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Denna uppsats handlar om den italienska renässansgrafikern Giulio Campagnola (ca. 1482 - ca. 1517) och hans konstnärskap. Syftet är att beskriva Giulios roll i utvecklingen av grafiken som konstform och hur han överför det tidiga 1500-talets pastorala måleri och humanistiska idévärld till grafiken. Frågeställningarna centreras runt Giulios stil och teknik, hans tolkning av konstnärliga förebilder, betydelser som kan utläsas i motiven samt hur han uppfattades i sin samtid. Forskningsmaterialet består av fem av Giulios gravyrer, varav två har studerats på Nationalmuseum. Gravyrerna analyseras i tre steg: bakgrund och kontext, förhållning till förlagor vad gäller komposition och uttryck samt tolkning av mening och innebörd av motiven. För kontextualisering används Michael Baxandalls metodologi ”Period eye”. Som teoretiskt ramverk för tolkning av motiven används Erwin Panofskys modell för ikonologisk analys. I uppsatsens första del beskrivs Giulios konstnärskap följt av kontextuell beskrivning av renässansens Venedig, humanismens idévärld, den pastorala poesin, den venetianska konstrevolutionen, grafikens tekniska och konstnärliga utveckling samt synen på och betraktandet av grafik. I uppsatsens analysdel beskrivs gravyrerna gällande stil, teknik, komposition i relation till förlagor, i synnerhet Dürer och Giorgione samt underliggande mening och innebörd. Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion kring Giulios roll som teknisk innovatör, hur han överför pastoralens måleri och humanistiska teman till grafiken, synen på Giulio i termer av originalitet samt hans bredare roll som intellektuell allkonstnär.

Esta investigação analisa um número determinado de obras em gravura e desenho de Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528) e Hans Baldung Grien (1484 - 1545) residentes nos territórios germânicos da Europa no período do Renascimento, produzidos entre 1497 e 1545. Constata-se que o corpo da bruxa concebido na Europa pré-moderna foi um corpo carregado de preceitos excessivamente masculinos e opressivos. É reconhecido também que, independente das pretensões dos artistas, fosse para desenvolver suas faculdades imaginativas, fosse para melhorar seu status social e econômico, a capacidade de criação do artista resultou numa imagem feminina adulterada. Para compreensão dos recursos culturais, políticos e sociais dos artistas em questão, analisou-se no primeiro capítulo, as perspectivas historiográficas de uma teorização da bruxaria, divididas em duas principais concepções: a crise na fé cristã e a questão de gênero. Após a publicação dos primeiros incunábulos no final do século XV, em especial o primeiro tratado inquisitorial ilustrado, De Laniis et phitonicis mulieribus (1489) de Ulrich Molitor, no segundo capítulo, observou-se o início de uma tradição iconográfica específica na Europa e a instauração da representação da bruxaria no âmbito das Artes Visuais por Albrecht Dürer, que estabeleceu dois modelos de representação, a bruxa de corpo grotesco e a bruxa de corpo afrodisíaco. No terceiro e último capítulo, analisou-se as obras do discípulo de Dürer, Hans Baldung Grien, que no decorrer da sua trajetória artística, tornou o corpo da bruxa protagonista de seus trabalhos. Elementos como a forquilha, os cabelos soltos, o corpo nu e os voos em animais são sancionados por ele e, de modo consequente, de seus contemporâneos. Assim, a última tarefa nesta parte foi apresentar uma herança iconográfica oriunda da tradição estabelecida por Dürer e Hans Baldung, como nas obras de Lucas Cranach, Peter Bruegel, Frans Francken, entre outros. / This research analyzes a number of engraving and drawing works by Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528) and Hans Baldung Grien (1484 - 1545) residing in the Germanic territories of Europe during the Renaissance period, produced between 1497 and 1545. The body of the witch conceived in Early modern Europe will be a body laden with excessively masculine and oppressive precepts. It is also recognized that, regardless of the artists' pretensions, whether to develop their imaginative faculties or to improve their social and economic status, the artist's creative capacity has resulted in an adulterated female image. In order to understand the cultural, political and social resources of the artists in question, the historiographical perspectives of a theorizing of witchcraft were analyzed in the first chapter, divided into two main concepts: the crisis in the Christian faith and the question of gender. After the publication of the first incunabula, at the end of the 15th century, in particular the first illustrated inquisitorial treatise De Laniis et phitonicis mulieribus (1489) by Ulrich Molitor, the second chapter notes the beginning of a specific iconographic tradition in Europe and the establishment of representation of witchcraft in the field of Visual Arts by Albrecht Dürer, who established two models of representation, the grotesque body and the aphrodisiac body of the witch. In the third and last chapter, the work of Dürer's disciple, Hans Baldung Grien, who in the course of his artistic career, made the witch's body the protagonist of his works analyzed. Elements such as the fork, loose hair, naked body and flights on animals are sanctioned by him and, consequently, by his contemporaries. Thus, the last task in this part is to present an iconographic heritage derived from the tradition established by Dürer and Hans Baldung, as in the works of Lucas Cranach, Peter Bruegel, Frans Francken, among others.

My project examines the pictorial and theoretical dimensions of the concept of melancholy as they were understood, expressed, and, most importantly, figured by Renaissance artists. By focusing on the figural pose traditionally associated with the melancholic state and humor, it presents a hitherto unexplored connection between Northern and Southern Europe, considering the different ways in which artists self-identified as melancholics and expressed this understanding in their art. In both Italy and the North, the basic figural structure is appropriated for somewhat different ends. The relationship of the isolated figure to its cultural context varies, either declaring a special creative status, responsive to a higher inspiration, or setting the figure apart as an outsider with special insight into the follies of this lower world. Chapter One serves as an introduction to the pose of melancholy, its historical weight and the visual meaning carried by the isolated, brooding figure, generally wth lowered head supported by a hand and often with legs crossed. This is the figure epitomized in Dürer's Melancolia I. Chapter Two considers Michelangelo as the exemplar of a melancholic and addresses the cultural and personal identification of him as such. The relevance of the melancholy pose to the identification of the artist in sixteenth-century Italy is demonstrated by Raphael's depiction of the melancholy Heraclitus in The School of Athens, which I accept as portrait of Michelangelo; articulated in his poetry, the artist's self-identification as melancholic is visually declared in his Last Judgment. Chapter Three addresses the works of Hieronymus Bosch, in whose art the figure of melancholy runs as something of a leitmotif, although it has remained generally unobserved; the figure serves as a running comment on the thematic concerns of the paintings--such as The Garden of Earthly Delights and Death and the Miser--at once participant and outsider. Chapter Four explores the role of melancholics in specific paintings by Bruegel, especially The Triumph of Death, and the relationship between melancholics and fools in the artist's oeuvre. Chapter Five has at its focus Titian's Flaying of Marsyas and the artist's self-inclusion in the guise of the melancholy Midas. As a conclusion, this chapter reflects on the personal significance of melancholy for Renaissance artists.

This essay aims to examine what the figure of the witch as a motif in art has looked like and how it has changed through history. The study focuses on witches in the iconography of the renaissance, the 19th century and contemporary art. Two artworks are chosen from each period, one typical for the witchcraft iconography of that specific era and one atypical. The artworks are then analyzed in relation to literary sources concerning the role of the witch in the time period they were made. By doing this, the essay also examines how the witch-hunts of the 1400-1600s affected the iconography of that period, and how in later epochs other societal shifts and situations such as the widespread prostitution of the 19th century and our own struggles today with issues such as the climate crisis can be related to the witch through the lens of art. The essay argues that the witch as a motif has changed throughout art history, from being depicted as a mostly dangerous or at best satirical figure during the renaissance, to a seductive femme fatale in the 19th century, and at last a symbol of feminist, post-colonial and environmental resistance in contemporary art. It is also argued that some aspects of the witch have survived thoughout these five hundred years, such as the idea of the witch as a disruptor of the norm and her ability to create a new world that is an upside-down version of our own.

Diploma thesis has an aim to present to students of elementary school graphical methods of relief printing by method of methodological video, for better understanding and imagination of students. The theoretical part occupies with graphic, the fenomena, that accompanies us from prehistoric times. The thesis is going to present method of relief printing, its development and important authors of relief printing. It makes the students familiar with the most important graphic works in history and makes their analysis. It presents the most common subjects and social aspects of graphical production in the final part. The practical part elaborates technology of instructive video and following application for students of various age and its final marking their work. The conclusion of thesis create supplements of the practical part, examples of models and final works.

The aim of this thesis is to illustrate the phenomenon of the transfer of the transalpine landscape motifs in graphic art into the works of Italian engravers at the beginning of the six- teenth century, and by using detailed analysis of these prints lead to a decision as to why these transfers occur so frequently, mainly in the years 1500-1520. Because only brief mentions of these transfers are found in the available literature on this topic, and then often only as a statement, I decided to tackle this phenomenon in the context of landscape specifications. In the introductory chapter there will be a concise overview of the cultural situation of the humanistic society, including its assumptions and a brief evolution of depiction of landscape art. Additionally there will be a chapter about the terminology used, which in addition to clarifying the terminology also helps to further the description of the proce- ss itself. The main part will of course be a chapter dedicated into selected items. There will also be descriptions of the graphic works of selected Italian engravers, especially in the comparison of transferred landscape motifs from works by Albrecht Dürer and Lucas van Leyden. Analy- sis of the individual prints will focus on elements transmitted in the background of the works. Iconography...

Tout visage est structuré selon un ordre symétrique. La thèse explore les conséquences de cette spécificité formelle du visage sur la construction du portrait dans le contexte spécifique de la Renaissance. Elle débute par une remise en cause de l’approche neuropsychologique qui fait de la dissymétrie et de la partition du visage dans le portrait la simple expression d’un donné physionomique. À travers une réflexion autour de la symétrie et de la dissymétrie dans l’ordre de la représentation, notre recherche rend compte de l’intérêt de ces catégories esthétiques pour la compréhension des enjeux formels et philosophiques propres à la construction du portrait. Elle révèle également la richesse et la complexité des significations allouées à la symétrie et à la dissymétrie dans le cosmos culturel de la Renaissance, celles-ci allant parfois à contre-courant de nos représentations contemporaines. Une dernière partie de cette recherche est consacrée au symbolisme théologique séculaire distinguant entre le côté droit et le côté gauche du visage, un côté tourné vers le céleste, l’autre vers le terrestre, et à son influence sur l’art du portrait. La démonstration est rythmée par diverses études de cas, parmi lesquelles des analyses approfondies de portrait peints par Jan Van Eyck, Giovanni Bellini, Raphaël et Albrecht Dürer. / Every face is structured in a symmetrical order. This research paper explores the consequences of this formal specificity on the construction of the portrait in the particular context of the European Renaissance. It starts with a critique of the neuropsychological approach that makes the asymmetry and the distinction between the two sides of the face in the portrait the mere expression of a particular physiognomy. Through a reflection on the aesthetic categories of symmetry and asymmetry in the order of representation, the research demonstrates the interest of these concepts for the understanding of the formal and philosophical issues specific to the construction of portraits. It also reveals the richness and complexity of meanings assigned to symmetry and asymmetry in the cultural cosmos of the Renaissance, these ones sometimes going against the grain of contemporary representations. The final section is devoted to the secular theological symbolism distinguishing between the right side and the left side of the face, one side turned to the heavenly, the other to the earthly, and the resulting influence on the art of portraiture. The demonstration is punctuated by various case studies, including an in-depth analysis of portraits painted by Jan Van Eyck, Giovanni Bellini, Raphael and Albrecht Dürer.

The dissertation focuses on the decoration of 16th century choral manuscripts. The first part is devoted to the person of Jan Táborský of Klokotská Hora (1499-1572) who was a scribe and an owner of a scribe manufactory, and to the most significant illuminators of the the 16th century who contributed to the decoration of songbooks in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Attention is given not only to the illuminators to whom Jan Táborský of Klokotská Hora assigned the work and whose contribution can be inferred from the documents or stylistic analysis of their illuminations, but also to their contemporaries. Besides the frequently mentioned Fabián Puléř, we can assume that Jan Taborský also collaborated with Matouš Ornys of Lindperk, Matyáš Hutský of Křivoklát, Ambrož Ledecký and, presumably, others. In this context, one part of the thesis is focused on engravings by Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, Bernard Salomon and on the domestic prints by George Melantrich the Elder, as these engravings, mostly woodcuts, served as patterns and inspiration for almost every Bohemian illuminator. Themes found in this type of manuscript are mostly based on Biblical stories, corresponding to the feasts of the liturgical year. In addition to these themes, the graduals contain many miniatures associated with various...

ANNOTATION: The work The Mirror of Reality in the Imagery of Dreams of the 19th and 20th Centuries - Creative Individuality versus the Chaos of the Time is based on the assumption that dreams are inseparably linked to the concept of existence in human life (Michel Foucault). The study touches on the ways in which dreams are depicted in visual culture that does not coincide with chronologically organized historical events, but is an expression of a free alliance between artists in the European space and centuries of common experience. These works are generally socially critical, exposed to unimaginable pressure from public censorship. The artist must pretend it is only an innocent game, a crazy idea, a whim. At the same time, these paintings are not an expression of boundless imagination, but they are subject to the firm rules of spatial construction of the painting. This is due to the traditional delimitation of dark depths - the underworld of Virgil's Saturn myth of pre-Roman culture, alternating with the vertically felt open heavens as variants of the original Plato's The Myth of Er, which in the 20th century paintings is replaced by the idea of an open landscape with illumination on the low horizon. The work deals with the work of Albrecht Dürer, his copperplate Melancholia I (1514) and his so-called...