Main objective of the present work is to develop wide-band gap InGaN solar cells in the 2.4 - 2.9 eV range that can be an integral component of photovoltaic devices to achieve efficiencies greater than 50%. In the present work, various challenges in the novel III-nitride technology are identified and overcome individually to build basic design blocks, and later, optimized comprehensively to develop high-performance InGaN solar cells. Due to the unavailability of a suitable modeling program for InGaN solar cells, PC1D is modified up to a source-code level to incorporate spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in order to accurately model III-nitride solar cells. On the technological front, InGaN with indium compositions up to 30% (2.5 eV band gap) are developed for photovoltaic applications by controlling defects and phase separation using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. InGaN with band gap of 2.5 eV is also successfully doped to achieve acceptor carrier concentration of 1e18 cm-3. A robust fabrication scheme for III-nitride solar cells is established to increase reliability and yield; various schemes including interdigitated grid contact and current spreading contacts are developed to yield low-resistance Ohmic contacts for InGaN solar cells. Preliminary solar cells are developed using a standard design to optimize the InGaN material, where the band gap of InGaN is progressively lowered. Subsequent generations of solar cell designs involve an evolutionary approach to enhance the open-circuit voltage and internal quantum efficiency of the solar cell. The suitability of p-type InGaN with band gaps as low as 2.5 eV is established by incorporating in a solar cell and measuring an open-circuit voltage of 2.1 V. Second generation InGaN solar cell design involving a 2.9 eV InGaN p-n junction sandwiched between p- and n-GaN layers yields internal quantum efficiencies as high as 50%; while sixth generation devices utilizing the novel n-GaN strained window-layer enhance the open circuit voltage of a 2.9 eV InGaN solar cell to 2 V. Finally, key aspects to further InGaN solar cell research, including integration of various designs, are recommended to improve the efficiency of InGaN solar cells. These results establish the potential of III-nitrides in ultra-high efficiency photovoltaics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MirnaSG.pdf: 1466607 bytes, checksum: 9545f3fac4b76bcfbb50de17c07a1d6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-18 / The Knowledge Management in organizations is a continuous process of learning that is given by the integration of data, information and the ability of people to use this information. The Management Skills is concerned to understand the powers of officials in the face of organizational skills (teams) and professionals (or tasks positions) want. Joints are located in the greater context of the economy of organizatio s and have the same assumption: that the possession of scarce resources, valuable and difficult to imitate gives the organization a competitive advantage. In this sense, this thesis proposes a model of knowledge management based on analysis of GAP of powers, namely the gap between the skills needed to reach the expected performance and skills already available in the organization, officials and trainees of Coordination of Registration of conductors of DETRAN-RN. Using the method of survey research could make an analysis of academic skills, techniques and emotional individual and a team of officials and trainees, identifying levels of GAP's competence in that sector of the organization and suggest a plan for training , A level of expertise for each sector of coordination, and propose a model for Knowledge Management to help the management of GAP's identified / A Gest?o do Conhecimento nas organiza??es ? um processo continuo de aprendizagem que se d? pela integra??o de dados, informa??es e a capacidade das pessoas em utilizar estas informa??es. A Gest?o de Compet?ncias est? preocupada em compreender as compet?ncias dos funcion?rios em face das compet?ncias organizacionais (equipes) e profissionais (cargos ou fun??es) desejadas. Juntas est?o situadas no contexto maior da economia das organiza??es e possuem o mesmo pressuposto: o de que a posse de recursos raros, valiosos e de dif?cil imita??o confere ? organiza??o certa vantagem competitiva. Neste sentido, a presente disserta??o prop?e um modelo de gest?o do conhecimento baseado na an?lise de GAP de compet?ncias, ou seja, da lacuna existente entre as compet?ncias necess?rias ao alcance do desempenho esperado e as compet?ncias j? dispon?veis na organiza??o, dos funcion?rios e dos estagi?rios da Coordenadoria de Registro de Condutores do DETRAN-RN. Utilizando o m?todo de pesquisa survey foi poss?vel fazer uma an?lise das compet?ncias acad?micas, t?cnicas e emocionais individual e em equipe dos funcion?rios e estagi?rios, identificando quais os n?veis de GAP s de compet?ncia existente naquele setor da organiza??o, bem como sugerir um plano de capacita??o, um plano de compet?ncias para cada setor da Coordenadoria, e propor um modelo de Gest?o do Conhecimento que auxilie a gest?o destes GAP s identificados

Le récepteur atypique ACKR3 et le récepteur CXCR4 sont des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G appartenant à la famille des récepteurs CXC des chimiokines. Ces deux récepteurs sont activés par la chimiokine CXCL12 et sont surexprimés dans de nombreux cancers comme les gliomes, dont ils favorisent la prolifération et le caractère invasif. Le récepteur CXCR4 active des voies de signalisation qui dépendent de la protéine Gi et des β-arrestines et s’associe à plusieurs protéines impliquées dans la transduction du signal, le trafic et la localisation cellulaire du récepteur. Par contre, les mécanismes de signalisation impliqués dans les effets d’ACKR3 restent mal connus. Le récepteur déclenche une signalisation dépendant des β-arrestines, mais son couplage aux protéines G dépend du type cellulaire ou se fait par un mécanisme indirect via son association au récepteur CXCR4. Le récepteur ACKR3 s’associe également au récepteur de l’EGF pour induire la prolifération cellulaire par un mécanisme indépendant de sa stimulation par un agoniste. Ces données illustrent l’intérêt de caractériser de façon systématique l’interactome de ces récepteurs pour comprendre leurs rôles physiologiques et pathologiques. Cette thèse a poursuivi cet objectif grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une approche protéomique combinant la purification des partenaires des deux récepteurs par affinité suivie de leur identification par spectrométrie de masse. J’ai ainsi identifié respectivement 19 et 151 partenaires protéiques potentiels des récepteurs CXCR4 et ACKR3 exprimés dans les cellules HEK-293T. Parmi les protéines recrutées par ACKR3, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la connexine 43 (Cx43, une des protéines constituant les jonctions Gap) du fait de la similitude des effets du récepteur et de la Cx43 dans la pénétration des leucocytes dans le parenchyme cérébral, la migration des interneurones et la progression des gliomes. J’ai confirmé par Western blot et par BRET l’association spécifique de la Cx43 à l’ACKR3 et non pas au CXCR4. De la même façon, j’ai montré une co-localisation de la Cx43 et de l’ACKR3 dans des cellules de gliome humain, ainsi que dans les astrocytes de la zone sous-ventriculaire et les pieds astrocytaires entourant les capillaires cérébraux chez la souris, suggérant que les deux protéines forment un complexe protéique dans un contexte biologique authentique. Des études fonctionnelles ont révélé que l’ACKR3 module les fonctions de la Cx43 par différents mécanismes. L’expression de l’ACKR3 dans les cellules HEK-293T (mimant la surexpression du récepteur dans les tumeurs), induit par elle-même une inhibition de l’activité jonctionnelle de la Cx43. De même, la stimulation du récepteur par un agoniste réduit l’activité jonctionnelle de la Cx43 par un mécanisme impliquant l’activation d’une protéine Gi, la β-arrestine2 et l’internalisation de la Cx43. Cette thèse établit donc pour la première fois un lien fonctionnel entre le système constitué par les chimiokines CXCL11, CXCL12 et leur récepteur ACKR3 d’une part et les jonctions Gap d’autre part qui pourrait jouer un rôle critique dans la progression des gliomes. / The Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3) and CXCR4 are two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) belonging to the CXC chemokine receptor family. Both receptors are activated upon CXCL12 binding and are over-expressed in various tumours, including glioma, where they have been found to promote proliferation and invasive behaviours. Upon CXCL12 binding, CXCR4 activates canonical GPCR signalling pathways involving Gαi protein and β-arrestins. In addition, CXCR4 was found to interact with several proteins able to modify its signalling, trafficking and localization. In contrast, the cellular pathways underlying ACKR3-dependent effects remain poorly characterized. Several reports show that ACKR3 engages β-arrestin-dependent signalling pathways, but its coupling to G proteins is restricted to either specific cellular populations, including astrocytes, or occurs indirectly via its interaction with CXCR4. ACKR3 also associates with the epidermal growth factor receptor to promote proliferation of tumour cells in an agonist-independent manner. These examples suggest that the extensive characterization of ACKR3 and CXCR4 interactomes might be a key step in understanding or clarifying their roles in physiological and pathological contexts. This thesis addressed this issue employing an affinity purification coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry proteomic strategy that identified 19 and 151 potential protein partners of CXCR4 and ACKR3 transiently expressed in HEK-293T cells, respectively. Amongst ACKR3 interacting proteins identified, we paid particular attention on the gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43), in line with its overlapping roles with the receptor in the control of leukocyte entry into the brain, interneuron migration and glioma progression. Western blotting and BRET confirmed the specific association of Cx43 with ACKR3 compared to CXCR4. Likewise, Cx43 is co-localized with ACKR3 but not CXCR4 in glioma initiating cell lines, and ACKR3 and Cx43 are co-expressed in astrocytes of the sub-ventricular zone and surrounding blood vessels in adult mouse brain, suggesting that both proteins form a complex in authentic cell or tissue contexts. Further functional studies showed that ACKR3 influences Cx43 trafficking and functionality at multiple levels. Transient expression of ACKR3 in HEK-293T cells to mimic ACKR3 overexpression detected in several cancer types, induces Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication (GJIC) inhibition in an agonist-independent manner. In addition, agonist stimulation of endogenously expressed ACKR3 in primary cultured astrocytes inhibits Cx43-mediated GJIC through a mechanism that requires activation of Gαi protein, and dynamin- and β-arrestin2-dependent Cx43 internalisation. Therefore, this thesis work provides the first functional link between the CXCL11/CXCL12/ACKR3 axis and gap junctions that might underlie their critical role in glioma progression.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Raquel de Almeida Ribeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2015. / O crescente interesse em novos materiais com propriedades eletrônicas promissoras, tais como termoeletricidade e supercondutividade entre outras, tem levado a comunidade científica a estudar intensivamente por muitos anos uma classe de materiais conhecida como compostos Zintl. Nesse sentido que propomos nesta Tese o estudo de novos materiais termoelétricos, caracterizando e avaliando suas propriedades, buscando um melhor entendimento das propriedades físicas destes materiais em baixa temperatura, utilizando como ponto de partida à família de compostos Zintl. Compostos do tipo Zintl são governados pelo balanço de cargas entre íons doadores e complexas estruturas, geralmente presentes em grandes células unitárias. Duas famílias complexas de compostos Zintl que tem sido investigadas são formadas por RE14MPn11, AE14MPn11, RE11MPn9 e AE11MPn9 (RE = Yb, Eu; AE = Ca, Sr; M = metal de transição; Pn = pictanídeos). Monocristais de Yb11AlSb9 cristalizam com estrutura ortorrômbica de grupo espacial Iba2 com parâmetros de rede a = 11.76 Å, b = 12.39 Å and c = 16.68 Å. Dados de resistividade elétrica do composto Yb11AlSb9 entre 300 K e 0.4 K, nos mostram um comportamento metálico acima de 100 K e semicondutor abaixo desta temperatura indicando a formação de um estado semicondutor de gap pequeno, apresentando um dependência com a temperatura e com o campo magnético entre 0.4 K > T > 2 K. Medidas de calor específico nos mostram que o composto apresenta uma significante dependência de amostra, como observado também nas medidas de resistividade. Observamos também uma dependência com o campo magnético de Cp para T < 4 K até T = 0.4 K. A contribuião eletrônica foi extraída do ajuste linear da curva Cp/T em função T para T < 2 K e nos mostrou uma dependência do parâmetro de Sommerfeld com a temperatura e com o campo magnético, (T,H), com valores de 230 mJ/mol.K2 e 0 mJ/mol.K2 para H = 0 e 3 T, respectivamente. / The growing interest in new materials with promising electronic properties, such as thermoelectricity and superconductivity among others, has lead the scientific community to intensively study a class of materials known as Zintl compounds for many years. In this sense that we propose in this work the study of new thermoelectric materials, characterizing and evaluating their properties, seeking a better understanding of the physical properties of these materials at low temperatures, using as a starting point the family of Zintl compounds. Zintl compounds are governed by charge balance between donor ions and complex structures, and generally present large unit cells. Tow families of complex Zintl phases that has been recently investigated is comprised of RE14MPn11, AE14MPn11, RE11MPn9 and AE11MPn9 compounds (RE = Yb, Eu; AE = Ca, Sr; M = Transition metal; Pn = Pictogens). Single crystals have been grown by the flux method using Sn flux. Yb11AlSb9 crystallized in an orthorhombic structure (space group Iba2) with lattice parameters a = 11.76 Å, b = 12.39 Å and c = 16.68 Å. The Yb11AlSb9 electrical resistivity data from 300 to 0.4 K shows metallic behavior until 100 K, below which there is an increase indicative of a small gap semiconducting ground state and present H-dependence between 0.4 K > T > 2 K. Specific heat data show us the significant sample and H-dependence,as observed in resistivity measurements. We also observed a dependence with the magnetic field of Cp to T < 4 K at T = 0.4 K. The electronic contribution was extracted from the linear fit of the curve Cp/T depending on T to T < 2 K and showed a dependence on the Sommerfeld parameter with the temperature and the magnetic field, (T,H), with values 230 mJ/mol.K2 and 0 mJ/mol.K2 for H = 0 and 3 T, respectively.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo objetiva analisar as características das diferenças de expectativas entre o público geral e os auditores independentes, no que diz respeito às demonstrações contábeis. Para isso, incorreu-se em uma pesquisa de artigos científicos em que os autores investigam o problema, cada um em determinado país, e as causas de sua ocorrência. Essa análise da literatura permitiu verificar as similaridades e sugestões para reduzir o fenômeno, em cenário globalizado, e compará-las. Os principais achados demonstram que, de maneira geral, os problemas são globalmente relacionados, assim como as sugestões, e que se torna essencial medidas para amenizar o problema. Tanto os auditores independentes quanto os usuários das demonstrações contábeis tem conhecimento da existência dessa diferença de expectativa, sendo uma ameaça para o bom andamento de uma economia capitalista o desconforto dos usuários caso ocorra à manutenção dessa diferença de expectativa. Dessa maneira, uma mudança na estrutura do cenário atual das empresas de auditoria independente torna-se fundamental. / The purpose of this study is to analyze fairness of expectations gap between the public and independent auditors regarding the financial statements. A articles survey was provided to support this study, which the authors investigate the matters, each in a given country, and the causes of its occurrence. This literature review has shown the similarities and suggestions to reduce the phenomenon. The main results show that, in general matter, the expectation gap really exist globally, as well as suggestions and measures to mitigate such issues become essential. The existence of the differences in expectation is already known by independent auditors and public users of financial statements. For this fact, the discomfort for the users caused by the maintenance of these differences may be a threat to the capitalist economy ongoing. Therefore, a change in the actual scenario of the independent audit firms and auditors behavior is fundamental.

For the past few decades, a frenzy of attention has been given towards the development of an assortment of photocatalysts as a solution for various environmental problems. TiO2 is the most widely used photocatalyst. TiO2 is biocompatible, chemically and thermally stable but TiO2 and a vast majority other photocatalysts have large band gaps, and hence they find applicability only in the UV region of the solar spectrum. These large band gap photocatalysts suffer a severe limitation with regard to their overall process efficiency as the UV region contributes to about 3 to 4 % of the solar spectrum in terms of energy. This thesis concentrates on the progress towards the generation of visible light active photocatalysts. Lanthanum transition metal perovskites were synthesized to incorporate B site doping in the following fashion; LaCrxFe1-xO3, LaMnxFe1-xO3 and LaCrxMn1-xO3 (x= {1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75}). These perovskites configurations were selected as LaCrO3 has a conduction band edge suitable to activate most photocatalytic reactions, but LaCrO3’s large band gap energetically hinders the photocatalysis. Doping LaCrO3 with Fe and Mn allowed for tuning their band gaps and made various photocatalytic reactions feasible, namely CO2 reduction and photoassisted dye degradation. Validation of the perovskite's crystal structure was established through the study of their XRD patterns. The perovskite exhibited crystallinity throughout all doping concentrations. At some doping concentrations, due to low or high degree of tolerance factor, the presence of hexagonal and rhombohedral crystal phases was seen. Analysis of the electronic structure of these perovskites was conducted through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Doping transition metals in B site of the perovskite led to the narrowing of band gap energy with the increase in the concentration of the higher atomic number transition metal. About 38% reduction in band gap was achieved in LaCrxFe1-xO3. The band gap constituted of Mott- Hubbard gap and charge transfer gap. For the species LaCrxFe1-xO3, interband states exist with an energy gap as large as 1.3 eV for X=1 and 0.75. These states manifested as Urbach tails and are clearly documented in the absorption spectrum data. At x=0.5 and below, evidence of mixing is seen in LaCrxFe1-xO3, leading to the diminution of these interband states, although not to full extent, their energy was reduced by about 0.5 eV. In LaCrxMn1-xO3 and LaMnxFe1-XO3, the absence of Urbach tail and absorption edge is observed. The band edge positions of most of these perovskites provided a large enough over potential to cause the reduction of CO2. Future efforts on the photocatalytic activity study of these perovskites through dye degradation and CO2 reduction are in progress. Preliminary results of photoassisted dye degradation are shared in this thesis.

Tous les organismes, les animaux, les plantes et les microbes, sont composés de cellules polarisées, en affichant un positionnement asymétrique des organites sub-cellulaires ou des structures. Le contrôle de polarité a été étudié chez les eucaryotes pendant une longue période, et a été montré pour e&#770;tre impliqués dans de nombreux processus physiologiques, tels que l'embryogenèse, le cancer métastatique et les maladies dégénératives des neurones. Chez les procaryotes, des études de polarité ne sont apparues récemment avec le développement de la microscopie à fluorescence sensibles. Ces études ont révélé que les cellules procaryotes sont en fait très organisé et une masse croissante de la littérature a montré que les cellules bactériennes également utiliser des radeaux lipidiques, courbure membranaire, la paroi cellulaire et un cytosquelette complexe pour diriger le positionnement spécifique de structures subcellulaires.Petites GTPases de la superfamille Ras sont des éléments réglementaires polarisation répandue chez les eucaryotes. Malgré l'existence depuis longtemps de ces petites GTPases dans les génomes procaryotes, leur fonction a jamais été étudiée. Pendant ce travail de thèse, nous avons trouvé, pour la première fois, qu'une petite GTPase, MglA et de sa protéine apparentée Activation GTPase (GAP) MglB, directe une dynamique axe antéro-postérieur à la motilité directe en forme de tige deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Dans ce processus, MglA s'accumule dans son état lié au GTP au niveau du po&#770;le leader de cellules, en activant les machineries motilité. Ce schéma de localisation est maintenue par MglB, qui localise le pôle opposé, le blocage de l'accumulation MglA à ce po&#770;le à travers son activité GAP. Remarquablement, les deux protéines passer leur localisation synchrone, ce qui correspond à un changement dramatique dans la direction du mouvement cellulaire (inversion). Ce commutateur est réglementé par un système chimiosensoriels-like, Frz. Dans une deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons identifié un régulateur de protéine de réponse, RomR qui est essentiel pour le regroupement polaire de MglA. Interdépendances complexes entre la localisation RomR, MglA et MglB indiquent que ces protéines pourraient constituer un complexe de polarité dynamique de trois protéines qui rec&#807;oit Frz de signalisation pour passer l'axe de polarité. En conclusion, les résultats de ce travail de thèse suggère que M. xanthus intégré un module de polarité eucaryotes-like (MglAB) dans un procaryote spécifique (Frz) réseau de signalisation pour réguler sa motilité. Une telle réglementation est distincte sous forme de petites protéines G des règlements, qui sont généralement couplés à la protéine G récepteurs couplés (GPCR) chez les eucaryotes. Enfin, ce travail ouvre la voie pour comprendre comment la réglementation seule la motilité cellulaire sont intégrés pour générer des comportements commandés multicellulaires donnant naissance à des structures primitives de développement, par exemple, la morphogenèse du corps fructifères. D'autre part, ce travail fournit également un exemple d'analyser les étapes évolutives donnant lieu à des réseaux de signalisation. / All organisms, animals, plants and microbes, are composed of polarized cells, displaying asymmetric positioning of sub-cellular organelles or structures. Polarity control has been studied in eukaryotes for a long time, and has been shown to be involved in many physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, cancer metastasis and neuron degenerative diseases. In prokaryotes, polarity studies only emerged recently with the development of sensitive fluorescent microscopy. These studies revealed that prokaryotic cells are in fact highly organized and a growing body of literature has shown that bacterial cells also use lipid rafts, membrane curvature, the cell wall and a complex cytoskeleton to direct the specific positioning of subcellular structures.Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily are widespread polarization regulatory elements in eukaryotes. Despite the long known existence of such small GTPases in prokaryotic genomes, their function has never been studied. During this thesis work, we found, for the first time, that a small GTPase, MglA and its cognate GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) MglB, direct a dynamic anterior- posterior axis to direct motility of the rod-shaped deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. In this process, MglA accumulates in its GTP-bound state at the leading cell pole, activating the motility machineries. This localization pattern is maintained by MglB, which localizes at the opposite pole, blocking MglA accumulation at this pole through its GAP activity. Remarkably, both proteins switch their localization synchronously, which correlates with a dramatic change in the direction of cell movement (reversal). This switch is regulated by a chemosensory-like system, Frz. In a second part of this work, we identified a response regulator protein, RomR which is essential for the polar clustering of MglA. Intricate localization interdependencies between Romr, MglA and MglB indicate that these proteins might constitute a dynamic three-protein polarity complex that receives Frz-signaling to switch the polarity axis. In conclusion, the results from this thesis work suggest that M. xanthus integrated a eukaryotic-like polarity module (MglAB) into a prokaryotic- specific (Frz) signaling network to regulate its motility. Such regulation is distinct form small G- protein regulations, which are generally coupled to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in eukaryotes. Finally, this work paves the way to understand how single cell motility regulations are integrated to generate ordered multicellular behaviors giving rise to primitive developmental structures, for example fruiting body morphogenesis. On the other hand, this work also provides an example to analyze the evolutionary steps giving rise to signaling networks.

Les protéines membranaires (PMs) sont les composants fonctionnels principaux des membranes biologiques. Les processus cellulaires fondamentaux sont régulés à l’aide des PMs. Malgré leur importance et leur intérêt scientifique et pharmaceutique, les structures des PMs ne représentent qu’une partie mineure des structures 3D répertoriées. Les PMs humaines sont des cibles particulièrement intéressantes mais parmi plus de 7000 PMs humaines, seules 30 structures ont été élucidées.Les raisons principales qui rendent les PMs très difficiles à étudier sont leur faible abondance et leur nature hydrophobe. En effet, le niveau d’expression des PMs dans leur environnement naturel est habituellement faible et la surexpression hétérologue aboutit souvent à une protéine inactive.Les connexines font partie de la famille des PMs intégrales de vertébrés. Elles sont largement exprimées dans tout le corps et sont impliquées dans les processus essentiels à un fonctionnement physiologique normal. En s’oligomérisant elles établissent des canaux intercellulaires qui forment des jonctions lacunaires. La communication des jonctions lacunaires joue un rôle essentiel dans la fonction des tissus et le développement des organes. Ainsi, les mutations génétiques des connexines provoquent des désordres héréditaires. Les connaissances actuelles portent principalement sur la physiologie des connexines et la perméabilité des pores. Difficiles à produire pure, homogène et en quantité suffisante pour la cristallisation, l’unique structure de résolution atomique de jonction lacunaire est un polymère de la connexine 26. La connexine 43 (Cx43), protéine de jonction lacunaire la mieux étudiée, est exprimée dans tout le corps humain. Les études structurales de microscopie électronique ont montré que le domaine cytoplasmique C-terminal de Cx43 (Cx43CT) est flexible et diminue la qualité de diffraction des cristaux 2D. La troncation de la majorité de Cx43CT améliore la résolution des segments transmembranaires de Cx43. Tronqué au niveau du résidu 263, le mutant Cx43-263T est néanmoins capable de former des cristaux 2D et de s’assembler en jonctions lacunaires. L’œuvre présenté est consacré à l’étude de Cx43, Cx43-263T et Cx43CT.L’optimisation des codons du gène de la connexine et la minimisation de la stabilité de la structure secondaire d’ARNm ont considérablement augmenté l’expression de Cx43 et Cx43-263T. De nouvelles procédures de purification de Cx43-263T et Cx43 ont été élaborées. La protéine purifiée a été reconstituée en polymère amphiphile amphipol A8-35 et caractérisée par des approches de SEC, DLS et SAXS. Des techniques indépendantes ont montré l’auto-assemblage de Cx43-263T fonctionnelle en hexamères.Cx43 homogène a été surexprimée dans E. coli, purifiée et caractérisée par SEC, DLS, DSC et SAXS. L’oligomérisation a été mesurée en fonction de la concentration.Cx43-263T et Cx43 fusionnées à la protéine Mistic ont été surexprimées dans E. coli. La séparation de Mistic de la connexin a été testée avec différentes protéases, jonctions, conditions de clivage et soit in vivo soit in vitro. Toutes les constructions ainsi générées ont démontré une haute résistance aux protéolyses spécifiques. Mistic (membrane integrating sequence for translation of integral membrane protein constructs) est une séquence de protéine de B. subtilis, qui permet l'adressage des PMs intégrales dans la membrane. Mistic a été surexprimée chez E. coli et la protéine homogène a été purifiée avec divers détergents. Alors que la structure tertiaire de Mistic, solubilisée avec de l'oxyde de lauryldimethylamine, est déjà déterminée, la structure native de Mistic dans un milieu lipidique, qui permettrait de comprendre sa fonction, n’est pas encore disponible. Dans le travail présenté ici, Mistic a été reconstituée dans des lipides différents et utilisée pour des essais initiaux de cristallisation in meso. Mistic a de plus été utilisée pour la production d’anticorps anti-Mistic. / Membrane proteins (MPs) are major functional components of biological membranes. Keycellular processes are regulated with the help of MPs. Despite high importance and greatscientific and pharmaceutical interest, structures of MPs represent only a tiny fraction of all3D structures in Protein Data Bank. Human MPs are particularly challenging targets. Out ofmore than 7000 human MPs, structures of only about 30 were elucidated.The main reasons which make MPs so difficult to study are their low natural abundance andhydrophobic nature. Expression level of MPs in their natural sources is usually rather low.Heterologous overexpression often leads to inactive protein.Connexins comprise a family of vertebrate integral MPs that are widely expressed throughoutbody and involved in a wide variety of processes essential for normal physiological function.They are able to oligomerize and form intercellular channels which compose gap junctions.Gap junctional communication plays crucial role in normal tissue function and organdevelopment. Connexin gene mutations cause a number of inherited disorders.By now a wealth of knowledge is available about physiology of connexins and their channelpore permeability. However, atomic resolution structure of gap junction channel formed byonly one connexin family member (connexin 26) was determined. This is mostly explained bydifficulty to produce sufficient for crystallization amount of pure and homogenous protein.Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the best-studied gap junction protein, and it is widely expressedthroughout the human body. Initial structural studies by electron microscopy have shown thatflexible C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Cx43 (Cx43CT) worsens diffraction quality of 2Dcrystals. Removal of most of the Cx43CT improved resolution of transmembrane segments ofCx43. Truncated at residue 263 mutant of Cx43 (Cx43-263T) still was able to form2D crystals and assembled into gap junctions. Thus, the present work is dedicated to the studyof three forms of Cx43, namely Cx43-263T, Cx43CT, and full-length Cx43.Performed in our work connexin gene optimization for E.coli codon bias and minimization ofstability of mRNA secondary structure significantly enhanced expression of Cx43 and Cx43-263T. Procedures for Cx43-263T and Cx43 purification were developed. The purified proteinwas reconstituted into amphipathic polymer amphipol A8-35 and characterized by SEC, DLS,and SAXS. Applied independent techniques showed self-assembling of purified Cx43-263Tinto hexamers demonstrating its functionality.Cx43CT was overexpressed in E.coli and purified to homogeneity. The protein wascharacterized by SEC, DLS, TSA, and SAXS. The concentration-dependent oligomerizationwas established.In the beginning of our project Cx43-263T and Cx43 were overexpressed in E. coli usingMistic fusion protein. A number of constructs providing various linkers and proteaserecognition sites were generated. To remove Mistic from the produced proteins in vivo and invitro cleavage were tested. All generated constructs demonstrated high resistance to specificproteolysis in wide range of conditions.Mistic (membrane integrating sequence for translation of integral membrane proteinconstructs) from B. subtilis was overexpressed in E.coli and purified to homogeneity usingdifferent detergents. While the tertiary structure of solubilized in lauryldimethylamine oxideMistic was determined earlier, the native structure of Mistic in lipid environment elucidatingits function is not available yet. In the present work Mistic was reconstituted into differentlipids and used for initial in meso crystallization trials. Additionally, Mistic was used forproduction of anti-Mistic antibodies.

Produites sur des substrats de grande dimension grâce aux technologies d'impression, les photodiodes organiques suscitent un intérêt grandissant pour leurs applications prometteuses dans le domaine de l'imagerie médicale, des interfaces hommes-machines et les grands instruments. Ces photodiodes (dont les performances tendent à concurrencer celles en silicium amorphe), présentent de nombreux avantages : simplicité du procédé d'impression, faible coût d'investissement, souplesse du substrat et propriétés d'absorption remarquables des polymères. Toutefois, les performances de ces photodiodes restent encore en deçà de ce que l'on pourrait espérer. Ce travail de thèse a pour but d'étudier une source importante de dégradation des performances de ces photodiodes : les états de gap. En effet, ces états de gap induisent des recombinaisons de type Shockley Read Hall (SRH), donnant lieu sous lumière à des recombinaisons de paire électron trous, et en l'absence de lumière, à une augmentation du courant d'obscurité par génération dite thermique. Dans ce manuscrit, les états de gap et leurs impacts sur les performances des photodiodes organiques ont été tout d'abord étudiés par le biais de simulations numériques. Le rôle prédominant des états de milieu de gap dans les recombinaisons a ainsi été mis en évidence. Par la suite, ces simulations ont été généralisées au cas de distributions de pièges ou « queues de bandes », mettant en évidence le rôle des états profonds d'une part, et des états peu profonds d'autre part. L'étude expérimentale des queues de bande (dont l'origine est probablement le désordre des chaînes de polymères dans l'hétérojonction volumique) a montré que ces queues de bande peuvent être partiellement contrôlées par l'introduction d'un recuit. Un modèle a été développé et a permis de montrer que lorsque les caractéristiques physiques de la morphologie de l'hétérojonction volumique et électriques des queues de bande sont connues et prises en compte, les caractéristiques électro-optiques des photodiodes organiques peuvent être correctement reproduites. Des caractérisations physiques par UPS ont confirmé par ailleurs le rôle joué par la réorganisation des queues de bande au cours du recuit thermique de la couche active dans l'amélioration des performances des photodiodes organiques. Dans le cadre d'une seconde étude, il a été mis en évidence que des pièges profonds chargés (accepteurs ou donneurs) en concentration importante conduisent à une courbure du potentiel électrique entre l'anode et la cathode et donc à une non-uniformité du champ électrique dans la couche active. En conséquence, ces états profonds sont à l'origine d'une dissymétrie du rendement de collection lorsque l'on éclaire ces composants d'un coté ou de l'autre. Différentes voies d'optimisations ont été étudiées afin de réduire leur concentration, ainsi que leur impact sur les performances des photodiodes organiques. / Organic photodiodes are nowadays of growing interests as they are able to address promising applications such as human-machine interfaces, medical and large area sensors. Organic photodiodes are made on large plastic substrate using different printing techniques. Intensive research have been made on this field as it offers many advantages with respect to amorphous silicon: ease of process, low cost fabrication process, flexible substrate and competitive polymer absorption properties. However, organic photodiode performances are still lower than the expected characteristics. The objective of this work is to study gap states which are responsible for major source of electrical losses in these devices. Indeed gap states are sources of Shockley Read Hall type recombinations which lead to the recombination of electron hole pairs under light condition and the generation of thermal current under dark condition. First, gap states and their impact on organic photodiode performances are studied using numerical simulations. Based on these simulations, results determined that the mid gap states are the most efficient trap states among the distribution of states inside the gap. Then, this study was applied to band tail states which originate from the polymer chains disorder inside the bulk heterojunction. An experimental investigation highlights the energetic reorganization of band tail states when a thermal annealing step is introduced. A model is derived from these characterizations and demonstrated that when the physical parameters of the bulk heterojunction morphology and the band tail states characteristics are taken into account, electro-optical performances can be well reproduced by this model. On the other hand, UPS measurement confirmed the key role played by the energetic reorganization of these band tail states during the annealing treatment in the active layer on the photodiode performances improvement. A second study concerns the charged deep gap states (donor or accepteor). In sufficient concentration, these deep gap states can lead to the electrical potential bending between the anode and the cathode and so to a non-uniformity of the electric field inside the active layer. As consequences, these gap states induce a dissymmetry of collection efficiency depending of the illumination side. Different optimization paths are studied in order to reduce their concentration and their detrimental impact on the organic photodiode performances.

Ekonomisk information är användbar för samtliga företag och deras intressenter som beslutsunderlag och för att ge information om företagets ekonomiska ställning. Företag måste ta hänsyn till de olika intressenternas informationsbehov och intressen med den ekonomiska informationen för att kunna förse samtliga intressenter med relevant information. De anställda är en intern primär intressent som har väsentlig betydelse för ett företag. Dock har tidigare forskning mestadels fokuserat på företagets kommunikation av den ekonomiska informationen till de externa intressenterna. Därför är det intressant att istället studera hur kommunikationen av ekonomisk information till de anställda ser ut och om de anställda har tillräcklig kunskap angående den ekonomiska informationen. Syftet med denna uppsats blir följaktligen att skapa en förståelse för hur kommunikation av ekonomisk information ser ut internt i företag. Syftet uppnås genom kvalitativa intervjuer med både sändaren av den ekonomiska informationen samt de anställda, alltså mottagarna. Studiens resultat visar att det föreligger ett kunskapsgap på grund av den bristande interna kommunikationen av ekonomisk information. Detta har sin grund i att de anställda har begränsad kunskap angående den ekonomiska informationen och sändarna av den ekonomiska informationen inte alltid tar hänsyn till de anställdas kunskap. Resultatet visar också att det föreligger ett informationsgap även om de anställdas informationsbehov av den ekonomiska informationen anses vara uppfyllt. Detta beror på att det överlag inte finns tillräcklig med förståelse vad ekonomisk information innebär och därav uppstår ett informationsgap då de anställda inte förstår vilken ekonomisk information som behövs för att tillgodose deras intressen. / Economic information is useful for all companies and its stakeholders for decision-making and to provide information about the company’s financial position. The company has to consider the different needs of information and interests of the various stakeholders with the economic information in order to provide relevant information to all stakeholders. Employees’ are an internal primary stakeholder that plays an important role within a company. However, previous research has mostly focused on the company's communication of economic information to external stakeholders. Thus, it is interesting to study how communication of economic information to employees looks like and if employees have sufficient knowledge about the economic information. The purpose of this paper is to create an understanding of how communication of economic information looks within companies. The purpose is achieved through qualitative interviews with both the sender of the economic information perspective and the employees', the receivers. The result of the study shows that there is a gap of knowledge due to the deficient internal communication of economic information. This is due to the fact that employees have limited knowledge about the economic information and the senders of the economic information do not always take into account the employees' knowledge. This is because there is generally insufficient understanding of what economic information means and therefore an information gap arises because employees do not understand which economic information that is needed to satisfy their interests.