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Founded in 1892, the Portland Art Association (PAA) served as Oregon's and the Pacific Northwest's leading visual arts institution for almost a century. While the Association formally dissolved in 1984, its legacy is felt strongly today in the work of its successor organizations, the Portland Art Museum and Pacific Northwest College of Art. Emerging during a period of considerable innovation in and fervent advocacy for the arts across America, the Association provided the organizational network and resources around which an energetic and diverse group of city leaders, civic reformers and philanthropists, as well as artists and art educators, coalesced. This thesis describes the collaboration among arts and civic advocates under the banner of aesthetic education during the Association's first four decades. Though art education continued to be critically important to the organization after 1932, the year the Association opened its new Museum, art was no longer conceived of as an instrument for improving general community life and programs focused on more specialized, fine arts-related activities.

Många församlingar har stora kyrkor som är dyra för församlingarna att underhålla. För att klara sig ekonomiskt så säljer församlingar sina prästgårdar och församlingshem. Eftersom det enda som blir kvar oftast bara är kyrkan, verkställs ombyggnationer där kyrkorna möjliggör att de kan fungera som både kyrkor och församlingslokaler. I detta arbete undersöks den rådande lagstiftningen om vad som gäller vid en omgestaltning av en kyrka. Arbetet presenterar även olika kyrkor som har lyckats lösa denna typ av ombyggnationer. Därefter redovisas ett funktionellt, kvalitativt förslag på en lösning till det aktuella problemet genom en fallstudie av Pjätteryds kyrka. Med utgångspunkt i intervjuer, forskning, böcker och artiklar som talar om kyrkor och dess kulturhistoriska värde, togs det slutligen fram en lösning som i detta arbete presenteras i form av ett förslag. Förslaget tar stor hänsyn till kulturmiljölagen så att Pjätteryds kyrkas kulturhistoriska värde inte förvanskas, men tillfredsställer samtidigt behoven av att skapa nya utrymmen och funktioner för församlingens olika verksamheter. Utöver att förslaget bidrar till att minska energianvändningen anordnas även en ekonomisk arkitektonisk lösning som stödjer tillgänglighetsaspekter, där den smarta uppdelningen av kyrkans utrymmen medverkar till att nyttja dess ytor. Hänsyn har även tagits till miljöperspektivet vad gäller uppvärmning och energikälla, samt tillgång till dagens krav på ett sunt inomhusklimat för Pjätteryds kyrkas besökare. En modell på förslaget togs fram genom datorprogrammen Revit, SketchUp och Lumion. Den föreslagna ytan som rekommenderas efter de nytillförda, önskade och ändrade funktionerna, är belägen under orgelläktaren. Genom att utforma ytan på detta vis friställs den från övriga kyrkorummet och minimerar därmed driftkostnader vid mindre sammankomster samt att man tack vare detta förslag på ombyggnation även kommer att lyckas locka tillbaka Pjätteryds kyrkas besökare som de senaste åren minskat påtagligt. / Many congregations have large churches that are expensive for them to maintain. To survive financially, parishes sell their parsonages and parish homes. Since the only thing left is usually just the church, reconstructions are carried out in order to create also space for congregational premises within the church. In this work, the current legislation is examined regarding what applies to the remodeling of a church. The work also presents various churches that have managed to solve this type of reconstruction. A functional, qualitative proposal for a solution to such a problem is then presented through a case study of Pjätteryd's church. Based on interviews, research, books, and articles about churches and their cultural-historical value, a solution was finally developed which is presented in this work in the form of a proposal. The proposal takes great account of the Cultural Environment Act so that the cultural-historical value of the church in Pjätteryd is not distorted, but at the same time satisfies the needs to create new spaces and functions for the parish's various activities. In addition to the fact that the proposal contributes to reducing energy use, an economical architectural solution is also arranged that supports accessibility aspects, where the smart division of the church's spaces helps to make use of its surfaces. Consideration has also been given to the environmental perspective in terms of heating and energy sources, as well as access to today's requirements for a healthy indoor climate for Pjätteryd's church visitors. A model of the proposal was created through the computer programs Revit, SketchUp and Lumion. The proposed surface, which is recommended after the newly added, desired, and changed functions, is situated under the organ stand. By designing the surface in this way, it is freed from the rest of the church room and thus minimizes operating costs for smaller gatherings, and thanks to this proposal for remodeling, you will also succeed in attracting back Pjätteryd's church visitors, who have decreased significantly in recent years.

The British Empire is often traced back to the late sixteenth century and Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation, but Tudor monarchs had been eyeing expansion beyond Britain long before Drake. John Cabot, commissioned by Henry VII in the late fifteenth century, became the first European to step foot in the Americas in five centuries. Half a century later, adventurers like Richard Chancellor and Sir Hugh Willoughby sought a possible Northeast Passage to Asia, interacting with the Sami and Russians along the way. These expeditions and others like them, funded by the English monarchy and merchants, aimed to expand the kingdom’s economic base and help England find its place in the world. Although the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage were not successfully charted during the European Age of Exploration, these Tudor explorers contributed to geographic, social, and cultural knowledge and laid the foundation of the largest empire in world history.

Rapporten presenterar en analys av Tändsticksområdet i Jönköping ur ett stadsutvecklingsperspektiv, med syfte att lyfta betydelsen av kulturhistoriska miljöer för hållbar utveckling av stadsdelar. Studien utfördes som fallstudie, med intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudie som datainsamlingstekniker. Data sammanställs i grafiska scheman med analysmetoderna SWOT och Gehl’s tolv kvalitetskriterier. Avgränsningar har skett genom att undersöka ett specifikt, avgränsat geografiskt område och intervju av verksamheter där medverkande varit aktiva på Tändsticksområdet i minst tio år. Utifrån analysen har det visats att Tändsticksområdet är i behov av förändring. Under de senaste tio åren har det inte utförts några stora förändringar och bristande underhåll har lett till förfall av området. Genom SWOT-analysen som sammanställts utifrån intervjuer och observationer har prishöjningar och kommunala prioriteringar konstaterats som hot. Områdets styrkor anses vara dess geografiska placering och byggnadsminnesförklaringen som täcker samtlig bebyggelse. Svagheter som identifierats är den instängda utformningen med murar och bommar. De möjligheter som har identifierats är utveckling av samverkan för att skapa en helhet i området och verksamheterna emellan. Analys baserat på de tolv kvalitetskriterierna visade att de största bristerna i området är kopplat till utformningen av stadsrummet. I områdets urbana miljö ges få möjligheter till att kunna stanna upp och spendera tid utomhus. Det leder till att Tändsticksområdets gator och torg främst nyttjas som passage genom området eller till verksamheterna. De brister som pekats ut stödjs av teori gällande aktiviteter i kulturhistoriska miljöer, kulturhistorisk betydelse och hållbar utveckling av stadsdelar. Studien har visat att kulturhistoria har stor betydelse för invånare och kan inkorporeras i deras vardagliga rörelsemönster genom att skapa fler möjligheter till aktivitet i området. Det krävs fortfarande flera åtgärder för att Tändsticksområdet ska nå en hållbar utveckling. / The report presents an analysis of Tändsticksområdet in Jönköping from a city development perspective, with the purpose to raise the importance of culturally meaningful environments for sustainable development of districts. The study was performed as a case study, with interviews, observations, and a document study as data collection techniques. Data has been gathered in graphic schemes based on the analysis methods SWOT and Gehl’s twelve quality criteria. Boundaries has been set by investigating a specific, limited geographic area and interview of businesses where participants have been active in Tändsticksområdet during a minimum of ten years. Based on the research, it has been shown that Tändsticksområdet needs change. In the last ten years, no major changes have been executed and lack of maintenance has led to a disrepair of the area. Through the SWOT analysis compiled from interviews and observations, price increases and municipal priorities have been identified as threats. The area's strengths are its geographical location and the “building heritage declaration” that covers all buildings. Weaknesses identified are the enclosing formation with walls and traffic barriers. The opportunities that have been identified are developed of cooperation to create ensemble in the area and between the businesses. Analysis based on the twelve quality criteria showed that the biggest deficiencies in the area are linked to the inadequate design of the urban space. In the area's urban environment, there are few opportunities to stop and spend time outdoors. This leads to that Tändsticksområdets streets and squares are primarily used as passages through the area or to the businesses. The shortcomings that have been pointed out, are supported by theory regarding activities in cultural-historical environments, cultural historical significance, and sustainable development of city districts. The study has shown that cultural history is of great importance to inhabitants and can be incorporated into their everyday movement patterns by creating more opportunities for activity in the area. Several measures are still required for Tändsticksområdet to reach a sustainable development.

Czech cultural discourse in the Third Czechoslovak Republic The new situation occurring after World War II brought a number of changes, the reconsideration of values and searching for a new orientation in the social and political area as well as in the area of art and culture, which became the subject of often highly escalated controversy, usually conducted on the pages of the contemporary press. This diploma thesis is an analysis of the Czech cultural discourse in the Third Czechoslovak Republic that focuses not only on the textual statements themselves but even on their historical context, on the media environment in which they entered and on the positions of the actors and their access to the discourse. In the analysis, a network of interrelations between the statements, the processes of establishing key topics, forming a consensus, as well as taboo and the attempts for the appropriation of central collective symbols are monitored and reconstructed. The aim of the thesis is to become both a comprehensive characterization of discourse and a deeper insight into the diverse intellectual tendencies of the time.

This thesis deals with changes in conceptions of homosexuality and homosexual subculture as of something basically different, as they developed from the second third of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century among Czech lawyers and physicians, as well as with changes of self-conceptualization of the Czech homosexual subculture itself, having occurred in the same time interval. It focuses mainly on attitudes and efforts of those who aimed at contributing to social emancipation of this subculture or - in times of increased persecution of homosexuality during the Nazi occupation - on the impossibility to carry on such efforts. The thesis is divided in five parts - in the first one, the legal context which provoked the emancipation efforts in times of the 1852 Penal Code being in force (i.e. until 1950) is explained; the next four parts focus on these efforts separately in four distinct periods. Thus, the second part deals with the expansion of the modern concept of homosexual identity in the Czech lands before WWI, the third part deals with sexual reform efforts by liberal lawyers and physicians as well as on emancipatory and political efforts by the homosexual community itself in the democratic First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938), aiming at decriminalization of homosexual acts,...

There are surprisingly detailed similarities between Germany and the USA on their way towards the Second World War. In this paper, I have compared the nations' expansionist philosophies, their encounter with racism, and the internal conflicts between authoritarian leadership and democracy. I began with an overview of Manifest Destiny and the German myth of the East. Next, I summed up the deep changes that the First World War caused for both societies and how they went into the Great Depression. I examined the rise of scientific racism as part of the international eugenics movement and the emergence of populist leaders during the economic crisis. It became clear that neither expansionism nor racism were genuine German ideologies. In fact, the American Manifest Destiny served as a role-model for German plans in the East. Even the racist concepts of the Third Reich were strongly influenced by American scientists. The main difference seems to be the experience with the First World War and the diversity of American protest during the crisis.

At the close of the American Civil War some southerners unwilling to remain in a reconstructed South, elected to immigrate to areas of Central and South America to reestablish a Southern antebellum lifestyle. The influences of Manifest Destiny, expansionism, filibustering, and southern nationalism in the antebellum era directly influenced post-bellum expatriates to attempt colonization in Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, and Brazil. A comparison between the antebellum language of expansionists, southern nationalists, and the language of the expatriates will elucidate the connection to the pre-Civil War expansionist mindset that southern émigrés drew upon when attempting colonization in foreign lands.

Emmett Till’s murder inspired many novelists, poets, and artists. Recently, Till has inspired several feminist young adult novelists who are introducing his case in an intersectional way to a new generation of readers. The works that I have studied are A Wreath for Emmett Till (2003) by Marilyn Nelson, The Hunger Games Trilogy (2008-2010) by Suzanne Collins, and Midnight without a Moon (2017) by Linda Jackson. By examining how the authors employ a feminist perspective, readers can understand how they are striving for a more inclusive, intersectional feminist movement. This is significant because the publishing industry, specifically for Young Adult Literature, is not diverse. These works, while often overlooked by critics, may be the first exposure most young readers have to Emmett Till. Each of these novels could be used to teach readers not only about Till’s case, but also about current events to help foster a multicultural consciousness.