Orientador: José de Assis Fonseca Faria / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_CliviaDanubiaPinhodaCosta_D.pdf: 9653916 bytes, checksum: 19a90b0b7e1f0c7ee22bb23a84e04c6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Dentre as fibras vegetais, a fibra de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) é uma das mais utilizadas no desenvolvimento de produtos ecológicos. Apesar da grande disponibilidade, devido ao consumo de água de coco, a fibra do coco verde apresenta menor aplicação do que a proveniente do coco maduro. Em embalagens secundárias e de transporte, as fontes celulósicas provenientes de árvores coníferas, apresentam intensa utilização, contudo, ainda não se constatou a utilização de fibras lignocelulósicas no setor de produtos hortícolas. Neste trabalho, buscou-se investigar o desempenho da fibra de coco verde como material de acolchoamento em sistemas de embalagens para duas frutas tropicais: mamão (Carica papaya L.) e manga (Mangifera Indica L.). A parte experimental consistiu na obtenção da fibra de coco, desenvolvimento de mantas de fibra, avaliação do desempenho mecânico como material de acolchoamento e avaliação quanto à vibração em teste de simulação de transporte. Em todos os experimentos, utilizou-se como comparativo, a palha de madeira proveniente de coníferas (Pinus eliottii). Para o mamão, a fibra de coco foi tão eficiente quanto à palha na prevenção de injúrias na polpa, mas não evitou abrasões na superfície. Observou-se também redução na taxa de respiração, sem interferência na perda de massa e na variação da cor da epiderme. Por outro lado, o sistema de embalagem com a fibra de coco foi mais eficiente para a manga do que para o mamão, pois a fibra protegeu o fruto contra injúrias internas. Tal comportamento contribuiu para os bons resultados de cor e de produção de gás carbônico. Assim, como material de acolchoamento, a fibra de coco verde apresentou desempenho mecânico comparável à classe de materiais celulósicos. Quanto à aplicabilidade, é possível proteger frutos tropicais, utilizando a fibra de coco verde no seu estado natural, sendo que a viabilidade poderá tornar-se mais expressiva com o desenvolvimento de bandejas ou mantas de fibra com aglutinantes naturais, tais como o gel de fécula e o látex de seringueira utilizados neste trabalho / Abstract: Among the vegetable fibers, the coir (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the most used in the development of environmentally friendly products. Despite the large amounts, due to the consumption of coconut water, green coconut fiber has less application than that of the mature coconut. The cellulosic sources from coniferous trees have extensive use in secondary packaging and transportation; however, one has still not found its use of lignocellulosic fibers in the vegetable sector. In this study, it was sought to investigate the performance of green coconut fiber as a cushioning material in packaging systems from two tropical fruits: papaya (Carica papaya L.) and mango (Mangifera Indica L.). The experimental part consisted of obtaining the coconut fiber, development of webs of fiber and evaluating mechanical of the cushioning material on the vibration test to simulate transport. In all experiments, was used for comparison, the straw of wood from conifers (Pinus eliottii). For papaya, coconut fiber was as efficient as the straw in the prevention of damage in the pulp, but did not prevent abrasions on the surface. It was observed reductions in respiration rate, without interference in the weight loss and the variation in skin color. Moreover, the packaging system with coconut fiber was more efficient than the sleeve for papaya, as the fruit fiber protected against internal injuries. Such behavior has contributed to get good results of color and carbon dioxide production. Thus, as a cushioning material, the green coconut fiber had mechanical performance comparable to the class of cellulosic materials. In relation to applicability, it is possible to protect tropical fruits, using green coconut fiber in their natural state, and its viability may become more significant with the development of fiber mats or trays with natural binders such as starch gel and latex rubber used in this work / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Les mousses de calage en plastique utilisées dans les emballages sont très volumineuses et beaucoup de travaux s'intéressent à limiter leur production et à les remplacer par des matériaux qui soient biosourcés et/ou compostables mais avec des propriétés mécaniques comparables aux mousses en plastique pétrochimique. Ainsi vient l'idée de ce projet de recherche qui consiste à développer des mousses de calage à base d'amidon par extrusion réactive, en étudiant les relations : formulation – process – structure – propriétés. L'un des objectifs de ce travail de recherche est de comprendre et d'optimiser le procédé de fabrication des plaques de mousses de calage à base d'amidon afin d'assurer la stabilité et la reproductibilité du procédé. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons déterminé la combinaison idéale « procédé/matière » en étudiant l'effet des différents ingrédients de la formulation sur les propriétés mécaniques et structurales des mousses résultantes. Les mousses ayant obtenu les meilleures propriétés de calage ont été caractérisées et leurs performances mécaniques, en termes d'absorption, d'amortissement et de transmission du choc lors du transport, ont été comparées à celles des mousses de calage traditionnelles d'origine pétrochimique. Nous avons également étudié le vieillissement, la biodégradabilité et la stabilité des propriétés des mousses à différentes conditions climatiques. Ces études nous ont permis de déterminer la stabilité des mousses dans le temps et leur comportement selon que l'on soit dans une région tempérée, tropicale ou autres. Dans le but d'améliorer les propriétés et les performances mécaniques des mousses et de réduire leur sensibilité à l'humidité, nous avons rajouté des fibres naturelles, des biopolymères et des charges minérales à la formulation de base et étudié leurs effets sur les propriétés des mousses résultantes. Le développement des mousses à base d'amidon par extrusion réactive a alors été optimisé. Les mousses extrudées ont obtenu des propriétés physiques et un pouvoir amortissant comparables aux mousses en plastique traditionnelles, type polyéthylène expansé, leur permettant d'être utilisées dans diverses applications dont principalement les calages qui, à l'issu de ces travaux de recherche, va être développé à l'échelle industrielle. / Foam cushions used in packaging are very light and bulky and a lot of efforts have been made to limit their production and to replace them with materials that are from renewable resources but with comparable mechanical properties to the current petroleum plastic foams. Consequently, the aim of this project, which consists of developing starch-based foam cushions by reactive extrusion, is to study the relationship between formulation, process, structure and properties. One of the research goals was to understand and optimize the manufacturing process of starch-based foam sheets to ensure the stability and the repeatability of the process. In this study, we determined the perfect « process / material » combination by studying the effects of the various ingredients of the formulation on the mechanical and structural properties of the resulting foams. The foams with the best cushioning properties were characterized and their mechanical performances in terms of absorption, cushioning and shock transmission during transport were compared to those of petrochemical foam cushions. We also studied the aging, biodegradability and stability of the foam properties at different climatic conditions. These studies allowed us to determine the long-term stability of the material and their behavior depending on their storage conditions. In order to improve the mechanical properties of the foams and to reduce their moisture sensitivity, we added natural fibers, mineral fillers and biopolymers to the formulation and studied their effects on the resulting properties. Thus, the development of starch-based foams by reactive extrusion has been optimized. The extruded foams have comparable physical properties with the conventional plastic foams, like expanded polyethylene, allowing them to be used in various applications, especially as cushioning materials, which is now ready to be developed at industrial scale.

This article presents the development of an optimization of the package for a certain air purifier. The new design was more environmentally friendly, cheaper to produce, saves storage space and simplifies the repacking processes. The concept was generated in the concept generation phase, and selected among other concepts with the help of Pugh Matrix. After an iterative development process of cushioning design, drop simulation and drop tests, the proposed concept was verified by drop simulations in ANSYS, drop tests following the ISTA 3A standard, and a brief Life Cycle Assessment. Future work was also proposed based on the findings in the project. The theoretical background of the design, the various methods which were used in the development process and the development process itself were presented and discussed in this article. A method of rapid cushioning development was also concluded. The method was suitable for developing a cushioning system made of pre-compressed corrugated paper board based on an existing cushioning system. The method was designed to achieve a rapid iterative development for a new cushioning design with pre-compressed corrugated paper board based on an existing cushioning design.

The objective of the work was to establish strong correlations between midsole materials, biomechanics assessment and field test concerning running shoes and thus, for two crucial parameters: cushioning and ride.                A large range of mechanical testing (Shock tower, Compression, Dynamical Mechanical Analysis, Hardness) was carried out on EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) foam planks used in midsoles. Distinct sample sizes were needed according to the lab test and external machining was utilized to get appropriate specimens. Similar experiments have been led on prototypes finished shoes (Shock tower, Hardness) when it was feasible. The whole toolbox of current Salomon Footwear midsole formulations was so reviewed in detail. A phase of Biomechanics assessment of cushioning and ride was then undertaken with the help of a dozen of testers using sensors, procedures and data processing software. The field test was conducted at the same time to have the perception of the runners about several criteria once they worn the shoes in real condition.                Computational software were used to elaborate correlations matrices between determining parameters (finished shoes) and explicative ones (foams) while reducing the number of laboratory testing.  Prediction models for shoe performance anticipation were developed for the cushioning. Unfortunately, ride prediction model was not realized due to time and feasibility limitations. Shoe rebound resiliency and biomechanical parameters (Kurtosis and Power Spectral Density) proved to be strongly linked to the foam properties (Shock tower, Compression, Dynamical Mechanical Analysis). It could thus be forecast before making any shoe prototype. The reorganization of the Salomon Footwear toolbox has been started with the aim of finding one proper midsole for one proper application or runner practice. Established prediction models have been used to elaborate a cushioning index to sort the foam formulation according to their performance, density and price. Recommendations have been made for the choice of materials.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of powerful tractors with tracked chassis in agricultural primary production. For my work I chose Farma Pokorný Kmetiněves s. R. O., Which uses Challenger MT865E crawler tractor and BOTEP PLUS spol. s .r. o., which uses CASE IH STX 450 Quadtrac tracked tractors and CASE IH STX 480 Quadtrac. Literary review deals with the construction of wheeled and tracked bogies of tractors. The thesis describes the utilization of tracked tractors in given companies during the marketing year and analysis of the performance of individual tractors. The thesis is supplemented with characteristics of enterprises, description of technical parameters of individual machines and analysis of investment and operating costs.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre a percepção de amortecimento, conforto e as variáveis biomecânicas relacionadas ao impacto (pressão plantar e força reação do solo) durante a corrida comquatro diferentes tecnologias de amortecimento de calçados esportivos. Vinte e dois corredores recreacionais do sexo masculino (18 a 45 anos) correram (12 km/h) com 4 calçados de corridacom diferentes sistemas de amortecimento: Gel, Air, Adiprene e EVA (Etil Vinil Acetato) comdiferentes densidades. Nove itens relacionados a percepção do conforto, cinco variáveis da força de reação do solo e nove da pressão plantar foram avaliadas durante a corrida. Cincovariáveis biomecânicas relacionadas à força reação do solo produzida durante a corrida foram mensuradas por meio de uma plataforma de força em ambiente de laboratório e nove variáveis relacionadas à pressão plantar foram adquiridas pelo sistema PedarX de palmilhas em uma pista de corrida. As 14variáveis biomecânicas e os nove itensde conforto foram comparados entre os calçados por meio de ANOVAs para medidas repetidas. As relações entre as variáveis da força e da pressão plantar e entre conforto geral e as variáveis biomecânicas foram investigadas por meio docoeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Análises de regressão stepwise backward foram realizadas para predizer o conforto geral e as percepções do amortecimento na região do retropé e antepé de cada calçado. A análise de correlação feita entre o conforto geral e as variáveis biomecânicas para cada um dos4 modelos de calçados apresentou relações entre fracas e moderadas, embora não significativas. A análise de regressão revelou somente para o calçado Adiprene que 56% do conforto geral percebido pelo usuário pode ser explicado pelas variáveis taxa de propulsão e integral da pressão no antepé (p=0,015) e que 33% da percepção de amortecimento no antepé pode ser explicado pelas variáveis segundo pico de força e taxa de propulsão (p=0,016). Assim, de maneira geral, não se pode predizer o conforto geral e a percepção de amortecimento dos calçados estudados por meio do impacto e da pressão plantar recebidos, já quesomente uma entre quatro tecnologias estudadas apresentou este comportamento de predição / This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perception of comfort and impact-related biomechanical parameters (plantar pressure and ground reaction force) during running with four different types of cushioning technology in running shoes.Twenty-two men, recreational runners (18 to 45 years) ran 12 km/hwith running footwear with four different cushioning systems: Gel, Air, Adiprene e EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) com various densities. Outcome measures included nine items related to perception of comfort,five variables of ground reaction force and nine of plantar pressure that were evaluated during running. Five biomechanical variables related to ground reaction force were acquired with an AMTI force plate in the laboratory environment. Nine variables related to plantar pressure were acquired by the PedarX system instrumented insoles on a running track.The 14 biomechanical variables and the nine items of comfort were compared amongfootwears using repeated measure ANOVAs. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the relationship between the perceptions of comfort and the biomechanical variables for all the footwear. Step-wise regression analyses were employed to determine which group of the biomechanical variables could best predict general footwear comfortand perception of cushioning in the rearfoot and forefoot region of each evaluated footwear.Correlation analysis made between the general comfort and biomechanical variables for the four types of shoesshowed between low and moderate correlation coefficients,although not significant. Regression analysis revealed that 56% of the perceived general comfort can be explained by the variables push-off rate and pressure integral over the forefoot (p=0.015) and that 33% of the cushioning perception over the forefoot can be explained by second peak force and push-off rate (p=0.016). Thus, in general, one cannot predict the overall comfort and cushioning perception of a running shoe studied through impact and plantar pressure received, since only one of the four technologies studied showed this behavior prediction

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre a percepção de amortecimento, conforto e as variáveis biomecânicas relacionadas ao impacto (pressão plantar e força reação do solo) durante a corrida comquatro diferentes tecnologias de amortecimento de calçados esportivos. Vinte e dois corredores recreacionais do sexo masculino (18 a 45 anos) correram (12 km/h) com 4 calçados de corridacom diferentes sistemas de amortecimento: Gel, Air, Adiprene e EVA (Etil Vinil Acetato) comdiferentes densidades. Nove itens relacionados a percepção do conforto, cinco variáveis da força de reação do solo e nove da pressão plantar foram avaliadas durante a corrida. Cincovariáveis biomecânicas relacionadas à força reação do solo produzida durante a corrida foram mensuradas por meio de uma plataforma de força em ambiente de laboratório e nove variáveis relacionadas à pressão plantar foram adquiridas pelo sistema PedarX de palmilhas em uma pista de corrida. As 14variáveis biomecânicas e os nove itensde conforto foram comparados entre os calçados por meio de ANOVAs para medidas repetidas. As relações entre as variáveis da força e da pressão plantar e entre conforto geral e as variáveis biomecânicas foram investigadas por meio docoeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Análises de regressão stepwise backward foram realizadas para predizer o conforto geral e as percepções do amortecimento na região do retropé e antepé de cada calçado. A análise de correlação feita entre o conforto geral e as variáveis biomecânicas para cada um dos4 modelos de calçados apresentou relações entre fracas e moderadas, embora não significativas. A análise de regressão revelou somente para o calçado Adiprene que 56% do conforto geral percebido pelo usuário pode ser explicado pelas variáveis taxa de propulsão e integral da pressão no antepé (p=0,015) e que 33% da percepção de amortecimento no antepé pode ser explicado pelas variáveis segundo pico de força e taxa de propulsão (p=0,016). Assim, de maneira geral, não se pode predizer o conforto geral e a percepção de amortecimento dos calçados estudados por meio do impacto e da pressão plantar recebidos, já quesomente uma entre quatro tecnologias estudadas apresentou este comportamento de predição / This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perception of comfort and impact-related biomechanical parameters (plantar pressure and ground reaction force) during running with four different types of cushioning technology in running shoes.Twenty-two men, recreational runners (18 to 45 years) ran 12 km/hwith running footwear with four different cushioning systems: Gel, Air, Adiprene e EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) com various densities. Outcome measures included nine items related to perception of comfort,five variables of ground reaction force and nine of plantar pressure that were evaluated during running. Five biomechanical variables related to ground reaction force were acquired with an AMTI force plate in the laboratory environment. Nine variables related to plantar pressure were acquired by the PedarX system instrumented insoles on a running track.The 14 biomechanical variables and the nine items of comfort were compared amongfootwears using repeated measure ANOVAs. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the relationship between the perceptions of comfort and the biomechanical variables for all the footwear. Step-wise regression analyses were employed to determine which group of the biomechanical variables could best predict general footwear comfortand perception of cushioning in the rearfoot and forefoot region of each evaluated footwear.Correlation analysis made between the general comfort and biomechanical variables for the four types of shoesshowed between low and moderate correlation coefficients,although not significant. Regression analysis revealed that 56% of the perceived general comfort can be explained by the variables push-off rate and pressure integral over the forefoot (p=0.015) and that 33% of the cushioning perception over the forefoot can be explained by second peak force and push-off rate (p=0.016). Thus, in general, one cannot predict the overall comfort and cushioning perception of a running shoe studied through impact and plantar pressure received, since only one of the four technologies studied showed this behavior prediction

The present study explored how emotional cushioning (EC) buffered the relationship between grief intensity of perinatal loss and relationship satisfaction among women who have experienced pregnancy after loss. It was hypothesized that higher levels of grief intensity would be negatively associated with relationship satisfaction among women. Additionally, it was hypothesized that higher levels of EC would lessen the negative relationship between grief intensity of perinatal loss and relationship satisfaction among women. Through the use of a hierarchical linear regression, it was determined that grief intensity was not significantly associated with relationship satisfaction and that EC did not serve as a buffer between grief intensity and relationship satisfaction. However, a significant correlation was found between EC and relationship satisfaction. The results of this study can help contribute to the literature by providing more discussion about utilizing systemic approaches for clients who have experienced perinatal loss and pregnancy-related anxiety.

Fiber-based packaging has emerged as an alternative to plastic packaging, driven by concerns regarding environmental impact and excessive usage of plastic. In response to market trends favouring circular packaging solutions, Stora Enso is preparing to introduce Papira, an innovative fiber-based cushioning packaging material, in Europe. However, assessing the practical acceptability of new materials within existing recycling systems is crucial alongside laboratory tests that analyse recyclability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine waste paper recycling practices implemented in Europe and identify factors that should be considered when introducing a new product into the European market to provide insights that will help evaluate the positioning of Papira and provide recommendations accordingly. To accomplish this aim, after creating a conceptual framework, a combination of interviews and desk research, including analysis of academic and grey literature sources, was employed to gather valuable insights and develop a comprehensive understanding. The scope of the study focuses on paper and board waste generated by households including eight countries: Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Sweden, and the Netherlands. One of the key findings of this study is the variation observed in the practices employed within the waste paper recycling system. The implementation of the Extended Producer Responsibility system highlights the prominence of both single and multiple Producer Responsibility Organizations, while the household separate collection system involves the collection of waste through different fractions. Consequently, the fractions collected and the designated mills for separated materials play a crucial role in the mechanical sorting stage, alongside the divergence in manufacturing methods employed by mills during the material recycling phase. This underscores critical considerations that arise during the introduction of new fiber-based products. Notably, the composition and fiber content of a product significantly influence its registration within the system, thereby impacting pricing. Additionally, effective labelling is imperative to provide clear guidance to consumers regarding proper disposal methods. Moreover, the suitability of products for mechanical sorting is contingent upon ensuring that sorting technologies align with the waste composition. Lastly, the study identifies four key aspects that hold significance for recycling processes: printing inks, additives, pulping time, and fiber length. In conclusion, Papira, with its high fiber content and biobased additives, has shown promising environmental qualities. However, at the same time, it requires further recognition by the recycling system and consumers, appropriate classification in accordance with the standards, and testing by sorting facilities and recycling mills to meet industry standards and optimise its integration into the recycling system. This study highlights the importance of encompassing the monitoring of actions under the PPWR proposal, the role of consumer communication, and the imperative of maintaining consistent communication among all stakeholders. / Fiberbaserad förpackning har framträtt som ett alternativ till plastförpackning, drivet av oro överplastens miljöpåverkan och överdriven användning. Som svar på marknadstrender som främjarcirkulära förpackningslösningar förbereder Stora Enso att införa Papira, ett innovativt fiberbaseratdämpningsmaterial för förpackningar, i Europa. Att bedöma den praktiska acceptansen av nya materialinom befintliga återvinningssystem är dock avgörande, tillsammans med laboratorietester somanalyserar återvinningsbarhet. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka återvinningspraxis förpappersåtervinning som tillämpas i Europa och identifiera faktorer som bör beaktas vid introduktionenav en ny produkt på den europeiska marknaden för att ge insikter som hjälper till att utvärderapositioneringen av Papira och ge rekommendationer därefter. För att uppnå detta syfte användes enkombination av intervjuer och skrivbordsforskning, inklusive analys av akademiska och grålitteraturkällor, för att samla värdefull information och utveckla en omfattande förståelse. Studiensomfattning fokuserar på pappers- och kartongavfall som genereras av hushåll i åtta länder: Belgien,Finland, Frankrike, Tyskland, Luxemburg, Polen, Sverige och Nederländerna. En av huvudresultaten av denna studie är den variation som observeras i de metoder som används inomåtervinningssystemet för pappersavfall. Införandet av det utökade producentansvarssystemet belyserbåde enskilda och flera organisationer med producentansvar, medan det separata insamlingssystemetför hushåll innebär insamling av avfall genom olika fraktioner. Följaktligen spelar de insamladefraktionerna och de avsedda fabrikerna för separerade material en avgörande roll i det mekaniskasorteringsskedet, tillsammans med skillnader i tillverkningsmetoder som används av fabrikerna undermaterialets återvinningsfas. Detta betonar viktiga överväganden som uppstår vid introduktionen av nyafiberbaserade produkter. Särskilt sammansättningen och fiberinnehållet i en produkt påverkar avsevärtdess registrering inom systemet, vilket i sin tur påverkar prissättningen. Dessutom är effektiv märkningav avgörande betydelse för att ge tydliga anvisningar till konsumenter om rätt hantering av produkten.Dessutom är lämpligheten hos produkter för mekanisk sortering beroende av att sorteringsteknikernaöverensstämmer med avfallsammansättningen. Slutligen identifierar studien fyra nyckelaspekter somär betydelsefulla för återvinningsprocesser: tryckbläck, tillsatser, pulpingstid och fiberlängd. Avslutningsvis har Papira, med sitt höga fiberinnehåll och biobaserade tillsatser, visat lovandemiljöegenskaper. Samtidigt kräver det ytterligare erkännande av återvinningssystemet ochkonsumenter, lämplig klassificering i enlighet med standarder och tester genom sorteringsanläggningaroch återvinningsverk för att uppfylla branschstandarder och optimera dess integration iåtervinningssystemet. Denna studie belyser vikten av att omfatta övervakningen av åtgärder enligtPPWR-förslaget, rollen för konsumentkommunikation och nödvändigheten av att upprätthålla enkonsekvent kommunikation bland alla intressenter.

Fragestellung der Arbeit: Aus der Literaturbetrachtung wird deutlich, dass unterschiedlichste Testverfahren zur Ermittlung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Laufschuhen eingesetzt. Bisher gibt es kein standardisiertes und allgemein anerkanntes mechanisches Testverfahren. Im Gegensatz zu biomechanischen Untersuchungen verwendet bei mechanischen Messungen nahezu jeder Autor ein anderes Prüfverfahren. Wichtige Entscheidungsprozesse, welche zur Entwicklung des jeweiligen Prüfverfahrens führen, werden gar nicht oder nur unzureichend erläutert. Daher ist es nicht möglich eine generelle Vorgehensweise zur Erstellung eines neuen Prüfverfahrens abzuleiten. Aus den diskutierten Studien kann man schlussfolgern, dass bisherige mechanische Testverfahren die biomechanischen Zusammenhänge nur ungenügend abbilden können. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, ein allgemeingültiges mechanisches Prüfverfahren zu entwickeln, welches es ermöglicht, die Materialeigenschaften eines Laufschuhs im Rückfußbereich zu untersuchen. Ein wesentlicher Punkt dieser Arbeit ist es dabei, die mechanischen Eingabeparameter auf eine möglichst breite Basis von biomechanischen Messdaten aufzubauen. Dazu werden verschiedene biomechanische Messungen durchgeführt und mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien verglichen. Durch diese Vorgehensweise soll dem Anspruch der Allgemeingültigkeit Rechnung getragen werden. Ein wesentliches Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist darüber hinaus die Dokumentation und Diskussion aller wichtigen Entscheidungsschritte, die zu diesem Prüfverfahren führen. Um die gesetzten Ziele zu erreichen, werden folgende Fragestellungen beantwortet: F1 - Welche Stempelgeometrie muss für das zu entwickelnde Testverfahren verwendet werden um der anatomischen Belastungsfläche zu entsprechen? F2 - Wie muss der Stempel ausgerichtet werden um die Kraft in das Material einleiten zu können? F3 - Wie hoch sind die verwendeten Kräfte zur Belastung des Rückfußbereiches beim Laufen? F4 - Ermöglicht das mechanische Prüfverfahren eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der mechanischen Laufschuheigenschaften? F5 - Ermöglicht das mechanische Prüfverfahren eine Bestimmung funktionaler Laufschuheigenschaften?