Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans l’effort de réduction des nuisances sonores dues à la soufflante d’unréacteur double-flux à l’aide de matériaux absorbants acoustiques, appelés communément «liners». Afind’optimiser ces traitements acoustiques, il convient d’étudier en détail la physique de la propagationacoustique en présence de liner. De plus, il s’agit d’améliorer la compréhension des instabilités hydrodynamiquespouvant se développer sur un liner sous des conditions particulières et possiblement génératricesde bruit. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer un code de calcul en formulation Galerkin discontinuepour l’analyse modale et la stabilité dans un conduit traité acoustiquement, code qui a été appliqué à desconfigurations réalistes, en considérant une section transverse ou longitudinale d’un conduit. Les étudesmodales réalisées dans la section transverse ont apporté des informations sur la propagation acoustiquedans une nacelle de turbofan avec des discontinuités du traitement acoustique («splices»), ainsi que dansle banc B2A de l’ONERA. Les calculs dans la section longitudinale ont nécessité l’implantation de conditionsaux limites PML pour tronquer le domaine de calcul, ainsi que d’une condition aux limites sur leliner, modélisée en domaine temporel à partir d’une extension de travaux existants dans la littérature.Avec ces outils, le code a permis de mettre en évidence une dynamique de type amplificateur de bruit dueau développement d’une instabilité hydrodynamique sur le liner en présence d’écoulement cisaillé ainsiqu’un rayonnement acoustique en amont et en aval du conduit dû à cette instabilité. / The current work deals with the reduction of aircraft engine fan noise using acoustic lining. In orderto optimise these liners, it is necessary to deeply understand the physics of acoustic wave propagation in lined ducts and to have a better knowledge of the hydrodynamic instabilities existing under particular conditions and likely to radiate noise. This work is about the development of a discontinuous Galerkin solver for modal and stability analysis in lined flow duct and the application of this solver to realistic configurations by considering the transverse or longitudinal section of a duct. The modal studies in the transverse section brought informations on acoustic propagation in a turbofan nacelle with lining discontinuities (“splices”) and in the B2A bench of ONERA. The computation in the longitudinal section of a duct required the implementation of PML boundary conditions in order to truncate the computational domain and of a boundary condition at the lined wall, modeled in temporal domain by the enhancement of a method published in the literature. With these features, the application of the solver highlighted a noise amplifier dynamics caused by the development of a hydrodynamic instability on the liner with sheared flow and a noise radiation mechanism upstream and downstream the lined section.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo crítico do romance Sem tecto, entre ruínas, de Augusto Abelaira. Inicialmente é feita a análise sobre as possíveis consequências de uma apreensão descontínua e material do tempo, seus efeitos nas relações entre o protagonista e seu mundo, que se apresentam sob a forma de tédio e paralisia. Para a crítica proposta foram retomados conceitos descontinuidade e homogeneidade apresentados pelo filósofo Henri Bergson, além da noção de desligamento e desejo demonstrados pela sociologia de Zigmunt Bauman. O próximo alvo contemplado na pesquisa é a presença da memória e da lembrança indicados sob o ponto de vista contínuo do tempo, também analisados à luz da filosofia de Bergson, além do pensamento de Gilles Deleuze. A partir desse caminho investigativo é possível pensar a condição do protagonista como um confronto de si, uma experiência do tempo que traz uma revelação mediante a condição de ser tarde demais / This work provides a critical analysis on the novel Sem tecto, entre ruínas by Augusto Abelaira. In the first instance this study begans with the analysis of the possible consequences aroused by a material apprehension of time as well as its impact on relations between the protagonist and the world in which he lives, wich are presented by the feelings of boredom and paralysis. For the proposed work were taken up concepts of discontinuance and homogeneity created by the philosopher Henri Bergson, as well as the notion of detachment and desire demonstrated by the sociology of Zigmunt Bauman. The next target contemplated in the research is the presence of memory and recollection indicated under the point of view of continuous time, also examined by the philosophy of Bergson, in addition to the thought of Gilles Deleuze. Based on this investigative path is possible to consider the condition of the protagonist as a confront with itself, an experience of time that brings up a revelation upon the condition of being too late

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-19T18:10:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Greyciele Rodrigues de Almeida - 2015.pdf: 2860659 bytes, checksum: c6b139400f7d4d535cf2e4ccecbabaed (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T15:16:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Greyciele Rodrigues de Almeida - 2015.pdf: 2860659 bytes, checksum: c6b139400f7d4d535cf2e4ccecbabaed (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T15:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Greyciele Rodrigues de Almeida - 2015.pdf: 2860659 bytes, checksum: c6b139400f7d4d535cf2e4ccecbabaed (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-24 / Member of the Herpesviridae family, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, gender Varicellovirus, the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) has been associated with different clinical conditions (respiratory and genital/reproductive diseases) in cattle. There is no standard procedure to control or prevent infections caused by herpesviruses. In this sense, phage display was used to select new glycoprotein mimotopes antigen of BoHV-1 that has potential for use in vaccines and diagnostics. The phage display technique was performed using a linear random peptide library consisting of 12 amino acid residues fused to the protein III of M13 phage (no peptide) against BoHV-1 specific IgGs, purified by affinity chromatography. After three cycles of selection (biopanning) and amplification, 44 clones were isolated and their amino acid sequences were determined by sequencing generating 16 different sequences. ELISA, demonstrating the efficiency of selection from the specific antibodies, confirmed the reactivity of pooled clones. Another ELISA evaluated the individual specificity of the most frequent clones, the M13 phage was used as a negative control. We selected three peptides (B, C and E) with affinity for anti-BoHV-1 antibodies, and the E peptide (pepE), showed to have potential as antigen for antibody detection in a serological test for BoHV-1. Immunization of rabbits with the peptides induced specific production of serum antibodies, but they were not able do neutralize BoHV-1 cell lysis. The in silico analysis of the dodecapeptide E (1DRALYGPTVIDH12) enabled the identification of a new discontinuous epitope on the envelope glycoprotein B (gB Env) of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1). There is a short motif (338YKRD341) within a region of the env gB BoHV-1 with high similarity to motifs shared by dodecapeptide the N-terminal region (5YxARD1) of gB and HSV-1 (326YARD329), wherein the 328Arg residue is described as a target for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for HSV-1 gB. Besides the characterization of an antibody-binding site of the BoHV-1 Env gB, we have demonstrated that the phage-fused peptide has potential use as a reagent for virus diagnosis by phage-ELISA assay, discriminating BoHV-1 positive serum samples from negative ones. / Membro da família Herpesviridae, subfamília Alphaherpesvirinae, gênero Varicellovirus, o herpesvírus bovino 1 (BoHV-1) tem sido associado a diferentes condições clínicas em bovinos (doenças respiratórias, genitais e falhas reprodutivas). Não existe um procedimento padrão para medidas de controle e profilaxia das infecções causadas por herpesvírus. Nesse sentido, o phage display foi utilizado com o objetivo de selecionar novos antígenos mimetopos de glicoproteínas do herpesvírus bovino 1 (BoHV-1) e que apresentam potencial para uso em vacinas e diagnóstico. A técnica de phage display foi realizada com a utilização de uma biblioteca de peptídeos randômicos e lineares composta de 12 resíduos de aminoácidos fusionada à pIII de fagos M13 (sem peptídeo), contra anticorpos anti-BoHV-1, purificados em coluna de cromatografia por afinidade. Após três ciclos de seleção (biopanning) e amplificação, 44 clones foram isolados e as sequências de aminoácidos dos peptídeos foram determinadas pelo sequenciamento gerando 16 sequencias diferentes. A reatividade do pool de clones foi confirmada por ELISA, demonstrando a eficiência da seleção a partir dos anticorpos específicos. Para avaliação da especificidade individual, realizou-se o ELISA dos clones mais frequentes, tendo como controle negativo o fago M13. Foram selecionados três peptídeos (B, C e E) com afinidade por anticorpos anti-BoHV-1, e um destes, o peptídeo E (pepE), apresentou potencial antigênico na detecção de anticorpos para o diagnóstico sorológico do BoHV-1. Nos testes de imunização em coelhos, os três peptídeos induziram a produção de anticorpos específicos, porém, estes não foram capazes de neutralizar a lise celular ocasionada pelo BoHV-1 em placa. A análise in silico do dodecapeptídeo E (1DRALYGPTVIDH12) possibilitou a identificação de um novo epitopo descontínuo na glicoproteína B de envelope (Env gB) do BoHV-1. Há um curto motivo (338YKRD341) dentro de uma região do gene Env gB do BoHV-1, com alta similaridade com os motivos compartilhados pelo dodecapeptídio da região N-terminal (5YxARD1) da gB e do Herpesvirus Humano 1 (HSV-1) (326YARD329), em que o resíduo 328Arg é descrito como um alvo para anticorpos monoclonais neutralizantes (mAb) para a gB do HSV-1. Concluindo, além da caracterização de um sítio de ligação ao anticorpo na Env gB do BoHV-1, o pepE expresso pelo fago tem potencial de utilização como reagente para o diagnóstico virológico por ensaio ELISA-fago, que discrimina amostras de soro positivas e negativas para o BoHV-1.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-12-27T12:48:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Pablo Vandré Jacob Furlan - 2017.pdf: 3620430 bytes, checksum: 7275b5a734d392f78e2829268555ec68 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-28T09:41:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Pablo Vandré Jacob Furlan - 2017.pdf: 3620430 bytes, checksum: 7275b5a734d392f78e2829268555ec68 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-28T09:41:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Pablo Vandré Jacob Furlan - 2017.pdf: 3620430 bytes, checksum: 7275b5a734d392f78e2829268555ec68 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we establish a new method to calculate the index of curves in a neighborhood of a boundary and we show that the index of a trajectory of a vector field which intersects the boundary at two points is 1/2. Using this method we extended the index definition for discontinuous vector fields with a regular transition manifold and we calculate the index for closed curves that intersect the variety of transition = f−1(0), where f is a differentiable function, and is the union of the regions tangency, sewing, sliding and escaping. We also show that the index for solutions of the discontinuous vector field that are −closed of type 1 and intersect the boundary at 2-point is equal to 1. We also establish an index theory for discontinuous vector fields when the transition manifold is not regular in a point and we show that the index is given by the calculation in its regular regions and add ±1/2, depending on the dynamics at the non-regular point. We apply the theory of index developed in this work and we give quotas for the indices of continuous vector field and for polynomial vector fields on two zones. Finally, we demonstrate a version of the Poincaré-Hopf Theorem for discontinuous vector fields in compact manifolds. / Neste trabalho estabelecemos um novo método para calcular o índice de curvas numa vizinhança do bordo e mostramos que o índice de uma trajetória de um campo vetorial a qual intersecta o bordo em dois pontos é 12 . Utilizando este método estendemos a definição do índice para campos vetoriais descontínuos com variedade de transição regular e calculamos o índice para curvas fechadas que intersectam a variedade de transição = f−1(0), onde f é uma função diferenciável, e é a união das regiões de tangência, de deslize, escape ou costura. Mostramos também que o índice para soluções do campo vetorial descontínuo que são −fechadas do tipo 1 e intersectam o bordo em 2 pontos é igual a 1. Estabelecemos também uma teoria do índice para campos vetoriais descontínuos quando a variedade de transição não é regular em um ponto e mostramos que o índice é dado pelo cálculo em suas regiões regulares e somar ±1 2 , a depender da dinâmica no ponto não regular. Aplicamos a teoria do índice desenvolvida neste trabalho e damos cotas para índices de campos vetoriais contínuos e para campos vetoriais polinomiais por partes. Finalmente, demostramos uma versão do Teorema de Poincaré-Hopf para campos vetoriais descontínuos em variedades compactas.

Multi-objective optimisation focuses on optimising multiple objectives simultanuously. Evolutionary and immune-based algorithms have been developed in order to solve multi-objective optimisation problems. These algorithms often include a property called elitism, a method of preserving good solutions. This study has focused on how different approaches of elitism affect an algorithm's ability to find optimal solutions in a multi-objective optimisation problem with a discrete and highly discontinuous decision space. Three state-of-the-art algorithms, NSGA-II, SPEA2+ and NNIA2, were implemented, validated and tested against a multi-objective optimisation problem of a miniature plant. Final populations yielded from all the algorithms were included in an analysis. The results of this study indicate that external populations are important in order for algorithms to find optimal solutions in multi-objective optimisation problems with a discrete and highly discontinuous decision spaces.

Pour survivre sur le long terme, les entreprises dépendent des innovations discontinues. Ce type d’innovation est nourri dès le début du processus d’innovation (fuzzy front-end) par la créativité collective des employés répartis sur les entités internationales de l’entreprise. Le management se voit confronté à un défi important : comment faire innover des employés qui ne sont pas physiquement localisés au même endroit ? La présente recherche propose un levier novateur pour substituer l’espace physique entre les collaborateurs lors du fuzzy front-end. Le ProxIS-Télescope est une solution compacte pour les entreprises afin de rapprocher leurs salariés dans l’optique de générer des combinaisons inattendues de leurs connaissances. De plus, cette recherche montre que le véritable défi des entreprises n’est pas seulement l’extension internationale au niveau du fuzzy front-end, mais également le management d’une équipe croissante en termes de masse salariale. L’extension dynamique du ProxIS-modèle permet de l’adapter à tout type d’entreprise en fonction du nombre de personnes ainsi que du degré d’internationalisation de l’entreprise. / To assure their long term survival, organizations depend on discontinuous innovations. This type of innovation is nurtured by collective creativity between employees of an organization’s subsidiaries starting from the early phase of the innovation process (fuzzy front-end). Management faces an important challenge here: how to innovate if employees are not physically located at the same place? This research proposes an innovative approach to compensate geographic space at the fuzzy front-end. The resulting ProxIS-Telescope represents a compact solution for organizations in order to enhance the collaboration between employees independently of their location and to create unexpected combinations of knowledge. Furthermore, this research reveals that a crucial challenge for companies is not only the international expansion during the fuzzy front-end, but also the management of a growing workforce. The dynamic extension of the ProxIS-model proposes thus appropriate solutions for each organizational type depending on the number of actors and the international dimension during the fuzzy front-end.

Abstract This study examines German educational philosopher Otto Friedrich Bollnow’s (1903–1991) existential-hermeneutic theory of discontinuous forms of education, unstetige formen der Erziehung. At the core of this theory is a view of human being subjected to education that appears disruptive and critical, influencing the development of disclosing the true powers of a person and unfolding of truths about oneself that could not be uncovered otherwise. Typically, this theory has been interpreted on the continuum of hermeneutic philosophy, as hermeneutic pedagogy with an extension of Martin Heidegger’s fundamental ontology, antisubjectivism and especially his theory of truth as unconcealment. According to this line of interpretation, Bollnow’s project brings an existential addition to classical pedagogical theories, as a level of appealing pedagogy. According to this existentialist view, education in a strict sense cannot really take place: it could not affect the true core of a person, nor this person could be subjected under any pedagogical influence in any meaningful way. The only task left for education is to appeal to the conscience of an already autonomous person. However, in this study it is claimed that this line of interpretation falls short to the fact that Bollnow’s philosophy of education builds heavily on his overall philosophical-anthropological project, which springs from Kant’s first critique and especially, as shown in this work, from Edmund Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology. The study shows, that Bollnow’s discontinuous forms of education are not resulted from hermeneutic educational reality, with an extension of existential potentiality to authenticity of a person. In fact, one could not derive such a view from mere hermeneutics. Instead, what Bollnow’s structural view of educational reality indicates, is that it should be understood as a phenomenological description of a priori categorical structures. It is claimed in the work, that the discontinuous forms are the products of phenomenological reduction. They are derived from the direct experience within consciousness, from the essence of what is experienced, from the very nature of what is it like to be in a process of becoming human. From this perspective, from the subject-point, education cannot be described as a paradox of freedom and restriction between educator and educatee, nor transmission of culture between generations, but instead could be described as the subjective experience of being educated or educating oneself, disclosing oneself to oneself, which is constituted only by the necessary conditions of these subjective experiences of discontinuity. / Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkielma tarkastelee saksalaisen kasvatusfilosofi Otto Friedrich Bollnowin eksistentiaali-hermeneuttista teoriaa kasvatuksen epäjatkuvista muodoista, unstetige formen der Erziehung. Tämän teorian ytimessä on näkemys ihmisestä altistettuna kasvatukselle joka näyttäytyy katkonaisena ja kriittisenä, vaikuttaen yksilön todellisten kykyjen ja itseä koskevien totuuksien paljastumiseen. Tyypillisesti tämä teoria on tulkittu hermeneuttisen filosofian jatkumolle, hermeneuttiseksi pedagogiikaksi jossa yhdistyy piirteitä Martin Heideggerin fundamentaaliontologiasta, antisubjektivismista sekä erityisesti teoriasta totuudesta paljastumisena. Tämän tulkintalinjan mukaisesti Bollnowin projekti tuo eksistentiaalisen lisän perinteisiin pedagogisiin teorioihin vetoamisen pedagogiikan tasona. Tähän eksistentialistiseen näkemykseen liittyen, kasvatus sen tiukassa mielessä ei ole mahdollista: se ei voisi vaikuttaa yksilön todelliseen ytimeen, eikä tämä yksilö voisi olla kasvatuksen kohteena millään mielekkäällä tavalla. Kasvatuksen ainoaksi tehtäväksi jää vetoaminen jo valmiiksi autonomisen yksilön omaantuntoon. Kuitenkin, tässä tutkimuksessa esitetään että tämä tulkintalinja epäonnistuu jättäessään huomiotta Bollnowin kasvatusfilosofian rakentumisen hänen filosofis-pedagogisen antropologian kokonaisprojektinsa pohjalta. Tämä projekti kumpuaa Kantin ensimmäisestä kritiikistä ja erityisesti, kuten tässä työssä osoitetaan, Edmund Husserlin transsendentaalista fenomenologiasta. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, ettei Bollnowin epäjatkuvan kasvatuksen muodot pohjaudu hermeneuttiselle kasvatustodellisuudelle, jota on jatkettu yksilön eksistentiaalisen autenttisuuden mahdollisuuden ajatuksella. Itse asiassa, kyseistä teoriaa ei voisi johtaa hermeneutiikasta. Sen sijaan, Bollnowin kasvatustodellisuuden tasorakenne indikoi tulkintatapaa, jossa se nähdään a prioristen kategoriarakenteiden fenomenologisena kuvauksena. Työssä väitetään, että epäjatkuvat muodot ovat fenomenologisen reduktion tuotetta. Ne on johdettu tietoisuuden sisällöistä, välittömistä kokemuksista, niiden olemuksesta, toisin sanoen, sen luonteesta miltä tuntuu olla ihmiseksi tulemisen prosessissa. Tästä yksilönäkökulmasta käsin kasvatusta ei voida kuvailla vapauden ja pakon välisenä ristiriitana eikä kulttuurin välittämisenä sukupolvelta toiselle, vaan sen sijaan sarjana subjektiivisia katkonaisuuden kokemuksia kasvatetuksi tulemisesta ja itsekasvatuksesta, jossa yksilö paljastaa itseään itselleen. Tämä näkemys kasvatuksesta konstituoituu subjektiivisten kokemusten välttämättömyysehtojen kautta.

Wave propagation problems can be modeled by partial differential equations. In this thesis, we study wave propagation in fluids and in solids, modeled by the acoustic wave equation and the elastic wave equation, respectively. In real-world applications, waves often propagate in heterogeneous media with complex geometries, which makes it impossible to derive exact solutions to the governing equations. Alternatively, we seek approximated solutions by constructing numerical methods and implementing on modern computers. An efficient numerical method produces accurate approximations at low computational cost. There are many choices of numerical methods for solving partial differential equations. Which method is more efficient than the others depends on the particular problem we consider. In this thesis, we study two numerical methods: the finite difference method and the discontinuous Galerkin method. The finite difference method is conceptually simple and easy to implement, but has difficulties in handling complex geometries of the computational domain. We construct high order finite difference methods for wave propagation in heterogeneous media with complex geometries. In addition, we derive error estimates to a class of finite difference operators applied to the acoustic wave equation. The discontinuous Galerkin method is flexible with complex geometries. Moreover, the discontinuous nature between elements makes the method suitable for multiphysics problems. We use an energy based discontinuous Galerkin method to solve a coupled acoustic-elastic problem.

Neisseria meningitidis B libera vesículas de membrana externa, conhecidas pela sigla OMV. Essas possuem os mesmos componentes da membrana externa da bactéria e podem ser utilizadas como antígenos em vacinas contra a meningite B. As vesículas devem, também, expressar proteínas da membrana externa (OMP) e proteínas reguladoras do íon ferro (IRP). O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a cinética de crescimento bacteriano, consumo das fontes de carbono e nitrogênio - especialmente os limitantes de crescimento ? e produção de OMV visando melhorar a produção desse antígeno. Realizaram-se cultivos descontínuos em biorreator, com duração de 20 h, empregando meio de Catlin com limitação de ferro e modificações nas concentrações de lactato, aminoácidos e glicerol. As condições do cultivo foram: 4,2 L de meio, temperatura de 36°C, pressão de 0,5 atm, vazão de ar 1 L/min, agitação entre 250-850 rpm, controle de oxigênio dissolvido em 10% de saturação. Constatou-se que o lactato é a principal fonte de carbono limitante, embora somente se tem a hipótese de que o glicerol age como protetor mecânico. O ácido L-glutâmico é a principal fonte de nitrogênio consumida durante o cultivo. As OMV começaram a ser liberadas quantitativamente no início da fase estacionária de crescimento. Sendo que a melhor condição para a produção de OMV, valor 162,3 mg/L, é aquela em que as concentrações iniciais de lactato e aminoácidos foram duplicadas, 15,00 g/L e 2,93 g/L respectivamente. Através da análise do padrão eletroforético, confirmou-se a presença das principais proteínas de superfície, inclusive das IRPs. A integridade da OMV foi constatada por microscopia eletrônica. Assim, o antígeno obtido mostra-se passível de utilização na composição de vacina anti-meningocócica. / Neisseria meningitidis B liberates outer membrane vesicles known by the abbreviation OMV. These vesicles have the same components of the outer membrane of the bacteria and may be used as antigens in vaccines against meningitis B. The vesicles must also express outer membrane proteins (OMP) and iron regulated proteins (IRP). The aim of this paper is to study bacterial growth kinetics, carbon and nitrogen sources consumption ? specially those which limit growth ? and OMV production, seeking to improve the production of this antigen. Discontinuous bioreactor cultivations were carried out for a period of 20 hours in Catlin medium with iron restriction and modifications in lactate, amino acid, and glycerol concentrations. Cultivation conditions were: 4,2 L of medium, temperature at 36ºC, 0,5 atm, air flow rate of 1 L/min, agitation between 250-850 rpm, and dissolved oxygen control at 10% of saturation. It was verified that lactate is the main limiting carbon source, although there is just a hypothesis that glycerol acts as a mechanic protector. The L-glutamic acid is the main source of nitrogen consumed during the cultivation. The OMV started to be liberated quantitatively at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. The best condition for production of OMV, value 162,3 mg/L, is that where the initial concentrations of lactate and amino acids were duplicated, 15,00 g/L and 2,93 g/L, respectively. Through an analysis of the electroforetic pattern, the presence of the main surface proteins was confirmed, including the IRPs. The integrity of the OMV was testified by electronic microscopy. So, the antigen thus obtained may be used in the antimeningococcal vaccine composition.

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude et la mise en œuvre d'une méthode d’éléments finis multi-échelles pour la simulation d'écoulements miscibles en milieux poreux. La définition des fonctions de base multi-échelles suit l'idée introduite par F. Ouaki. La nouveauté de ce travail consiste à combiner cette approche multi-échelle avec des éléments finis de type Galerkine Discontinus (DG) de façon à pouvoir utiliser ces nouveaux éléments sur des maillages non-conformes composés de mailles de formes diverses. Nous rappelons, dans un premier temps, le principe des méthodes DG et montrons comment ces méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour discrétiser une équation de convection-diffusion instationnaire identique à celle rencontrée dans le problème d'écoulement considéré dans ce travail. Après avoir vérifié l'existence et l'unicité d'une solution à ce problème, nous redémontrons la convergence des méthodes DG vers cette solution en établissant une estimation d'erreur a priori. Nous introduisons, ensuite, les éléments finis multi-échelles non conformes et détaillons leur mise en œuvre sur ce problème de convection-diffusion. En supposant les conditions aux limites et les paramètres du problème périodiques, nous montrons une nouvelle estimation d'erreur a priori pour cette méthode. Dans une seconde partie, nous considérons le problème d'écoulement complet où l'équation considérée dans la première partie est résolue de manière couplée avec l'équation de Darcy. Nous introduisons différents cas tests inspirés de modèles d'écoulements rencontrés en géosciences et comparons les solutions obtenues avec les deux méthodes DG, à savoir la méthode classique utilisant un seul maillage et la méthode étudiée ici. Nous proposons de nouvelles conditions aux limites pour la résolution des problèmes de cellule qui permettent, par rapport à des conditions aux limites linéaires plus classiquement utilisées, de mieux reproduire les variations des solutions le long des interfaces du maillage grossier. Les résultats de ces tests montrent que la méthode multi-échelle proposée permet de calculer des solutions proches de celles obtenues avec la méthode DG sur un seul maillage et de réduire, de façon significative, la taille du système linéaire à résoudre à chaque pas de temps. / This work deals with the study and the implementation of a multiscale finite element method for the simulation of miscible flows in porous media. The definition of the multiscale basis functions is based on the idea introduced by F. Ouaki. The novelty of this work lies in the combination of this multiscale approach with Discontinuous Galerkin methods (DG) so that these new finite elements can be used on nonconforming meshes composed of cells with various shapes. We first recall the basics of DG methods and their application to the discretisation of a convection-diffusion equation that arises in the flow problem considered in this work. After establishing the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the continuous problem, we prove again the convergence of DG methods towards this solution by establishing an a priori error estimate. We then introduce the nonconforming multiscale finite element method and explain how it can be implemented for this convection-diffusion problem. Assuming that the boundary conditions and the parameters of the problem are periodic, we prove a new a priori error estimate for this method. In a second part, we consider the whole flow problem where the equation, studied in the first part of that work, is coupled and simultaneously solved with Darcy equation. We introduce various synthetic test cases which are close to flow problems encountered in geosciences and compare the solutions obtained with both DG methods, namely the classical method based on the use of a single mesh and the one studied here. For the resolution of the cell problems, we propose new boundary conditions which, compared to classical linear conditions, allow us to better reproduce the variations of the solutions on the interfaces of the coarse mesh. The results of these tests show that the multiscale method enables us to calculate solutions which are close to the ones obtained withDG methods on a single mesh and also enables us to reduce significantly the size of the linear system that has to be solved at each time step.