le diagnostic, la définition des structures cérébrales responsables de l’origine de crises et la classification des épilepsies. Cependant les enregistrements recueillis à la surface du scalp sont très perturbés par des artefacts et du bruit, ce qui complique considérablement l’interprétation clinique ou l’analyse automatique.Ce travail a pour objectif d’extraire des descripteurs des signaux d’EEG de surface qui peuvent conduire à la caractérisation de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des crises partielles du lobe temporal. Les estimateurs de relations inter-voies appliqués sont les méthodes linéaires paramétriques symétriques et non symétriques telles que l’inter-spectre (S), la cohérence (C), la Directed Transfert Function (DTF) ou la Partial Directed Coherence (PDC). Les relations sont estimées sur des EEG réels contenant une crise. La détection de fortes relations inter-voies est exploitée pour latéraliser puis caractériser la crise. Toutes les méthodes sont appliquées sur des signaux EEG bruts et prétraités. Une étape de prétraitement basée sur la séparation et classification de sources et le débruitage est mise en œuvre afin d’éliminer les artefacts et le bruit avec une perte minimale d’information en diminuant le risque de fausses détections de relations de connectivité inter-signaux. Les résultats obtenus sur 51 crises montrent que le prétraitement améliore la détection et le taux de bonnes latéralisations. Une méthode de couplage entre l’IS et les méthodes paramétriques directives (PDC et DTF) permet d’améliorer la caractérisation des crises / The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the essential clinical examination for the diagnosis, the definition of brain structures responsible of seizures and epilepsy classification. However, the signals collected on the surface of the scalp are very disturbed by artifacts and noise, which complicates the clinical interpretation or the automatic analysis. This work aims to extract descriptors of surface EEG signals that can lead to the spatio-temporal characterization of the temporal lobe seizures. The inter-channel relationship estimators applied are parametric linear methods, such as cross-spectrum (S), coherence (C), Directed Transfer Function (DTF) or Partial Directed Coherence (PDC). Relations are estimated on real EEG recordings containing a crisis. The detection of strong inter-channel relationships is exploited in order to lateralize and to characterize seizures. All methods are applied to raw and preprocessed EEG signals. A preprocessing step, based on the separation and classification of sources and denoising is implemented to remove artifacts and noise with a minimal loss of information by reducing the risk of false detections of inter-signal connectivity relationships. The results on 51 crises show that a signal preprocessing improves the detection and the rate of correct lateralization. A coupling method between S and directivity parametric methods (PDC and DTF) improves the characterization of crises

Text in German / The impulse for this research comes from the present crisis of the penitential practice within the Roman Catholic communities of Germany, where notwithstanding all pastoral efforts the practice of sacramental confession has dropped to almost nothing. The procedure adopted is based on the method of R. Zerfass. 1" step: An investigation on the present practice has been done with a previous research: 2nd step: The present research, in the first chapter deals with the New Testament origins of penance and the historical development up to the present time. An essential result attained is the insight that conversion (Mk 1,14 f.) does not consist of a message of doom but urges the audience to pursue the salvation of the reign of God. As a consequence the believer experiences an ethic motivation whereby he takes as orientation the rules of the kingdom of God. 3rd step: The sociological situation of the target group is the topic of chapter two. The study is based on the work of G. Schulze. The central point made by his analysis is the affirmation that people in contemporary society are basically experience orientated and that all opportunities and offers are assessed according to their experiential value. Because of the confusing oversupply of experiences and the avoidance of disappointments caused by unfulfilled expectations homogeneous groups (milieus) emerge. People, in search of experience orient themselves according to these experiences and shape them in their turn. In the realm (market) of experiences which cannot be controlled supply and demand come together. The supplier who do not follow the laws of the market is ousted because of failing to supply what is demanded. 4th step: In chapter 3 a practical theological theory is developed that present penitential crises is routed in a crises of faith. For this reason an updated pastoral approach to conversion needs to take as its starting point the liberation message of Jesus and at the same time to take into consideration the rules that govern the market, the contemporary segmentation of the milieu included. The final step will consist in a pastoral concretisation / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

This diploma work is dealing with the phenomenon of matrimonial crises. In the introductory chapters of the theoretical part we are defining the main themes of this work - relationship, philosophy of marriage, crises and marital crises. We are concerned with the couples therapy, its history and selected approaches. One chapter is devoted to the developmental approach that gives the possibility to see marital crises as an opportunity to self-knowledge, personality growth or relationship advancement. Practical part is conceived as a qualitative research. Its main goal is to survey and explore marital crises that we observed in clients of marital consulting centre. We would like to offer a more generalized vision of marital crises. We would also answer the questions how does a marital crises looks like and what processes are going on. Our work is setting down the research goals and describes in details chosen methodology, research sample and the methods of collecting and processing the data. Research data were collected mainly in the half- structured interview that was completed by the observation of interaction styles and a technique of relationship sculpturing. The research results were processed with the help of the method of open coding that is part of the grounded theory. The data were analyzed,...

La thèse se propose, dans une première partie, de décrire l'origine des débats sur la nécessité d'une banque centrale jusqu'aux formulations actuelles. Sont examinés les éléments qui ont posé les bases d'un prêteur ultime et favorisé la maturation de ce métier, de même que sont mis en relief les résultats accumulés depuis deux siècles. Notre attention porte sur la Réserve Fédérale des Etats-Unis. Les économistes sont en quête de solutions afin de prévenir les crises financières. Ainsi a été proposé un élargissement du tableau de bord de manière à contenir les prix d'actif dans une approche macro et micro-prudentielle. Parallèlement, sont analysés les canaux par lesquels la politique monétaire influence les variables réelles et financières de l'économie, et qui attestent alors du rôle pouvant être théoriquement assumé par la banque centrale sur les marchés financiers. La deuxième partie concentre le propos sur les ressorts des crises financières. Nous nous intéressons au paradoxe de la surliquidité et du surendettement, en insistant sur les particularités des marchés financiers devenant plus vulnérables. La contribution de la thèse dans cette étape consiste à vérifier si la banque centrale contribue à la manifestation de comportements abusifs et excessifs sur les marchés financiers par l'abondante création de liquidité. Notre étude empirique devrait permettre de répondre à cette question à travers une modélisation économétrique et des tests statistiques (dont le test de Chow) appliqués à une politique monétaire active (type règle de Taylor). En ce sens, cette recherche sur les actions de la Fed vise à forger une opinion sur le métier de banquier central et sur son devenir. / The thesis proposes, in a first part, to describe the origin of the debate on the need for a central bank up until the recent formulations. They were examined the elements which have posed the bases of an "ultimate lender" and promoted the maturation of this function, as were highlighted the results accumulated over two centuries. Our attention is drawn to the Federal Reserve of the United States. The economists are always in search for solutions to prevent financial crises. It has thus been proposed to extend the dashboard of central banks as to contain asset prices in a macro and micro-prudential approach. In parallel, in order to support this debate, we analyze the mechanisms by which the monetary policy affects the real and financial variables of the economy, which also affirm the role that can be assumed in theory by a central bank on financial markets. The second part focuses on the recurrence and intensity of financial crises. We consider the paradox of excess liquidity and over-indebtedness, with an emphasis on properties of financial markets becoming more vulnerable and their recent development. The contribution of the thesis in this stage consists of checking whether the central bank is responsible of abusive and excessive behavior on the financial markets by the abundant creation of liquidity. Our empirical study should help to answer this question through an econometric modeling and statistical tests (including the Chow test) applied to an active monetary policy (type Taylor rule). In this way, our research on the actions of the Fed aims to forge an opinion on the profession of modern central bankers, and perhaps on the future of central banks themselves.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Colombo Arnoldi / Banca: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz / Banca: Alfredo José Machado Neto / Resumo: O presente trabalho é uma análise sobre os impactos da crise econômico-financeira internacional na preservação das microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte. Graças a uma larga evolução, criou-se, no moderno direito falimentar, um ambiente que estimula a salvaguarda de empresas através da institucionalização da tão celebrada nova ideologia de preservação da empresa. A referida ideologia surge em função do significante papel social da empresa, instituição mais importante do mundo hodierno, na economia nacional, com destaque para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte, que somadas representam a incontestável maioria das empresas pátrias. A importância de tais empresas é irrefutável, de modo que elas desfrutam de um tratamento diferenciado, que inclui um Plano Especial de recuperação, bem mais simplificado e menos custoso, capaz de atender às suas peculiaridades. Acontece que com a crise econômico-financeira internacional de 2007/08, a cujos efeitos o Brasil não se manteve incólume, tais empresas foram fortemente impactadas, principalmente em razão da retração do crédito. Destarte, mister se faz conferir especial atenção a estas empresas em momento de crise, com destaque para adoção de políticas públicas que minimizem os impactos da crise sobre elas, visando à sua preservação. Outrossim, o trabalho busca examinar o tema sob o prisma da doutrina Direito e Economia, que compreende o Direito como uma fonte de regulamentação de atividades, e, consequentemente de efetivação de políticas públicas, contribuindo para elaboração de ações públicas mais eficientes no que se refere à conservação dos pequenos negócios nos períodos de instabilidade econômica / Abstract: This study is an analysis of the impacts of international economic and financial crisis in the preservation of micro and small companies. Thanks to a long evolution, an environment that encourages the safeguarding of company through the institutionalization of the so celebrated new ideology of the firm's survival was created in the modern bankruptcy law. Such ideology arises due to the social role of the company, the most important institution nowadays, in the national economy, especially micro and small companies, which represent the undisputed most homelands companies. The importance of such companies is irrefutable so that they enjoy a differentiated treatment, which includes a special plan for recovery, much simplified, less expensive and also able to heed its peculiarities. However, with the international economic and financial crisis of 2007/08, whose effects reached Brazil, such companies have been heavily impacted, mainly due to the credit crunch. Thus, it is necessary to confer special attention to these companies in times of crisis, with emphasis on the adoption of public policies that seek to minimize the impacts of the crisis on them, aiming its preservation. Furthermore, this work also seeks to examine the issue under the Law and Economics legal school, which contributes to the development of more effective public policies regarding to the conservation of small business in periods of economy instability once that understands the Law as a source of regulation of private activities, and consequently of effectiveness of public policies / Mestre

Um novo modelo de acumulação de capital surgiu a partir da década de 1970, a “acumulação flexível”, utilizado por Harvey (1996) para definir o regime econômico da década referida, em que se assenta a perpetuação do capitalismo. Se propõe a discutir que não houve mudanças na personificação do capitalismo, já que seu fulcro permaneceu. Surgiram novas formas de capturar os sujeitos para a obtenção dos lucros, o chamado “novo espírito do capitalismo”, assim como relata Boltanski e Chiapello (2009). A partir de novas práticas e novos discursos o “novo espírito” seduz os trabalhadores contemporâneos, imbricadas em novas formas de controles. Boltanski e Chiapello (2009) propõem a identificação destas novas práticas a partir de um modelo de “Ordem Social”, provenientes da Sociologia Pragmática. A partir dessa teoria, este estudo teve como objeto empírico a concessionária de energia elétrica do estado do Tocantins, Energisa TO. Este trabalho teve como seu norteador a pergunta de pesquisa: Qual é a ordem social utilizada pelos agentes mobilizadores da empresa Energisa TO para justificar o engajamento dos empregados no trabalho durante o período de implantação no Tocantins de 2014 a 2016. Como método de pesquisa, utilizou-se a investigação social. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas nesta pesquisa, sendo que 1 foi realizada com o membro do Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Eletricitários do Estado do Tocantins (STEET) e as demais com os empregados do nível intermediário da Energisa TO. Além das entrevistas de profundidade, foram coletados materiais internos que corroboraram na análise desta pesquisa. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da teoria do conceito de Mundos Sociais de Boltanski e Chiapello (2009). Para análise dos momentos críticos foram também utilizadas técnicas de visibilidade como árvore de associação de ideias. Como resultado chegou-se a identificação das normas norteadoras utilizadas pelos agentes mobilizadores da Energisa TO e a identificação dos momentos de crises surgidas a partir de tais ordens. / A new model of capital accumulation emerged from the 1970s, defined as "flexible accumulation". This term is used by Harvey (1996) to define the economic regime of the Seventies, which is based on the perpetuation of capitalism. This study proposes to discuss this new model and argues that that there was no change in the personification of capitalism, per say, since its fulcrum has remained. Boltanski and Chiapello's (2009) report states that new forms are created to attract the subjects to obtain profits, in what the authors defined as the "new spirit of capitalism". From these new practices and new discourses, the "new spirit" seduces the present-day workers, intertwined in new forms of controls. Boltanski and Chiapello (2009) propose the identification of these new practices from a model of "Social Order" from Pragmatic Sociology. Based on this theory, this thesis investigated, as it empirical object, the electric power concessionaire of the state of Tocantins, Energisa TO, in Brazil. The argument of this study was: what is the social order used by the mobilizing agents of the company Energisa TO to justify the engagement of employees in the work during the implementation period in Tocantins during the period of 2014-2016? A social Social research was the method used.Twelve interviews were conducted in this research: one with the agent of the Union – Sindicato dos Eletricitários do Estado do Tocantins (STEET) and the others with the employees of the intermediate level of Energisa TO. In addition to the in-depth interviews, internal materials were collected that corroborated the analysis of this research. The analysis of the data was based on Boltanski and Chiapello’s (2009) concept of Social Worlds. To analyze the critical moments, visibility techniques were used as a tree of association of ideas. As a result the identification of the direction standards used of the mobilizing agents of Energisa TO and the moments of crises from such orders.

The 1997-98 Asia financial crisis provides a natural experiment to examine how firms adapt their strategic choices to the changing business environment. In this study, I investigate the evolution of the board and asset structure of the 83 surviving commercial banks in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand around the financial crisis. I find that after the crisis (1) the board practice has been significantly improved. In particular, the percentage of independent directors increased and more banks had the board duality and the chairman/CEO with professional backgrounds and fewer banks had politically-connected chairman/CEO; (2) the asset structure tended to be more liquid and diversified. The commercial and industrial loan reduced and the liquid asset and the consumer loan ratio substantially increased. These results suggest that the Asian banks strived to adapt their board and asset structure to the dynamic regulatory and market environment in the post-crisis period. I also find that the locally controlled banks and the banks in the sample economies with more aggressive market opening policy tended to have more significant changes of board and asset structure in the post-crisis period. / This study sheds light on how firms adapt their strategic choices to the changing business environment by examining the adaptation of the board and asset structures of the Asian commercial banks around the financial crisis. My research results also indicate that the new corporate governance of Asian banks shows convergence towards the Anglo-American model and the adoption of more Western board practices can help improving bank transparency and performance. These findings provide some insights for the Asian regulators in the policy formulations in the future. / To examine whether board and asset structure are related to bank transparency, the results show that bank's transparency is positively related to board independence. However, I do not find strong support that bank transparency is related to its asset structure. For the relations between board and asset structure and performance, I find that bank profitability and interest spreads are positively related to the board size and non-political connection of board. Also, the results indicate that the liquid asset, security-to-total assets and consumer lending ratios are positively associated with bank profitability, interest margin and market-to-book ratio and negatively associated with non-performing loan ratios. The overall evidence suggests that the adaptability to dynamic business environment is critical to the Asian bank's performance. / Fung, Lai Kin Sammy. / "March 2008." / Adviser: Joseph P. H. Fan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: A, page: 0928. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-77). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.