Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Ramires.pdf: 1391472 bytes, checksum: d654b07d1ed32bf9cb04ee7c55886419 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Waste generation represent a daily problem for most of the agriculture industry due to its toxicity and/or volume produced. Nowadays these residues demands treatment before its discard in the environment. Besides, the amounts spent with treatment are aggregated to manufacturing costs. Rational use of the residues seems to be the best way to handle with this problem. Cassava roots processing industry, produces significant amount of solid and liquid wastes from which valuable products could be extracted. Cassava bagasse is one of these residues containing high amounts of starch and dietary fibers. Before processing, the starch, through amylolitic enzyme digestion yields glucose and maltose syrups, products with wide uses in industry, for example, brewing industry. Classic laboratory analyses were already used in the characterization of cassava bagasse, but too much time were necessary to obtain results. Hence the present study aims for the analysis of cassava bagasse from multiple ways, being the thermal analysis the most important of all. The thermal techniques employed were thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), derivate thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As in other past studies, optic microscopy proved its use in the identification of this kind of sample. X ray powder diffractometry is classically employed in the study of semi-cristalinity starch granule structure and was used to analyze the cassava bagasse. When a hydrolytic process is applied to starchy material, significant amount of reducing sugars are produced. Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reducing reaction was performed in the hydrolyzed liquid fraction. The degradation temperatures obtained through thermogravimetric analysis of the native and hydrolyzed solid fractions of the cassava bagasse suffer reduction as well as changes in enthalpy and combustion values were noticed. DSC also showed fusion temperature of the starch in the cassava bagasse around 170 °C. This value gradually reduced to 162.5 °C and 152.3 °C when the samples were hydrolyzed for twelve and twenty-four hours, respectively. / A geração de resíduos é um problema diário para grande parte das agroindústrias em virtude da toxicidade ou grande volume gerado. Atualmente, políticas ambientais exigem o tratamento de resíduos antes do descarte na natureza. Além disso, este tratamento de resíduos é repassado aos custos de produção para o produto final. Propostas estão sendo apresentadas pelo setor ambiental com a finalidade de um uso racional para esses resíduos gerados. A indústria do amido, em especial o extraído da mandioca, produz quantidades significativas de rejeitos que podem ser empregados de forma racional, evitando seu descarte na natureza e gerando novos produtos. O bagaço da mandioca é esse tipo de resíduo, pois apresenta em sua composição alto teor de amido e fibras alimentares. Após o processamento, esse amido, por meio de ação de enzimas amilolíticas, pode ser convertido em xarope de maltose ou glicose, produtos de maior valor agregado, utilizados principalmente na indústria cervejeira. As análises via úmida para caracterizar a composição deste bagaço já foram realizadas, mas suas principais desvantagens estão associadas ao tempo requerido para a obtenção de resultados. Em função disso, o presente estudo visa analisar o bagaço de mandioca por várias frentes, sendo a análise térmica a principal entre as demais. As técnicas termoanalíticas empregadas foram a termogravimetria (TG), análise térmica diferencial (DTA), termogravimetria derivada (DTG) e a calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Assim como em trabalhos anteriores, a microscopia óptica foi utilizada provando-se de grande utilidade na identificação desse tipo de amostra. A difratometria de raios X pelo método do pó, classicamente utilizada no estudo de amidos em virtude de sua semi-cristalinidade, foi empregada neste tipo de resíduo. Como o processo hidrolítico quando empregado em fontes amiláceas produz quantidades significativas de açúcares redutores, a fase líquida resultante do processo foi analisada pela reação de redução com o ácido dinitrossalicílico (DNS). As temperaturas de degradação térmica obtidas a partir da análise termogravimétrica do bagaço de mandioca nativo e hidrolisado apresentaram redução, bem como alteração nas entalpias dos eventos de decomposição e combustão. A análise da calorimetria exploratória diferencial evidenciou uma temperatura de fusão do amido presente no bagaço de mandioca em 170C. Essa temperatura reduziu gradativamente à medida que as amostras foram hidrolisadas durante doze e vinte quatro horas, respectivamente 162.5 C e 152.3C.

O comportamento térmico, a obtenção e caracterização de formas cristalinas do anti-histamínico loratadina foram investigado. A escolha do anti-histamínico loratadina como objeto de estudo resulta do seu interesse farmacológico. A loratadina é a Denominação Comum Internacional (DCI) dada ao etil 4-(8-cloro-5,6-dihidro-11H-benzo[5,6]cicloheptano[1,2-b]piridino-11-ilideno)-1-piperidinocarboxilato, que é um potente antialérgico e anti-histamínicos tricíclico, não-sedativo de ação prolongada. Formas cristalinas foram preparadas e estudadas com vista à identificação de formas polimórficas. Os solventes utilizados na preparação das soluções foram: álcool etílico, acetonitrila, álcool isopropílico, acetona, álcool metílico, éter isopropílico, éter metil terc-butílico, tolueno, clorofórmio. A cristalização foi realizada por evaporação do solvente em diferentes temperaturas. A calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria e termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), análise térmica diferencial (DTA), difração de raios X (DRX) e a ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) foram às técnicas utilizadas na caracterização das formas polimórficas. A maioria das amostras obtidas pelas técnicas de cristalização consistiam de misturas de formas cristalinas, contendo, por vezes, formas metaestáveis e formas amorfas. Identificaram-se duas formas cristalinas como polimorfos da loratadina, cujas curvas DSC mostrou interconversão entre ambas. / The preparation, characterization and thermal behavior of the crystalline forms of the antihistamine loratadine has been developed. The selection of loratadine as an object of study results from its pharmacological interest. Loratadine is the International Common Denomination (ICD) given to ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo [5,6] cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidinecarboxylate, a potent anti-allergic and anti-histamincs, tricyclic, non-sedating long acting. Crystalline forms were prepared and studied for the identification of polymorphic forms. The solvents used in preparing the solutions were: ethanol, acetonitrile, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl alcohol, isopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, toluene, chloroform. The crystallization was performed by evaporating the solvent at different temperatures. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to characterize the polymorphic forms. Most of the samples obtained by the crystallization were mixtures of crystalline forms, containing sometimes forms metastable and amorphous forms. It was identified as two crystalline polymorphic forms of loratadine, whose DSC curves demonstrated that they are interconvertable.

Bakgrunden till detta examensarbete var att Qumex Materialteknik vid ett flertal tillfällen konstaterat att material av typen SS 0725 har uppvisat bristfälliga härdresultat. Materialet, som är relativt nytt på marknaden, är ett gjutjärn av typen segjärn och utmärker sig gentemot andra segjärn på grund av sitt höga innehåll av kisel. Då segjärn enligt den nu gällande EN-standarden klassificeras efter sina mekaniska egenskaper uppstår ett problem gällande SS 0725. Materialet uppfyller de krav som är ställda för EN-GJS-500-7 och hamnar därmed under samma materialbeteckning som ett segjärn med betydligt lägre kiselhalt. Att två material med olika kemisk sammansättning hamnar under samma beteckning kan innebära problem. Syftet med denna rapport är att fastslå vilken påverkan den höga kiselhalten har på materialet vid värmebehandling av typen släckhärdning med efterföljande anlöpning. I försöken ingick fyra material. Det som skiljde materialen åt var halterna av koppar och kisel. De härdades vid tre olika temperaturer och under tre olika tider för att sedan släckas i olja. Målet med släckhärdningen var att materialen skulle få en helt martensitisk struktur vilket då klassades som ett bra härdresultat. Resultatet utvärderades sedan genom optisk mikroskopi och hårdhetsmätningar. En undersökning av materialens fasomvandlingstemperaturer genomfördes med hjälp av Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Resultatet visar att kiselhalten har stor påverkan på den temperatur som krävs för att erhålla ett bra härdresultat. För material med låg kiselhalt uppnåddes fullständig martensitbildning efter släckhärdning från 840°C. För material med hög kiselhalt uppnåddes liknande strukturella och hårdhetsmässiga resultat först vid en så hög temperatur som 900°C och behandlingstider längre än 1 h. Den relativa skillnad som uppmättes i fasomvandlingstemperatur med hjälp av Differential Scanning Calorimetry mellan högkiselmaterial och lågkiselmaterial var 45°C. Detta resultat kombinerat med analyserna av härdprocesserna visar att det krävs kraftigt ökad temperatur vid värmebehandling av högkiselmaterialet SS 0725. / The background to this thesis was that Qumex Materialteknik at several occasions had received material of type SS 0725 that had shown deficient heat treatment results. The material, which is relatively new, is a cast iron of type ductile iron and differ against other ductile irons because of its high silicon content. According to EN standard ductile irons are classified by their mechanical properties. A problem then occurs with the new material SS 0725 because of this. The material fulfils the requirements for EN-GJS-500-7 and is therefore in the same classification as a ductile iron with much lower silicon content. Two materials having major differences in chemical composition ending up in the same classification can be problematic. The purpose of this report is to determine impact of high silicon content in ductile iron when heat treated and quench hardened. The experiment included four materials, and the major difference between the materials were their content of copper and silicon. The heat treatment process was performed at three different temperatures and three different treatment times. Afterwards the samples were quenched in oil. The ambition of the quench hardening was to obtain a material structure of 100% martensite. By optical microscopy and hardness measurements the results then were evaluated. An investigation of the phase transformation temperature in the materials was made by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results show that the amount of silicon content has great influence on the temperature for receiving good hardening results. To achieve 100% martensite after quench hardening in materials with low silicon content the temperature needs to be over 840°C. For material with high level of silicon content the temperature for achieving 100% martensite needs to be 900°C and the treatment time should be over 1 h. The relative difference in phase transformation temperature was measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results of the measurements between the materials with high silicon content and materials with low silicon content was 45°C. This result combined with the analysis of the heat treatment process shows that a major increase of the temperature is needed to heat treat SS 0725.

Les travaux de recherche présentés ici avaient pour objectif principal la synthèse de copolymères statistiques à base d’éthylène et d’acide acrylique (AA). Pour cela, la déprotection des groupements esters d’un copolymère statistique précurseur, le poly(éthylène-co-(tert-butyl)acrylate), a été effectuée par hydrolyse à l’aide d’iodure de triméthylsilyle. La synthèse de ce précurseur est réalisée par polymérisation catalytique en présence d’un système à base de Palladium (Pd). Le deuxième objectif a été d’étudier et de caractériser des polymères synthétisés à l’état solide et en suspension colloïdale. Plusieurs copolymères précurseurs comprenant différents pourcentages molaires en tert-butyl acrylate (4 à 12% molaires) ont été synthétisés avec succès, puis déprotégés par hydrolyse pour obtenir des poly(éthylène-coacide acrylique) (pE-co-AA) avec différentes compositions. Seuls les copolymères comprenant 10% molaire ou plus de AA sont solubles dans le Tétrahydrofurane (THF) et uniquement dans ce solvant. De telles solutions peuvent être dialysées dans l’eau, ce qui conduit à un échange lent entre cette dernière et le THF, et l’autoassemblage du copolymère dans l’eau peut ensuite être étudié. C’est ainsi qu’ont pu être observées des nanoparticules stables dans le temps dont le comportement est sensible au pH et à la température. Les polymères synthétisés ont été caractérisés par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) ainsi que par spectroscopie Infra-Rouge (IR), avant et après déprotection. Les pourcentages molaires d’AA ont été déterminés par combinaison des résultats de RMN et ii de titrages conductimètriques. A l’état solide, les échantillons ont été analysés par Calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) et par Diffraction des rayons X. Les solutions colloïdales des polymères pE-co-AA ont été caractérisées par Diffusion dynamique de la lumière et par la DSC-haute sensibilité. De la microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM) a permis de visualiser la forme et la taille des nanoparticules. / The first objective of this research is to synthesize random linear copolymers of ethylene and acrylic acid (AA). The synthesis relies on the deprotection of the functional groups in the copolymer’s precursor, which is represented by poly(ethylene-co-tertbutyl acrylate). The synthesis of the precursor was realized by the catalytic approach, where Pd-based catalytic systems are frequently utilized nowadays. The deprotection was carried out by hydrolysis of the ester functionality using trimethylsilyl iodide agent. The second objective is to investigate and characterize the synthesized polymers in the bulk and in colloidal solution. A set of different precursor polymers with various degrees of molar incorporation of tertbutyl acrylate (from 4 to 12 mol %) was successfully synthesized and deprotected. The resulting poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) copolymers were found to be soluble in tetrahydrofuran THF, when the molar incorporation of AA reaches the value of 12 and more. This aspect gave the possibility to study the self-assembly of this copolymer in aqueous medium by slow THF to water exchange (dialysis). It was found that the copolymers self-assemble into nano-sized structures and these nanoparticles remain stable in colloidal solution for extended periods of time. Moreover, it was shown that the nanoparticles formed by the discussed copolymer possess thermo- and pH-responsive behaviour. The polymers synthesized were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopies (IR) before and after deprotection. The bulk samples were analyzed by conventional differential scanning calorimetry and by X-ray diffraction iv technique. The molar percentages of AA were determined using a combination of NMR and conductimetric titration. Colloidal solutions of pE-co-AA copolymers were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The nanoparticles formed were visualized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans les thèmes de la photodégradation et de la biodégradation de polymère pouvant être ou non d’origine renouvelable. Il a pour principal objectif d’étudier la durabilité photochimique de différents polymères ou mélanges de polymères utilisés en particulier dans l’agriculture et donc soumis à un vieillissement climatique. La structure chimique des polymères est un des principaux paramètres susceptible d’influencer la photodégradation. Un ensemble de (co)polyesters comportant des unités aliphatiques, cycliques et / ou aromatiques a été sélectionné dans le but d’exprimer une relation structure / photodurabilité. Le photovieillissement des matériaux a été réalisé en conditions naturelles et en conditions accélérées. Des mécanismes de photo-oxydation ont été proposés pour chacun des matériaux à partir de l’évolution des propriétés viscoélastiques traduisant celle de la structure macromoléculaire. Dans ce contexte, l’étude de la durabilité de ces matériaux respectueux de l’environnement doit s’intéresser à des systèmes extrêmement complexes dont chaque constituant est susceptible d’évoluer. Cette caractéristique exige de mettre au point une méthodologie permettant de déterminer la composition d’un biocomposite et d’en suivre les modifications en cours de vieillissement en même temps que l’évolution de la structuration de ces matériaux. / This thesis is part of the subject photodegradation and biodegradation of polymer that can be or not from renewable resources. Its main objective is to study the photochemical durability of various polymers or polymer blends used particularly in agriculture and therefore subject to weathering. The chemical structure of polymers is one of the main parameters that could influence the photodegradation. A set of (co)polyesters containing units aliphatic, cyclic and / or aromatic have been selected in order to express the relationships structure / photodurability. The photoageing of materials was carried out under natural and accelerated conditions. Photo-oxidation mechanisms have been suggested for each material based on the evolution of the viscoelastic properties reflecting the macromolecular structure. In this context, the study of the durability of these ecofriendly materials should address in highly complex systems in which each component is subject to change. This feature requires the development of a methodology to determine the composition of a biocomposite and monitor the changes during ageing at the same time as changing the structure of these materials.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement d’une nouvelle génération de mousses polymères biosourcées capables de satisfaire la fonction d’âme alvéolaire et structurale de pièces automobiles. Les formulations époxy choisies comme base polymère reposent sur deux différents prépolymères époxy, l’huile de lin époxydée (ELO) et le glycérol époxydé (GE). Ces derniers, associés en proportions variables, sont réticulés avec deux différents durcisseurs : l’isophorone diamine (IPDA) ou l’anhydride méthyl tétrahydrophtalique (MTHPA). Les formulations ternaires « ELO – GE – durcisseur » ont été caractérisées selon une approche multi-techniques (DSC, TGA, rhéométrie dynamique et en mode permanent) permettant d’établir des relations structure-propriétés fiables. Puis, la production d’une mousse a été possible grâce à la maîtrise d’une réaction chimique qui se déroule parallèlement à la réticulation de la résine époxy. Le bicarbonate de sodium et de potassium ont été retenus comme agents moussants. Afin d’améliorer les performances finales des mousses, la proportion de GE au sein des formulations polymère à base IPDA a été augmentée. Mais, une telle modification induit la dégradation thermique du système à cause de l’exothermicité élevée de la réaction de réticulation. L’introduction d’un absorbeur d’exothermicité, permet grâce à sa décomposition endothermique de contrôler l’excès de chaleur dégagée et par la même d’empêcher la dégradation. Une dernière classe de durcisseurs a également été étudiée et donne après optimisation des mousses dotés d’excellentes propriétés ultimes. Ainsi, une large gamme de mousses biosourcées rigides et légères pouvant être mises en œuvre dans un temps très court a été développée. / This thesis focuses on the development of a new generation of bio-based polymer foams able to produce low density core in sandwich structure for automotive applications. The polymer formulations used in this research contain two different epoxy compounds, epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and the epoxidized glycerol (GE). Combined in varying proportions, they were cured with two different hardeners, isophorone diamine (IPDA) or methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA). Ternary formulations “ELO – GE – hardener” were characterized by a multi-techniques approach (DSC, TGA, rheometry in steady or dynamic mode) in order to establish structure-property relationships. The production of polymeric-foam materials was carried out by tuning a chemical reaction which takes place during curing. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate were used as harmless foaming agents. In order to improve the final performances of the foams, the ratio GE/ELO was increased in the reactive formulations based on IPDA hardener. But, such modification provokes also the thermal degradation of the system because of the high exothermicity of the curing reaction. The introduction of “exothermicity regulators” that undergo endothermic transformations allowed to control the excess of released heat and consequently, to prevent the material degradation. A last class of hardener was also studied and made it possible after optimization the production of foams with good ultimate properties. To conclude, a large range of biobased and lightweight rigid foams able to be produced in a few minutes was developed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TherezaMMP_DISSERT.pdf: 3247575 bytes, checksum: b56626eecb3cf571b5b30d6c0ab92d04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Bioidentical hormones are defined as compounds that have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body. It is believed that the use of hormones may be safer and more effective than the non-bioidentical hormones, because binding to receptors in the organism would be similar to the endogenous hormone. Bioidentical estrogens have been used in menopausal women, as an alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy. Thermal data of these hormones are scarce in literature. Thermal analysis comprises a group of techniques that allows evaluating the physical-chemistry properties of a drug, while the drug is subjected to a controlled temperature programming. The thermal techniques are used in pharmaceutical studies for characterization of drugs, purity determination, polymorphism identification, compatibility and evaluation of stability. This study aims to characterize the bioidentical hormones estradiol and estriol through thermal techniques TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-photovisual. By the TG curves analysis was possible to calculated kinetic parameters for the samples. The kinetic data showed that there is good correlation in the different models used. For both estradiol and estriol, was found zero order reaction, which enabled the construction of the vapor pressure curves. Data from DTA and DSC curves of melting point and purity are the same of literature, showed relation with DSC-photovisual results. The analysis DTA curves showed the fusion event had the best linearity for both hormones. In the evaluation of possible degradation products, the analysis of the infrared shows no degradation products in the solid state / Horm?nios bioid?nticos s?o compostos que t?m exatamente a mesma estrutura qu?mica e molecular dos horm?nios end?genos humanos. Acredita-se que a utiliza??o desses horm?nios pode ser mais segura e eficaz que os horm?nios n?o-bioid?nticos, pois a liga??o aos receptores no organismo se daria de forma semelhante aos horm?nios end?genos. Estrog?nios bioid?nticos v?m sendo utilizado, em mulheres na menopausa, como uma alternativa ? terapia de reposi??o hormonal tradicional. Dados t?rmicos desses horm?nios s?o escassos na literatura. A an?lise t?rmica ? um conjunto de t?cnicas que possibilita medir as propriedades f?sico-qu?micas de uma subst?ncia em fun??o da temperatura. As t?cnicas t?rmicas v?m sendo utilizadas na ?rea farmac?utica em diversas aplica??es, como na caracteriza??o de f?rmacos, determina??o do grau de pureza, identifica??o de polimorfismo, estudos de estabilidade e compatibilidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracteriza??o dos horm?nios bioid?nticos estradiol e estriol atrav?s das t?cnicas t?rmicas TG/DTG, DTA, DSC, DSC-fotovisual. A partir da an?lise das curvas TG, foi poss?vel calcular os par?metros cin?ticos para as amostras. Os dados cin?ticos mostraram boa correla??o entre os diferentes modelos empregados. Tanto para o estradiol como para o estriol, foi encontrada ordem zero de rea??o, o que possibilitou a constru??o das curvas de press?o de vapor. Dados das curvas DSC e DTA sobre ponto de fus?o e pureza s?o condizentes com a literatura, sendo poss?vel correlacionar estes resultados com o DSC-fotovisual. As an?lises das curvas DTA mostraram o evento de fus?o como o de melhor linearidade para os dois horm?nios. Na avalia??o dos poss?veis produtos de degrada??o, a an?lise do infravermelho mostra que n?o houve produtos de degrada??o no estado s?lido

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Dias Silva.pdf: 112667 bytes, checksum: 9ef746769100aea66ac5ebc1d67874c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-17 / The production of industrial foods derived from tomato generates high levels of rejects that are composed basically of seeds and tomato peels. This reject it is rich in carotenoids, especially lycopene and β-carotene, which are pigments whose ingestion is directly linked to the decrease of the risk of chronic-degenerative diseases. The present study has as objective develops simplified and efficient extraction and analysis methods of lycopene and β-carotene starting from this reject using palm oil as coadjutant, seeking the subsequent use of this extract for enrichment of products of easy access to classes economically inferior of the population and as a vehicle of medicines. Initially it was developed the chromatographic analysis method for three columns of RP-HPLC: C18 Chromolith SpeedROD (50 mm x 4,6 mm), C18 Nova-Pack (300 mm x 3,9 mm x 4 µm) and C30 YMC Carotenoid (250 mm x 4,6 mm x 5 µm). All the columns present a considerable reduction in the time of analysis and efficient separation between lycopene and β-carotene, when compared to the analysis reported on scientific literature. Later it was done a study of the thermal stability of the pigments by means of TG, DSC and RP-HPLC seeking to evaluate the maximum temperature which the reject can be heated without the occurrence of considerable losses of the pigments. The thermogravimetric curves demonstrated that the loss of mass happens to temperatures higher than those observed by the degradations of the pigments by RP-HPLC. It means that occurs the transformation of lycopene and β-carotene in intermediary compounds which are volatilized in higher temperatures. For the development of the extraction method several variables were tested being obtained the following optimized condition: 25 g of sample was dissolved in 50 mL of hexane and 0.1 mL of palm oil, shaking by 90 minutes under 50ºC. The proposed method demonstrated to be viable once it happens in only one stage, with the use of only an solvent which can be used again after the process. The time of extraction is completely acceptable, as well as the amount of solvent used, being all the parameters compatible with industrial implementation. The oily extract was still characterized with regard to the tocopherols and tocotrienols levels in the palm oil as well as the fatty acid and triacylglicerol compositions. It was obtained the prevalence of y-tocotrienol, oleic and palmitic acids and POO and POP triacylglicerides. / A produção de alimentos industriais derivados do tomate gera elevados níveis de rejeitos que são compostos basicamente de sementes e cascas de tomate. Este rejeito é extramente rico em carotenóides, especialmente licopeno e β-caroteno, pigmentos cuja ingestão está diretamente ligada à diminuição do risco de doenças crônico-degenerativas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver métodos de extração e análise simplificados e eficientes de licopeno e β-caroteno a partir deste rejeito utilizando azeite de dendê como coadjuvante, visando a posterior utilização deste extrato para enriquecimento de produtos de fácil acesso ás camadas economicamente inferiores da população e como veículo de medicamentos. Inicialmente, foi desenvolvido o método cromatográfico de análise para três colunas de RP-HPLC: C18 Chromolith SpeedROD (50 mm x 4,6 mm), C18 Nova-Pack (300 mm x 3,9 mm x 4 µm) e C30 YMC Carotenoid (250 mm x 4,6 mm x 5 µm). Todas as colunas apresentaram uma redução considerável no tempo de análise e eficiente separação entre licopeno e β-caroteno, quando comparadas as análises publicadas na literatura científica. Posteriormente, foi realizado um estudo da estabilidade térmica dos pigmentos através de TG, DSC e RP-HPLC visando avaliar a máxima temperatura na qual o rejeito pode ser aquecido sem que ocorram perdas consideráveis de pigmentos. As curvas termogravimétricas demonstraram que o inicio da perda de massa ocorre à temperaturas muito superiores aquelas observadas para a degradação dos pigmentos via RP-HPLC. Isso significa que ocorre a transformação do licopeno e β-caroteno em compostos intermediários que serão volatilizados somente em temperaturas superiores. Para o desenvolvimento do método de extração foram testadas diversas variáveis sendo obtida a seguinte condição otimizada: 12,5 g de amostra solubilizada em 25 mL de hexano e 0,1 mL de azeite de dendê, com agitação de 90 minutos à 50ºC. O método proposto demonstrou ser viável uma vez que ocorre em uma única etapa, e com a utilização de um único solvente passível de reutilização após o processo. O tempo de extração é completamente aceitável, assim como a quantidade de solvente utilizada, sendo todos os parâmetros compatíveis com a implementação industrial. O extrato oleoso foi ainda caracterizado com respeito aos teores de tocoferóis e tocotrienóis no azeite de dendê, bem como sua composição em ácidos graxos e triacilglicerídeos. Obteve-se o predomínio de y-tocotrienol, ácidos oléico (O) e palmítico (P) e triacilglicerídeos POO e POP.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco junio.pdf: 1476076 bytes, checksum: 101c2cff0173a1fc68b6ab8c84454bc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-21 / Among manufacturing processes available, direct compression is indicated for OLZ because this drug is moisture sensitive. Before drug developement, preformulation investigations involving physical and chemical properties of drug and excipient combined and separated must be performed. Thus, drug solubility profile, thermal analysis techniques, mainly DSC and TG, and X rays graphics are used to verify drug behavior. The objective of this work was preformulation study of OLZ, drug development and characterization of OLZ tablets to accomplish pharmaceutical equivalence. DSC and TG tests were performed, as well as X rays diffraction and solubility test in different media. Media used in solubility assay were: water; HCl 0,1 mol/L; and USP buffers pH 2.5; pH 4.5; pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. This test duration was 48h. OLZ showed to be more soluble in acidic pH, HCl medium, in which it reached the concentration of 20,62 mg/mL, without saturation. In buffers pH 2.5 and 4.5 saturation solubility was 2,06 mg/mL and 5,19 mg/mL, respectively; in pH 6.8 and pH 7.4 OLZ reached only 221,45 μg/mL and 79,06 μg/mL, respectively. Concentration of OLZ in water was even lower, 48,87 μg/mL. OLZ did not show incompatibility evidence when mixed with corn starch, croscarmellose, crospovidone, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and dihydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose PH-101 and PH-102, sodium lauryl sulfate and titanium dioxide. There was solid state interaction with ethylcellulose and opadry YS-1- 7006®, and incompatibility with silicon dioxide and PEG 4000. There was also evidence of interaction in DSC and TG with both types of lactose tested, 22AN® e monohydrate. Lactose monohydrate sample did not confirm interaction by X rays diffraction analysis. However, lactose is not the best choice of diluent to dosage forms containing OLZ, due to indications of Maillard reaction occurrence between referred substances. Olanzapine tablets were obtained, with 2,5 mg of dosage, by direct compression process, due to drug moisture sensitiveness. When microcrystalline cellulose PH-102 was used in formulations as major diluent, physical specifications were reached. It was used together with dicalcium phosphate anhydrous to improve formulation flowability. Coating suspension formulation contained opadry YS-1- 7006®, methocel K4MPR® and titanium dioxide in total concentration of 10%. Though this film coating appropriate drug release profile was reached, as well as pharmaceutical equivalence. / Dentre os possíveis processos de produção de formas farmacêuticas sólidas, a compressão direta é indicada para a olanzapina (OLZ) devido à sensibilidade do fármaco à umidade. Ainda antes da formulação, devem ser realizadas investigações de pré-formulação, envolvendo as propriedades físicas e químicas do fármaco e dos excipientes isoladamente e quando combinados. Assim, a determinação do perfil de solubilidade, as técnicas de análise térmica, notadamente DSC e TG, a difração de raios X são usadas para verificar o comportamento do fármaco. O objetivo do trabalho foi o estudo de pré-formulação do fármaco olanzapina, o desenvolvimento farmacotécnico de comprimidos equivalentes ao medicamento referência e a caracterização dos mesmos. Foram feitos ensaios em DSC e TG, difração de raios X e teste de solubilidade em diferentes meios. Os meios utilizados no ensaio de solubilidade foram: água; HCl 0,1 mol/L; e os tampões pH 2,5; pH 4,5; pH 6,8 e pH 7,4. O teste foi executado durante 48h. O fármaco mostrou-se comparativamente mais solúvel em pH ácido, no meio HCl, em que atingiu a concentração de 20,62 mg/mL sem saturação. Nos tampões pH 2,5 e 4,5 a concentração de saturação foi 2,06 mg/mL e 5,19 mg/mL, respectivamente; em pH 6,8 e 7,4 a OLZ atingiu apenas 221,45 μg/mL e 79,06 μg/mL, respectivamente. A concentração final da OLZ em água foi ainda menor, 48,87 μg/mL. A olanzapina não apresentou indícios de incompatibilidade com os excipientes amido de milho, celulose microcristalina PH-101 e PH-102, croscarmelose, crospovidona, dióxido de titânio, estearato de magnésio, fosfato dicálcico anidro e dihidratado e lauril sulfato de sódio. Foi verificada interação no estado sólido com etilcelulose e opadry YS-1-7006®, além de incompatibilidade com o dióxido de silício e o PEG 4000. Há ainda evidências de interação em DSC e TG com os dois tipos de lactose testados, 22AN® e monoidratada. No caso da lactose monoidratada, essa informação não foi confirmada através da difração de raios X. Porém, a lactose não é a melhor opção de diluente para formas farmacêuticas contendo OLZ, devido aos indicativos de que ocorre reação de Maillard entre essas duas substâncias. Foram obtidos comprimidos de OLZ, de dosagem 2,5 mg, pelo processo de compressão direta. Quando a celulose microcristalina PH-102 foi usada em formulações como diluente principal, as especificações físicas foram atingidas. Ela foi empregada em conjunto o fosfato dicálcico anidro para melhorar as propriedades de fluxo da formulação. A suspensão usada no revestimento dos núcleos continha opadry YS-1-7006®, methocel K4MPR® e dióxido de titânio em concentração total de 10%. A partir disso, foi conseguido o perfil de liberação do fármaco que conferiu equivalência farmacêutica em relação ao medicamento referência.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a caracterização comparativa do comportamento de degradação e/ou decomposição térmica da esponja sintética dupla face, base poliuretana (parte amarela e parte verde), e da palha de aço, a partir das técnicas termoanalíticas. As esponjas sintéticas para limpeza doméstica, em substituição à palha de aço, apesar da vantagem econômica, podem apresentar restrições de descartes para o meio ambiente ou expor o usuário a riscos de contaminação. Amostras de esponja sintética dupla face (verde e amarela) e de palha de aço foram caracterizadas por análise térmica (TG/DTG, DTA e DSC) empregando atmosfera dinâmica de ar e de N2. Essas amostras foram estudadas por métodos cinéticos por termogravimetria isotérmica e não isotérmica. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos permitiram estimar os tempos necessários para a decomposição de ambas as partes da amostra da esponja sintética e também da palha de aço sob atmosfera de ar. Os resultados evidenciaram claramente que a matriz polimétrica da esponja sintética para ser degradada completamente exige um tempo muito longo, acima de 20.000 anos. Por outro lado, os resultados indicaram comportamento similar entre as amostras de esponja sintética e de palha de aço considerando apenas o efeito temperatura e tipo de atmosfera. Contudo, no cotidiano sabe-se que a palha de aço se oxida muito facilmente sob atmosfera de ar na presença de umidade. / This work aims at a comparative characterization of degradation behavior and/or thermal decomposition of synthetic double-face sponge, polyurethane base (yellow part and green part), and steel wool, from thermoanalytical techniques. Synthetic sponges for household cleaning, replacing steel wool, despite the economic advantage, may have restrictions on discharges to the environment or expose the user to risks of contamination. Samples dual synthetic sponge face (green and yellow) and steel wool were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DTA DSC) employing an atmosphere of air and N2. These samples were studied by kinetic methods isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetic parameters obtained allowed the estimation necessary for decomposition of the sample both sides of the synthetic spomge and also of steel straw times under air atmosphere. The results clearly showed that polymetric matrix of synthetic sponge to be degraded completely requires a very long time, over 20,000 years. Moreover, the results showed similar behavior among synthetic sponge and steel wool sample considering only the effect of temperature and type of atmosphere. However, in daily life it is known that the steel wool oxidizes very easily under air atmosphere in the presence of moisture.