by Fong Yuet-Ming, Lau Mei-Po. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-46). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3 / Roots of Asian Financial Crisis --- p.4 / Contagion Phenomenon --- p.10 / Fixed Exchange Rate Regime --- p.10 / Sterilized and Non-sterilized Foreign Exchange Rate --- p.12 / "Case Study of Fixed Exchange Rate Collapse: Mexico Peso Crisis,1982" --- p.13 / Crisis Theories --- p.14 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.16 / CAPM Analysis --- p.17 / T-tests --- p.18 / Regression Analysis --- p.19 / Chapter IV. --- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS --- p.20 / Category Level --- p.20 / Individual Stock Level --- p.24 / P/E Ratio Analysis --- p.24 / Share Price Analysis --- p.26 / Market-to-book Ratio Analysis --- p.29 / Cumulative Residual Analysis & Regression Residual Against Time --- p.31 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS FROM STUDY --- p.39 / Conclusions --- p.39 / Implications from Study --- p.41 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.43 / APPENDIX / Graphs of Cumulative Residuals against Time of the Hang Seng Index Constituents Stocks

Cheung Wai Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [137]-141). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i-ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv-v / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.vii-ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Studies of Inter-temporal Stability of Correlation --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Studies of Contagion --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample Splitting Approach --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Time Series Approach --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Studies of Correlation Asymmetry --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Semi-correlation Analysis --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Extreme Value Theory --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Regression Approach --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Others --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Data Description --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Economic Property Research Center (EPRC) Dataset --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Measurement of Housing Price --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Measurement of Trading Volume --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Methodology --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Empirical Results --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of the Dataset --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2 --- Rolling Window Estimation --- p.45 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Count of Correlation Coefficients in Each Window --- p.45 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The Summary Statistics of Correlation Coefficients --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Correlation Distribution in Two Selected Windows --- p.53 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Discussion and Some Further Evidence --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Within-group and Inter-group Correlations --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3 --- Correlation Asymmetry --- p.62 / Chapter 5.4 --- Does High Correlation in Rate of Return Imply High Correlation in Trading Volume? --- p.64 / Chapter 5.5 --- Robustness Check --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.73 / Appendix I A Summary of Hedonic Pricing Equation --- p.77 / Appendix II Illustration of Composition Effect --- p.79 / Appendix III A Summary of Calculating Correlation Coefficient --- p.81 / Appendix IV CLMX Variance Decomposition --- p.84 / Appendix V Tables --- p.87 / Appendix VI Figures --- p.94 / List of References --- p.137

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-10-11T16:50:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo da Silveira Kappel_.pdf: 1445418 bytes, checksum: b4cf183353ba6f54c976dc3d61b30cb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T16:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo da Silveira Kappel_.pdf: 1445418 bytes, checksum: b4cf183353ba6f54c976dc3d61b30cb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / L. C. BONATO & CIA LTDA / FDA - Faculdade Dom Alberto / Esta pesquisa investigou os impactos das crises econômicas sobre a decisão de investimento corporativo, em companhias brasileiras de capital aberto, no período entre 1995 a 2015. Para a realização desse trabalho, as empresas foram separadas em dois grupos para captar os efeitos adversos da restrição financeira (restritas e irrestritas) e o efeito moderador dos estoques de ativos líquidos (maior estoque ou menor estoque de ativos líquidos). A avaliação destes relacionamentos demandou a realização de três testes empíricos. Os resultados alcançados no primeiro teste revelam que apenas as proxies payout e tamanho/payout apresentam comportamento preconizado pela teoria para classificação do estado de restrição financeira das firmas, reportando resultados alinhados às evidências promovidas pela estratégia empírica básica de Fazzari, Hubbard e Petersen (1988) para sensibilidade do investimento ao fluxo de caixa. O segundo teste revelou o efeito amplificador das crises econômicas sobre os investimentos das firmas brasileiras, evidenciando uma sensibilidade negativa do investimento ao fluxo de caixa nos períodos de crises econômicas para as firmas restritas, enquanto que os investimentos de firmas irrestritas se mantêm insensíveis ao fluxo de caixa nos períodos recessivos. Essas evidências para firmas irrestritas confirmam o comportamento preconizado pela literatura, enquanto que amplificação do efeito das crises, em firmas restritas, foi observado pela variação negativa ente investimento e fluxo de caixa nestes períodos de choques econômicos. Os resultados obtidos em firmas brasileiras são consistentes com os evidenciados pela teoria, considerando que as crises econômicas afetam os investimentos das companhias, sendo os efeitos amplificados para as firmas restritas. Além disso, os resultados do último teste indicam que os estoques de ativos líquidos (caixa e equivalentes; caixa e equivalentes e trade credit – contas a receber; caixa e equivalentes, trade credit – contas a receber e estoques; caixa e equivalentes, trade credit – contas a receber; estoques, trade credit – contas a pagar; capital de giro líquido) não exerceram efeito amortecedor sobre os relacionamentos investigados, em especial, sobre os investimentos em firmas restritas nos períodos de crises econômicas. Os resultados reportados instigam a continuidade dessas investigações de modo a entender melhor como se procedem os ajustes operacionais e de investimentos, destacadamente nas empresas restritas financeiramente, seja através de novas proxies para capturar melhor o estado de restrição financeira, seja com a construção de outras variáveis para expressar o investimento, ou a liquidez, bem como avaliar os impactos com uma certa defasagem do tempo, dado que uma decisão de investimento é praticamente irreversível. / This research investigated the impacts of economic crises on corporate investment decision in Brazilian publicly traded companies, between 1995 and 2015. In order to carry out this research, the companies were separated into two groups to capture the adverse effects of the financial constraint (constrained and unconstrained) and the moderating effect of net assets stocks (higher or lower liquid assets stock). The evaluation of these relationships required the accomplishment of three empirical tests. The results obtained in the first test show that only the payout and size/payout proxies present the behavior recommended by the theory to classify the firms' financial constraint status, reporting results in line with the evidence promoted by Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen's (1988) basic empirical strategy for investment sensitivity to cash flow. The second test revealed the amplifying effect of economic crises on the investments of Brazilian firms, showing a negative sensitivity of the investment to the cash flow in economic crises periods for the constrained firms, while the investments of unconstrained firms remain insensitive to the flow of in recessive periods. This evidence for unconstrained firms confirms the behavior advocated by the literature, while the amplification of the effect of crises in constrained firms was observed by the negative variation in investment and cash flow in economic shocks times. The results obtained in Brazilian firms are consistent with those evidenced by the theory, considering that the economic crises affect the companies’ investments and the effects are amplified for the constrained firms. In addition, the results of the last test indicate that net assets stocks (cash and cash equivalents; cash and cash equivalents and trade credit – trade accounts receivable; cash and cash equivalents, trade credit – trade accounts receivable and inventory; cash and cash equivalents, trade credit – trade accounts receivable, inventory and trade credit – suppliers; working capital), did not have a damaging effect on the relationships investigated, especially on investments in constrained firms in economic crisis periods. The reported results instigate the continuity of these investigations in order to better understand how the operational and investment adjustments are made, especially in financially constrained companies, either through new proxies to better capture the state of financial constraint, or to construct other variables to expressing the investment, or liquidity, as well as evaluating the impacts with a certain time, lag since an investment decision is virtually irreversible.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-02T12:43:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Vettorazzi Rodrigues_.pdf: 1469994 bytes, checksum: 61ffdd14599ce642838c9e0276bcf127 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T12:43:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Vettorazzi Rodrigues_.pdf: 1469994 bytes, checksum: 61ffdd14599ce642838c9e0276bcf127 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Nenhuma / A presente dissertação visa a refletir, no âmbito dos questionamentos acerca do futuro do Estado, sobre as condições de possibilidade da constituição de uma outra forma de autoridade comum – a partir dos direitos humanos – capaz de enfrentar político-juridicamente os desafios contemporâneos, representativos de problemas transfronteiriços, ou seja, de questões que simultaneamente englobam e ultrapassam a geografia estatal. Para tanto, a pesquisa desenvolve uma inter-relação entre os campos da Teoria do Estado, da Teoria dos Direitos Humanos e da Filosofia do Direito, com as ideias-chave “futuro do Estado” e “direitos humanos”. Considerando que o momento de crises do Estado é determinante de uma lacuna entre a “não-mais” centralidade estatal e as perspectivas do “ainda não”, este estudo compreende as potencialidades positivas que os direitos humanos podem assumir no âmago desse período de interregno, como possibilidade de estruturarem os alicerces de uma comunidade político-jurídica global-local. No entanto, embora, por um lado, se constate a centralidade atual dos direitos humanos, por outro, é possível identificar a complexidade paradoxal desses direitos devido ao manifesto contraste entre a sua ampla proclamação teórico-normativa e sua observância prática. Em face desse contexto – de crises do Estado e da referida complexidade paradoxal –, a ideia de uma fundamentação comum dos direitos humanos é desenvolvida, de modo a sustentar a premência de uma base de fins e valores (fundamentos) compartilhados que tanto oriente a expressão normativa e a concretização desses direitos, quanto oriente e direcione a ação no enfrentamento dos desafios contemporâneos. Em um período de lacuna, o predomínio da vinculação do Direito aos limites do Estado, mesmo na ótica clássica do Direito Internacional, além da atrelada ausência do cultivo de uma base finalístico-valorativa glocalmente compartilhada, conduzem a um hiato político-jurídico no cenário mundial, o que favorece a manifestação de poderes descontrolados, a instrumentalizar a própria autoridade estatal e a comprometer os compromissos constitucionalmente assumidos. A reflexão sobre uma fundamentação comum dos direitos humanos pode contribuir ao estabelecer as bases para erigir esses direitos centro de gravidade universal, núcleo de uma comunidade político-jurídica global-local, conformando uma nova forma de autoridade comum. / This dissertation aims at reflecting, within the framework of the questions about the future of the State, on the conditions of a possible constitution of another form of common authority – based on human rights – capable of politically and juridically facing the contemporary challenges, which represent cross-border problems, that is, issues that simultaneously include and transcend state geography. To that end, the research develops an interrelation between the fields of State Theory, Human Rights Theory and Philosophy of Law, with the key ideas "future of the State" and "human rights". Considering that the moment of crises of the State is determining a gap between the "no-more" state centrality and the "not yet" prospects, this study comprehends the positive potential that human rights can assume within this interregnum period, as the possibility of structuring the foundations of a global-local political-juridical community. However, while on the one hand the current centrality of human rights is noticed, on the other hand, it is possible to identify the paradoxical complexity of these rights because of the clear contrast between their broad theoretical and normative proclamation and their practical observance. In view of this context – of State crises and of such paradoxical complexity – the idea of common fundamentation of human rights is developed in order to sustain the urgency of a shared base of purposes and values (fundamentals) that orients the normative expression and the achievement of these rights, as much as it guides and directs the action while facing the contemporary challenges. In a period of lack, the predominance of the bonding of the Law to the limits of the State, even in the classic view of International Law, in addition to the absence of the cultivation of a glocally shared finalist-valuation base, leads to a political-juridical gap in the world scenario, which favors the manifestation of uncontrolled powers, to instrumentalize the State's own authority and to compromise the constitutionally assumed commitments. Reflection on common fundamentation of human rights can contribute by laying the groundwork for erecting these rights universal center of gravity, core of a global-local political-juridical community, shaping a new form of common authority.

Depuis le début des années 1980, on observe une augmentation importante du nombre de crises bancaires, combinée en parallèle à un essor important des systèmes financiers. La crise des subprimes de 2007-2008, par sa durée et son intensité récessive sans précédent depuis la Grande Dépression des années 1930, a relancé le débat sur le rôle joué par le développement financier dans l’accroissement de l’instabilité financière et l’amplification des chocs économiques. Or, bien qu’un grand nombre d’études soulignent que le fonctionnement du secteur bancaire constitue un facteur essentiel pour comprendre les dynamiques associées à la survenue ainsi qu’aux conséquences des crises bancaires, aucune analyse économétrique n’a jusqu’à présent évalué précisément l’effet qu’exerce le développement financier, considéré sous l’angle de la taille et de l’activité des intermédiaires financiers, sur l’origine et l’amplification des conséquences des crises bancaires. Il s’agit précisément de l’objectif de cette thèse. Pour cela, nous proposons dans le chapitre I de replacer notre étude dans une perspective de long terme au travers d’une histoire des crises financières du XVIIe siècle jusqu’à nos jours. Puis, sur la base d’un échantillon couvrant les principales crises bancaires qui se sont produites dans les pays développés et en développement durant les quarante dernières années, cette thèse analyse l’effet qu’exerce le développement financier sur les crises bancaires selon quatre dimensions. Nous nous intéressons au rôle que joue le développement financier sur la probabilité d’occurrence (chapitre II), l’amplification de la durée et du coût pour l’économie réelle (chapitre III), ainsi que l’impact redistributif (chapitre IV) des crises bancaires. Les résultats de ces trois chapitres vont dans le même sens et mettent en évidence que des systèmes financiers plus développés sont associés à des crises bancaires caractérisées par une probabilité d’occurrence, une durée, une contraction de la production et une hausse des inégalités de revenus significativement plus importantes. Notre travail apporte donc un éclairage précis et univoque quant au rôle joué par le développement financier tant au niveau des causes que des conséquences des crises bancaires. Dans un environnement international encore marqué par l’impact récessif de la crise des subprimes, la conclusion générale de la thèse soutient l’idée selon laquelle la promotion de la stabilité financière, ainsi que de la capacité de résilience des économies aux chocs passent par la mise en œuvre de la part des gouvernements de mesures visant à limiter de façon plus contraignante la taille et l’activité du secteur bancaire. / Since the beginning of the eighties, there is a significant increase in the number of banking crises at a worldwide level, in parallel with a surge in financial system development. The subprimes crisis, because of its recessive length and intensity without equivalent since the Great Depression of the thirties, has re-launched the debate on the role played by financial development in the amplification of both financial instability and economic shocks. Despite a large number of studies stressing that banking sector is a key factor to understand the outbreak and consequences of banking crises, no econometric analysis as so far assessed precisely the effect of financial development, viewed from the standpoint of both size and activity of financial intermediaries, on the occurrence and consequences of banking crises. It is precisely the goal of this thesis. In chapter I, we put our analysis into a long term perspective by proposing a history of financial crises from the 17th century until now. Then, based on a sample covering the main banking crises that happened in developing and developed countries over the last forty years, the thesis analyzes the effects of financial development on banking crises through four dimensions. We investigate the role played by financial development in the occurrence (chapter II), the duration and the cost for the real economy (chapter III) and also the redistributive impact (chapter IV) of banking crises. The results of these three chapters converge and highlight that more developed financial systems are associated with banking crises that are more numerous, last longer, are more costly for the real economy and lead to a larger surge in economic inequalities. Our work thus brings an insightful analysis of the effect of financial development on the causes and consequences of banking crises. In an international environment still facing the recessive impact of the subprimes crisis, the general conclusion of the thesis supports the view that in order to promote financial stability and a greater ability for economies to deal with negative shocks, governments should implement public policies aiming at strictly limiting the size and activity of the banking sector.

金融危机中发达证券化市场出现的信息披露问题给新兴市场敲响了警钟。这些新兴市场意识到在引入证券化的有关结构性改革措施的同时，增加信息披露和市场透明度也十分重要。 / 首先，本文就金融危机中证券化所暴露的问题和危险进行分析。在证券化过程中存在的一系列结构和制度性问题中，有关基础资产质量和风险转移的信息披露和透明度不足。这个问题在金融危机中尤其突出，美国次贷市场中低质量的抵押贷款得以通过证券化将这些贷款的风险以一种复杂且不透明的方式散布到整个金融体系。 / 第二，本文首先回顾了信息披露在现代金融监管中的角色和作用。接着分析了证券化产品的信息披露的特殊性以及美国和欧盟采用的不同披露监管制度。次之，本文介绍了金融危机后各国就证券化信息披露制度的缺陷进行的改革措施。 / 第三，本文重点分析了中国证券化市场中的信息不对称问题，以及信息披露制度的严重缺陷。鉴于从金融危机中所获取的经验和教训，以及中国证券化市场的特点，本文通过对比分析来探讨一个健全的信息披露制度对新兴的中国证券化市场潜在的影响，以及该制度是否能支撑这个市场的健康和可持续发展。本研究最后提出具体建议来改进中国现有的证券化信息披露制度，这些建议将有助于减少证券化本身固有的风险。 / Disclosure failures exposed in mature securitization markets during the global financial crisis sent warnings to emerging markets. Those emerging markets learned that it is critical to improve disclosure and market transparency in addition to the introduction of broad structural reforms into the securitization process. / First, an investigation into the dangers associated with asset securitization shows a number of structural and institutional flaws in the securitization process. The lack of adequate disclosure and the poor level of transparency regarding asset quality and risk transfer were paramount. This became obvious during the 2007-09 financial crisis as the risks associated with low-quality residential mortgage loans in the United States were distributed along the securitization process to the entirety of the financial sector in a complex and relatively opaque way. / Second, I review of the role of disclosure in financial regulation. There will be an assessment of the special features of securitization-related disclosure regulation and the different disclosure regulatory systems adopted in the US and the EU. This will be followed by an introduction of post-crisis disclosure reform initiatives. / Thirdly, I will examine the poor level of market transparency and the lack of adequate disclosure requirements. This leads to an analysis of the consequent information asymmetry problems that are endemic to the Chinese securitization market. Based on lessons drawn from the financial crisis and the unique characteristics of the Chinese securitization market, I then explore from a comparative point of view the potential impact of a comprehensive and sound disclosure regime and examine whether it can support a sustainable and healthy development for the emerging Chinese securitization market. This study concludes with specific proposals that aim to promote the effectiveness of disclosure and transparency for the purpose of curtailing risks inherent in securitization in the Chinese Context. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tan, Fugui. / "November 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Abbreviations --- p.v / List of Diagrams and Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rationale and Research Questions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- General --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Information Problems in Securitization Processes and Markets --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Disclosure and Securitization --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Securitization Disclosure Regulation in China --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Research Questions --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Organization --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Securitization and Its Evolution --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- An Overview of Securitization --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- General --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Definition and Transaction Structure --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Transaction Parties and Structural Issues --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- General --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Originator / Sponsor --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- The Issuing Entity - SPV --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Credit Rating Agencies --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Arranger / Underwriter --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Servicer --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Trustee --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- Legal Counsel --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3.9 --- Structural Issues --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Main Legal Issues and Challenges --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Validity of the Asset Transfer --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- True Sale --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Alternatives to True Sale --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Re-characterization --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Bankruptcy Remoteness --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Bankruptcy Remoteness of the SPV --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Risk of Substantive Consolidation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Legal Documentation in the Securitization Process --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- General --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Transfer Agreements --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Trust Deeds --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Servicing Agreements --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Offering Circulars and Prospectuses --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Other Documentation --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- The Rationale of Securitization --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- General --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Balance Sheet Considerations --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Cheaper Funding --- p.51 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Matching Assets and Liabilities --- p.52 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Obtaining A Varied Investor Base --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Risk Management --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Making Profits through Arbitrage --- p.54 / Chapter 2.6 --- The Evolution of Securitization --- p.54 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- General --- p.54 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Securitization and Structured Finance --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- The Variety of Asset Types and Securitized Products --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.3.1 --- General --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.3.2 --- MBSs --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6.3.3 --- ABSs --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6.3.4 --- CDOs --- p.58 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Static and Dynamic Securitization Structures --- p.61 / Chapter 2.6.4.1 --- Static Structure --- p.61 / Chapter 2.6.4.2 --- Dynamic Structure --- p.61 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- International Diffusion of Securitization --- p.64 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Information Failures in Securitization: the Example of the 2007-09 Financial Crisis --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- From the Subprime Mortgage Meltdown to the Financial Crisis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Information Asymmetries in Mortgage Securitization Markets --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Information Asymmetries at the Loan-Origination Level --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Originator’s Information Advantage --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Problems of the Originate-To-Distribute Model --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Moral Hazard in the Mortgage Markets --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- The Failure of Preventive Mechanisms --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Information Asymmetries in the Securitization Process --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- General --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Information Asymmetries between Securitizers and Investors --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Information Asymmetries between Servicers and Investors --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Limitations of US Disclosure Regulation --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Information Failures Caused by the Complexity of Securitized Products --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Information Failures in the Credit Rating Process --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- General --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- The Role of Credit Ratings in the Securitization Industry --- p.112 / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- Information Failure in the Credit Rating Industry --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- The Impacts of Insufficient Disclosure during the Financial Crisis --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Disclosure and Securitization --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Role of Disclosure in Financial Markets --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- General --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Protection of Investors --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Promotion of Market Efficiency --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Reduction of Systemic Risk --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Disclosure Based Regulatory System versus Merit Based Regulatory System --- p.133 / Chapter 4.3 --- Securitization Disclosure Regulation --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Characteristics of Securitization Disclosure Regulation --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- General --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Assets versus the Issuing Entity --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Vertical versus Horizontal --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Mandatory versus Voluntary Disclosure --- p.139 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- US and EU Disclosure Requirements for Public Offerings of Asset-Backed Securities --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- General --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- US Asset-Backed Securities Disclosure --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- EU Asset-Backed Securities Disclosure --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Information on Transaction Parties in US and EU ABS Prospectuses --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- Information on Transaction Structures in US and EU ABS Prospectuses --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- Information on the Underlying Assets in US and EU ABS Prospectuses --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Post-Issuance Disclosure: EU Post-Issuance Reporting and US Ongoing Reporting --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- A Comparison between the EU and US Disclosure Regulations --- p.157 / Chapter 4.4 --- Policy Initiatives for the Improvement of Securitization Disclosure --- p.160 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- An Overview of Policy Initiatives --- p.160 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Enhancing Disclosure on the Underlying Assets --- p.163 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Asset-Level Information --- p.163 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Enhancing Disclosure for the Due Diligence Efforts of the Issuer --- p.166 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Enhancing Disclosure on Transaction Structures --- p.167 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Efficient and Smart Disclosure --- p.168 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Improved Disclosure on Credit Ratings --- p.170 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Disclosure in Private Markets --- p.172 / Chapter 4.5 --- Interaction between Disclosure and Other Policy Initiatives --- p.173 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- General --- p.174 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Reducing Conflict of Interests --- p.174 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Product Standardization and Simplification --- p.177 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Improving Credit Ratings --- p.178 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- The Interaction between Disclosure and other Policy Initiatives --- p.179 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.180 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Securitization Practices and Laws in China --- p.182 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.182 / Chapter 5.2 --- An Overview of the Economic Reforms in China --- p.183 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Economic Reforms in China since 1978 --- p.183 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- SOE Reforms --- p.185 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Banking Reforms --- p.190 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- The Development of Capital Markets --- p.195 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Introduction of Securitization in China --- p.201 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- General --- p.201 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Stage I (1990s -2004): From Offshore Securitization Deals to Domestic Experiments --- p.202 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- General --- p.202 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Offshore Securitization Deals --- p.202 / Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- Domestic Securitization Experiments - NPL Deals --- p.205 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Stage II (2005- present): Pilot Securitization Programs in China --- p.207 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- The Emergence of the Interbank Securitization Market --- p.207 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- Securitization by Non-Financial Institutions: Special Asset Management Plan (SAMP) --- p.215 / Chapter 5.4 --- Legal Framework for Securitization in China --- p.220 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- General --- p.220 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Stage I: (1990s -2004) --- p.221 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Specific SPV Issues --- p.221 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- True Sale --- p.223 / Chapter 5.4.2.3 --- Transfer of Security Interests --- p.224 / Chapter 5.4.2.4 --- Tax and Accounting Issues --- p.227 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Stage II: 2005 - Present --- p.228 / Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- The Legal Framework for the Interbank Securitization Market --- p.228 / Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- The Legal Framework for SAMPs --- p.249 / Chapter 5.5 --- Problems of A Sustainable Development of Securitization in China in Light of --- p.the / Chapter Global --- Financial Crisis --- p.254 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- General --- p.254 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Insufficient Information Disclosure --- p.255 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Overreliance on Rating Agencies --- p.257 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Moral Hazard Problem --- p.259 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.260 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Sustainable Securitization Disclosure Regulation in China: Status, Problems, and Suggestions --- p.262 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.262 / Chapter 6.2 --- Disclosure Regulations in China’s Interbank Securitization Market --- p.264 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- General --- p.264 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Parties Responsible for the Information Disclosure --- p.267 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- The Legal Framework --- p.267 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Problems of the Legal Framework --- p.271 / Chapter 6.2.2.3 --- Suggestions --- p.272 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Disclosure Requirements related to Prospectuses --- p.273 / Chapter 6.2.3.1 --- General --- p.273 / Chapter 6.2.3.2 --- Information on Transaction Parties --- p.275 / Chapter 6.2.3.3 --- Information on Transaction Structures and Asset-Backed Securities --- p.277 / Chapter 6.2.3.4 --- Information on the Underlying Assets --- p.281 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Ongoing Reporting --- p.289 / Chapter 6.2.4.1 --- General --- p.289 / Chapter 6.2.4.2 --- The Legal Framework --- p.290 / Chapter 6.2.4.3 --- Problems of the Legal Framework --- p.291 / Chapter 6.2.4.4 --- Legal Practice and Problems --- p.292 / Chapter 6.2.4.5 --- Suggestions --- p.293 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Disclosure in Relation to Credit Ratings --- p.295 / Chapter 6.2.5.1 --- General --- p.295 / Chapter 6.2.5.2 --- The Legal Framework --- p.295 / Chapter 6.2.5.3 --- Problems of the Legal Framework --- p.296 / Chapter 6.2.5.4 --- Legal Practice and Problems --- p.296 / Chapter 6.2.5.5 --- Suggestions --- p.297 / Chapter 6.2.6 --- General Principles --- p.297 / Chapter 6.2.6.1 --- General --- p.297 / Chapter 6.2.6.2 --- The Legal Framework --- p.298 / Chapter 6.2.6.3 --- Problems of the Legal Framework --- p.299 / Chapter 6.2.6.4 --- Legal Practice and Problems --- p.300 / Chapter 6.2.6.5 --- Suggestions --- p.302 / Chapter 6.3 --- A Feasible Disclosure Approach for China’s Securitization Regulation --- p.311 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- General --- p.311 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The Transferability of Foreign Disclosure Models to China --- p.311 / Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- Legal Transplants --- p.311 / Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- Transplanting Foreign Disclosure Models to China --- p.315 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- A Hybrid of Disclosure Based and Merit Based System --- p.319 / Chapter 6.3.3.1 --- General --- p.319 / Chapter 6.3.3.2 --- Merits of Merit Based Approach for China’s Securitization Regulation --- p.320 / Chapter 6.3.3.3 --- Excursus: Improving Current Merit Based System --- p.323 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Implementation of Disclosure Regulation --- p.325 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.328 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Final Remarks --- p.330 / Reference List --- p.336 / Chapter Part I. --- Chinese-Language Literature and Legal Instruments --- p.336 / Chapter 1. --- Books, Book Chapters and Articles --- p.336 / Chapter 2. --- ABS Prospectuses, Trustee Reports, and Credit Rating Reports --- p.341 / Chapter 3. --- Chinese Laws and other Legal Instruments --- p.342 / Chapter a. --- Laws by the National People’s Congress and Its Standing Committee --- p.342 / Chapter b. --- Administrative Regulations by the State Council and Departmental Administrative Rules by the Ministries --- p.344 / Chapter Part II. --- English-Language Literature and Legal Instruments --- p.348 / Chapter 1. --- Books, Book Chapters and Articles --- p.348 / Chapter 2. --- Laws and Other Legal Instruments --- p.375

The present licentiate thesis analyses developments in Swedish marine insurance during the interwar period, including both direct marine insurance and marine reinsurance. This is done in order to provide insights on how companies of a highly internationalised and vulnerable line of insurance were affected by and responded to new risks during a period of far-reaching international financial and economic crises. Finally, the consequences of new risks and strategies are assessed. This thesis argues that during the interwar period Swedish maritime trade and Swedish marine insurance greatly depended on each other for marine insurance cover and marine insurance premium incomes. The business results in Swedish marine insurance partly depended on the development of Swedish trade. These business results were also vulnerable to currency risks. Swedish marine insurers faced no similar trade or currency risks during the two decades preceding World War I, and accordingly the returns on Swedish marine insurance were lower during the interwar period than during the last two pre-war decades. These factors probably bore their most severe consequences during the early 1920s when Swedish marine insurance on average induced losses to insurers. The remaining years of the period constituted a long-run recovery, and the Great Depression of the early 1930s caused no difficulties of the same order. This thesis also indicates that interwar Swedish marine insurers responded to new risks by increasing the level of cession to reinsurers. Another response was to increase the level of differentiation among insurance lines. This thesis describes the consequences of new risks and strategies in interwar Swedish marine insurance, focusing on the development of the Swedish marine insurance market structure and on the business results of Swedish marine insurers. Though this market shrunk and grew excessively, the relative importance of stock and mutual insurers showed only minor fluctuations. The importance of specialised marine reinsurance companies, however, fluctuated greatly. Also, cooperation between interwar marine insurers and the formation of insurance groups set new trends of concentration for the future. Finally, even though Swedish marine insurance during some years induced losses the Swedish marine insurers never experienced true losses on their total businesses.

Esta pesquisa investiga os fatores de política doméstica que motivam os Estados a delegar determinados temas a organizações internacionais. Com base na abordagem de principal-agente aplicada à delegação internacional, o estudo de caso sustenta que a dinâmica da política doméstica norte-americana foi um determinante importante da delegação da crise da dívida dos anos 80 para o Fundo Monetário Internacional. A hipótese se baseia no argumento teórico segundo o qual a delegação de um tema para uma organização internacional oferece ao ator que delega (em geral o Poder Executivo) uma oportunidade de aumentar sua influência sobre aquele tema em detrimento dos outros atores políticos domésticos. Nesta visão, a delegação pode aumentar a influência do Poder Executivo ao deslocar o poder de agenda sobre o tema para a organização internacional, reduzir o número de pontos de decisão doméstica, criar assimetrias de informação e prover fontes adicionais de legitimidade para as posições do Executivo. Quanto mais agudo for o conflito doméstico sobre um tema, maior será o incentivo para o Poder Executivo delegá-lo a uma organização internacional. Este estudo sustenta que a crise da dívida dos anos 80 foi essencialmente uma crise bancária, e como tal poderia ter sido tratada exclusivamente no nível doméstico norte-americano. A pesquisa apresenta evidências de que, ao enquadrar a crise como um problema de política internacional e delegá-la ao FMI, o Departamento do Tesouro dos EUA aumentou seu controle sobre o tema e reduziu a influência do Congresso, cujas visões e prioridades eram diferentes das do governo. O Executivo norte-americano, a despeito da desconfiança que inicialmente nutria com relação às instituições financeiras multilaterais, decidiu delegar o gerenciamento da crise para o FMI porque suas preferências estavam mais alinhadas com as preferências do Fundo do que com as preferências do Congresso e, portanto, as perdas de agências eram pequenas em comparação com o ganho obtido por impedir o Congresso de adquirir um papel ativo sobre a questão. / This research examines the domestic factors that contribute to certain political issues being delegated by states to international organizations. Based upon principal-agent theory, the case study argues that American domestic politics played a major role in the delegation of the 1980s debt crisis of developing countries to the International Monetary Fund. The hypothesis is based on the theoretical argument that delegation of an issue to an international organization offers the delegating actor (usually the executive branch) an opportunity to increase its influence on that issue vis-à-vis other domestic political actors. As such, delegating an issue to an international organization can increase the influence of the executive branch by shifting control of the agenda on the issue in favor of the delegating actor, decreasing the number of domestic decision points, creating information asymmetries and providing additional sources of legitimacy for the positions of the executive. The more intense the domestic conflict on an issue, the bigger the incentive for the executive branch to delegate the issue to an international organization. This study contends that the LDC debt crisis of the 1980s was essentially a banking crisis, and that as such could have been handled domestically by the US government. The research provides evidence that, by framing the crisis as an international problem and delegating it to the IMF, the US Department of the Treasury increased its control of the issue and reduced the influence of Congress, whose views and priorities were different from those of the Administration. The US Treasury, despite its initial mistrust of international financial institutions, chose to delegate the management of the crisis to the IMF because US Treasury preferences were more aligned with the preferences of the Fund than with the preferences of Congress, and thus agency losses were small in comparison with what was gained by preventing Congress from having an active role on the issue.

Ce travail tente de mettre en lumière les raisons, tant institutionnelles que politiques, à l’origine de la sévérité et de la longueur des crises qui marquèrent la Californie pendant les années 2000. Après plusieurs années d’une croissance économique exponentielle dégageant un excédent budgétaire confortable, le Golden State dut faire face à plusieurs crises de manière consécutive. La première résulta de l’éclatement de la bulle internet en 2000, rapidement suivie d’une crise du système de production et d’approvisionnement de l’électricité due à sa déréglementation ratée. C’est également à cette période que l’Etat de Californie dut faire face à un déficit budgétaire grandissant qui ne se résorba qu’au début des années 2010. Enfin, l’éclatement de la bulle immobilière et la crise des subprime loans qui se déclencha en 2007 marquèrent à nouveau le début d’une période troublée, la Grande Récession culminant en 2009 dans cet Etat.Il a été observé que les conséquences de ces crises furent particulièrement sévères en Californie, et la thèse se propose d’en explorer les raisons. Elle met en avant la diversité d’intérêts très marquée qui se manifeste dans cet Etat du fait de sa taille, de sa structure économique et de la composition socio-ethnique de sa population. Cette diversité a pour conséquence de complexifier et de ralentir les prises de décision politiques, et parfois même de représenter ces intérêts de manière inégale. En outre, le clivage entre partis politiques est très marqué et même exacerbé en période de récession, ce qui conduisit à des impasses législatives qui, au cours des années 2000, empêchèrent les élus de résoudre les crises de manière prompte et efficace. De plus, la centralisation du pouvoir étatique au détriment de celui des collectivités territoriales constitua également un frein à la gestion des crises. Si la démocratie directe semble fonctionner et permettre aux citoyens de palier l’immobilisme législatif, il apparaît toutefois que certaines propositions adoptées par le biais du système référendaire ont eu des conséquences inattendues, et qui affectèrent notamment la capacité des élus à adapter les dépenses et les recettes en période de crise. En effet, la volatilité structurelle de la fiscalité californienne tend à être exacerbée lorsque l’économie se contracte, ce qui est difficile à compenser dans un Etat où il n’existe pas de taxe sur les services et où la majorité des deux-tiers est requise pour tout amendement du code des impôts. Enfin, plusieurs décisions politiques, parfois en faveur de certains lobbies et au détriment de l’intérêt général, peuvent être mises en cause. Il apparaît donc que la combinaison de ces faiblesses institutionnelles et politiques contribua à la sévérité des crises rencontrées par le Golden State au cours de la première décennie du XXIe siècle. / This dissertation focuses on the institutional and political reasons behind the severity and length of the crises that the State of California went through during the first decade of the 2000s. After several years of economic growth that generated significant budget surpluses, several crises hit the Golden State. The first started after the bursting of the dotcom bubble in 2000 and was directly followed by a power crisis resulting from a failed deregulation of the supply chain system. This coincided with the beginning of an era of budget deficits that would last for a decade. Finally, this time period had seen the worst crisis since the 1930s: the Great Recession that originated from the bursting of a housing bubble in 2007 and was followed by a global financial crisis that culminated in the Golden State in the year 2009.The consequences of these crises were particularly severe in California and this dissertation aims at identifying the reasons accounting for this severity. It first stresses that the significant diversity of interests that comes from the state’s size, its economic structure and its socio-ethnic profile slows down political decision-making and increases its complexity. It can even result in an unequal representation of those interests. In addition, political partisanship is very high, and recession periods tend to increase this divide. This is one of the reasons behind the political and budget gridlocks of the 2000s that prevented legislators from promptly and efficiently dealing with the consequences of the recessions. Handling these consequences was also made difficult by the shift in power from local governments to the state, resulting in a slowing down of the decision-making process as well as in a shortage of funds. Besides, even though direct democracy has proved efficient in allowing citizens to circumvent gridlocks, it appears that a few propositions adopted through the initiative process have had unintended negative consequences like limiting the ability of elected officials to adjust revenues and expenditures in a timely manner. Indeed, the volatility of the California tax structure tends to be exacerbated when the economy takes a hit. This volatility is rather hard to offset both because the state does not tax services and a two-thirds majority vote is required to amend the tax code. Finally, several political decisions can be questioned, sometimes because they were made in favor of special interest groups while being detrimental to the public good. We conclude that the severity of the crises the Golden State went through during the 2000s results from a combination of both institutional and political weaknesses.

Finanzkrisen sind spätestens seit den 1990'er Jahren ein sehr prominentes und interessantes Forschungsobjekt der Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Dieses Jahrzehnt war durch eine Vielzahl von Finanzkrisen gekennzeichnet, von denen nur wenige Länder vollkommen verschont blieben. Die vorliegenden Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Hauptteile: Im ersten Teil werden die unterschiedlichen Theorien zur Beschreibung von Finanzkrisen kategorisiert und jeweils verschiedene bedeutende Arbeiten vorgestellt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Gründe für das Auftreten von Herdenverhalten auf Finanzmärkten und dessen Auswirkungen untersucht. Dabei wird zunächst der Stand der Forschung dargestellt. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für das effiziente Funktionieren von Märkten ist, daß die Marktteilnehmer vollkommene Informationen besitzen. Dies ist in der Realität aber zumeist nicht gegeben. Das in Teil zwei entwickelte Modell basiert auf darauf, daß Informationen unvollkommen sind und asymmetrisch verteilt. Es ist in der Lage die Entwicklung von Herdenverhalten dynamisch zu erklären. Wie dieses Modell zeigt, kann Herdenverhalten zum einen zu stark abweichenden Asset-Preisen führen, welche dabei, gleich einer Blase, stark ansteigen können, um dann wieder ebenso stark zurückzugehen bzw. zu platzen. Zum anderen kann sich ein Herdenverhalten unter internationalen Anlegern auf die Wechselkurse auswirken oder sogar zu einem Zusammenbruch eines fixen Wechselkurses führen. Insbesondere in den 1990'er Jahren konnte man immer wieder beobachten, daß Finanzkrisen nicht nur auf ein einzelnes Land beschränkt waren, sondern sich über mehrere Länder innerhalb einer Region oder auch über die ganze Welt verteilt ausbreiteten. Im dritten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden derartige Ansteckungseffekte genauer untersucht. Hierzu wird zunächst ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung gegeben. Weiter wird ein Modell entwickelt, welches eine portfoliotheoretische Erklärung für Ansteckungseffekte liefert. Der contagion-Mechanismus kann dabei kurz wie folgt beschrieben werden: Eine Krise in einem Land j führt zu Verlusten eines hoch informierten Investors aus einem Land i. Dies kann wiederum dazu führen, daß er die Investitionen in seinem Heimatmarkt reduziert und dadurch fällt dort der Preis eines Assets. Ein Investor aus einem dritten Land mit einem niedrigeren Informationsstand wird diesen Preisrückgang als schlechtes Signal für den Ertrag aus dem Asset interpretieren. Als Konsequenz zieht er ebenfalls Kapital aus diesem Asset und damit auch aus Land i ab. Der Kapitalabzug des ausländischen Investors kann nun dazu führen, daß es in Land i ebenfalls zu einer Krise kommt. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Zusammenfassung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und liefert einige sich hieraus ergebende Politikempfehlungen zur Verhinderung bzw. Abschwächung von Finanzkrisen. Dabei werden insbesondere die Ursachen und Folgen von Herdenverhalten und Ansteckungseffekten berücksichtigt.