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Orientadores: Antonio Jose Ramirez, Rubens Caram Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:06:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TorresLopez_EdwarAndres_M.pdf: 39783627 bytes, checksum: 03310e12f2969671a1edcad6da907e3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Foi desenvolvido um experimento para estudo in-situ dos processos de deformação a alta temperatura no interior do microscópio eletrônico de varredura, permitindo assim o estudo do fenômeno de trincamento a alta temperatura, denominado fratura por queda de ductilidade. Este experimento teve como finalidade o estudo específico das ligas de níquel AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3AWS empregadas como metal de aporte para a soldagem de ligas de Ni. Instrumentação cientifica dedicada foi desenvolvida e modificada de modo a superar os desafios impostos pelas condições experimentais adversas associadas as elevadas temperaturas necessárias, à compatibilização do experimento com o nível de vácuo necessário na câmera do microscópio e finalmente, à estabilidade mecânica necessária para o acompanhamento do processo de deformação em escala micrométrica juntamente com os processos de aquecimento e de aplicação de forças elevadas. Utilizando esta instrumentação foram definidas as condições e procedimentos adequados para o acompanhamento do processo de deformação das ligas de Ni AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3 em temperaturas entre 700 e 1000 °C, de forma a estudar as condições de inicio da fratura por queda de ductilidade nestes materiais. Porém, a instrumentação desenvolvida permite não apenas estudar o fenômeno de fratura por queda de ductilidade e avaliar o desempenho de ligas experimentais, mas também o estudo tanto qualitativo como quantitativo de diversos outros fenômenos de fratura e transformação de fase / Abstract: An in-situ high temperature deformation experiment was developed and adapted be performed within the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope in order to study the high temperature cracking phenomenon known as ductility-dip cracking. This experiment was specifically applied to the study of Ni-base alloys AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3, which are commonly used as filler metal to weld Ni- and Fe- based alloys. Dedicated scientific instrumentation was developed and modified to overcome the challenges imposed by the severe experimental conditions as elevated temperatures and forces, the compatibleness with the microscope vacuum chamber, and the required mechanical stability to track deformation processes at the micro scale. Using this instrumentation were defined and optimized the conditions to study the deformation of Ni-base alloys AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3 alloys between 700 and 1000 °C and therefore, helps to elucidate the causes of ductility-dip cracking phenomenon . However, the developed instrumentation is a powerful tool to perform several other qualitative and quantitative studies of deformation, cracking phenomena and phase transformations in different materials / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Neste trabalho analisa-se a resistência à punção e a ductilidade das ligações laje-pilar em doze modelos de lajes-cogumelo de concreto armado, nas quais se efetuam combinações de emprego de concreto de alta resistência, diferentes volumes de fibras de aço e uso de armadura transversal na forma de conectores de aço tipo pino. Todas as lajes são quadradas com 1160 mm de lado e 100 mm de espessura. A armadura de flexão foi composta de barras de aço de 10 mm espaçadas de tal forma a resistir a um momento fletor único em ambas direções. Os conectores, quando utilizados, foram dispostos radialmente e compostos de barras de aço de 6.6 mm soldadas a segmentos de ferro chato nas duas extremidades. Para avaliar a capacidade resistente dos modelos de ligação laje-pilar e observar o ganho de ductilidade que as fibras proporcionam, foram ensaiados segmentos-de-laje, os quais representam uma faixa destes modelos de ligação laje-pilar. Foi utilizado um sistema de ensaio dotado de atuador hidráulico servo-controlado, programado para ensaio com deformação controlada e aquisição contínua dos dados, o que permitiu a avaliação do comportamento pós-pico de resistência e a realização de medições de resistência residual. Várias hipóteses de cálculo foram utilizadas para avaliar a resistência última das ligações laje-pilar. Empregou-se um critério de classificação para caracterizar o tipo de ruptura em: punção ou flexão predominante ou uma combinação de punção-flexão. Constatou-se que o emprego de concreto de alta resistência, juntamente com armadura transversal, aumenta substancialmente a resistência da ligação laje-pilar, e quando combinado com fibras de aço, consegue-se um considerável aumento da ductilidade. / This work analyses the punching shear resistance and ductility of slab-column connections on twelve concrete flat slab models. The model characteristics resulted from combinations of the application of high or ordinary strength concrete, different steel fiber volume fractions and use or not of shear reinforcement. All the slabs are square with 1,160 mm of side and 100 mm of thickness. The main flexural reinforcement was composed of 10 mm steel bars spaced in such a way to resist to the same bending moment in both directions. When used, the shear reinforcement of steel studs were disposed in radial directions and consisted of 6.6 mm steel bars welded to flat steel segments in their ends. To evaluate the resistant capacity of slab-column connection models and to observe the ductility that the fibers provide, they were rehearsed segments-of-slab, which represents a strip of these slab-column connection models. A testing system with a servo-controlled hydraulic jack was used and it was programmed for a controlled deformation test and continuous data acquisition. This method allowed the evaluation of the post-peak strength behavior and the measurement of residual resistance forces. Several calculations hypotheses were used to evaluate the ultimate strength of the slab-column connections. A classification criterium was applied to characterize the failure type as: predominant punching or flexure or a combination of punching-flexure. It was verified that the application of high strength concrete, together with shear reinforcement, increases substantially the slab-column connection strength, and, when combined with steel fibers, a considerable ductility increase is achieved.

Neste estudo foram analisados experimentalmente o comportamento de 24 pilares curtos de Concreto de Ultra Alta Resistência - CUAR, confinados por armaduras helicoidais, avaliando especificamente os acréscimos de resistência e ductilidade obtidos com diferentes níveis de pressão lateral de confinamento. Na etapa experimental foram realizados ensaios de pilares curtos de CUAR com as seguintes características: - seção circular de 7,2 cm de diâmetro e comprimento de 23 cm, e quatro níveis de resistência à compressão do concreto sendo eles, 165, 175, 200 e 229 MPa, dosados sem e com adição de fibras metálicas; - diferentes espaçamentos das armaduras helicoidais, de modo que fossem obtidas situações com baixo, médio e alto índice de confinamento e taxa de armadura longitudinal fixa. Os ensaios de compressão centrada foram realizados com controle de deslocamento, de modo que foram obtidas as curvas força x deslocamento completas. Constatou-se que a seção resistente dos pilares de CUAR é a formada pelo núcleo de concreto confinado, área delimitada pelo eixo da armadura transversal. Observou-se que o CUAR com fibras metálicas apresenta maior deformação do núcleo de concreto confinado em relação ao núcleo de concreto confinado de CUAR sem adição de fibras metálicas, indicando dessa forma, que os pilares de CUAR com fibras metálicas apresentam comportamento mais dúctil. Para as situações de alto confinamento foram gerados ao concreto do núcleo confinado significativos acréscimos de resistência e deformação axial, aumentando a resistência do concreto confinado em relação a resistência do concreto não confinado em: 82,26%, 75,34%, 90,46% e 70,51%, respectivamente, e as deformações axiais do concreto confinado em relação a deformação axial do concreto não confinado em: 433%, 474%, 647% e 550%. Finalmente, acredita-se que os resultados obtidos poderão trazer subsídios para aplicações futuras desta técnica de confinamento na construção de novos elementos estruturais e no reforço de pilares submetidos a elevados níveis de solicitação axial. / This study evaluated experimentally the behavior of 24 short columns of Ultra High Strength Concrete - UHSC confined by helical transverse reinforcement, specifically evaluating strength increases and ductility obtained with different levels of lateral pressure of confinement. In the experimental phase short UHSC columns with the following characteristics were tested: - circular cross section of 7.2 cm diameter and 23 cm length, four levels of concrete strength (165, 175, 200 and 229 MPa), with and without addition of metallic fibers; - different spacing of transverse reinforcement, so that situations were obtained with low, medium and high level of confinement, while the longitudinal reinforcement ratio was fixed. The centered compression tests were conducted with displacement control, so that complete force x displacement curves were obtained. It was found that the resistant section of UHSC columns is formed by the confined concrete core delimited by the axis of the transverse reinforcement. It was observed that the axial displacement reached in columns with steel fibers was higher than without fibers, indicating that columns with steel fibers exhibit more ductile behavior. For high confinement levels significant axial strength and displacement increases were observed. Increases of axial strength of confined concrete in comparison to unconfined concrete were 82.26%, 75.34%, 90, 46% and 70.51%. Axial displacements were increased by 433%, 474%, 647% and 550%. Finally, it is believed that the results could provide information for future applications of this technique in construction of a new type of columns or in strengthening of columns subjected to high levels of axial force.

Foi estudado, através de ensaio de tração, o Nb policristalino com teor de hidrogênio de 0 a 50 partes por milhão em peso (ppm-p) nas temperaturas de 223, 273 e 293 K. Os ensaios de tração a velocidades constantes foram realizados com taxas iniciais de deformaçao de 4,2 X 10-5 e 42 X 10-5 s-1 , e os parâmetros de ductilidade e resistência mecânica foram analisados em função da concentração de hidrogênio. Foram também obtidos o coeficiente de sensitividade a taxa de deformação (m) e o volume de ativação (V) através de ensaios de tração, alternando-se abruptamente a taxa de deformação entre os valores acima mencionados, em sucessivos pontos da curva tensão-deformação. Para o cálculo destes dois últimos parâmetros foi proposta uma análise detalhada, considerando-se os efeitos elásticos e o encruamento durante a deformação plástica uniforme. Todo o estudo foi acompanhado por análise fratográfica Que permitiu verificar três comportamentos de ruptura da liga Nb-H, dependendo do teor de hidrogênio e da temperatura. A 223K foi observado que há uma forte redução de ductilidade do Nb para teores de hidrogênio até 10 ppm-p, sendo que para este teor o seu comportamento foi totalmente frágil / Tensile testing at 223, 273 and 293 K was carried out on polycrystalline Nb dopped from 0 to 50 parts per million in weight (ppm-wt) of Hydrogen. The tensile testing at constant velocity was done at 4,2 X 10 -5 and 42 X 10-5 s-1 of initial strain rate, and the ductility and strength parameters was analysed as a function of the hydrogen content. It was also obtained the strain rate sensitivity (m) and the activation volume (V), from tensile testing, cycling between the two above specified strain rates, at several points of the stress-strain curve. For the calculation of this two last parameters it was proposed a detailed analysis, considering the elastic effect and the work hardening during the uniform plastic deformation. All these studies was followed by fratographic analysis that alowed the identification of three rupture behavior for the Nb-H alloy, depending of the temperature and the hydrogen content. At 223 K, it was observed that there is a strong embrittlement of Nb for hydrogen content up to 10 ppm-wt, and for this value the behavior was completely brittle

Abstract Austenitic high-Mn (15–30 wt.%) based twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels provide great potential in applications for structural components in the automotive industry, owing to their excellent tensile strength-ductility property combination. In certain cases, these steels might also substitute austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steels. The aim of this present work is to investigate the high-temperature flow resistance, recrystallisation and the evolution of microstructure of high-Mn steels by compression testing on a Gleeble simulator. The influence of Al alloying (0–8 wt.%) in the hot rolling temperature range (800°C–1100°C) is studied in particular, but also some observations are made regarding the influence of Cr alloying. Microstructures are examined in optical and electron microscopes. The results are compared with corresponding properties of carbon and austenitic stainless steels. In addition, the mechanical properties are studied briefly, using tension tests over the temperature range from -80°C to 200°C. Finally, a preliminary study is conducted on the corrosion behaviour of TWIP steels in two media, using the potentiodynamic polarization technique. The results show that the flow stress level of high-Mn TWIP steels is considerably higher than that of low-carbon steels and depends on the Al concentration up to 6 wt.%, while the structure is fully austenitic at hot rolling temperatures. At higher Al contents, the flow stress level is reduced, due to the presence of ferrite. The static recrystallisation kinetics is slower compared to that of carbon steels, but it is faster than is typical of Nb-microalloyed or austenitic stainless steels. The high Mn content is one reason for high flow stress as well as for slow softening. Al plays a minor role only; but in the case of austenitic-ferritic structure, the softening of the ferrite phase occurs very rapidly, contributing to overall faster softening. The high Mn content also retards considerably the onset of dynamic recrystallisation, but the influence of Al is minor. Similarly, the contribution of Cr to the hot deformation resistance and static and dynamic recrystallisation, is insignificant. The grain size effectively becomes refined by the dynamic and static recrystallisation processes. The tensile testing of TWIP steels revealed that the Al alloying and temperature have drastic effects on the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation. The higher Al raises the yield strength because of the solid solution strengthening. However, Al tends to increase the stacking fault energy that affects strongly the deformation mechanism. In small concentrations, Al suppresses martensite formation and enhances deformation twinning, leading to high tensile strength and good ductility. However, with an increasing temperature, SFE increases, and consequently, the density of deformation twins decreases and mechanical properties are impaired. Corrosion testing indicated that Al alloying improves the corrosion resistance of high-Mn TWIP steels. The addition of Cr is a further benefit for the passivation of these steels. The passive film that formed on 8wt.% Al-6wt.%Cr steel was found to be even more stable than that on Type 304 steel in 5–50% HNO3 solutions. A prolonged pre-treatment of the steel in the anodic passive regime created a thick, protective and stable passive film that enhanced the corrosion resistance also in 3.5% NaCl solution.

Abstract : Steel and fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) materials have different mechanical and physical characteristics. High corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio, non-conductivity, favorable fatigue enable the FRP to be considered as alternative reinforcement for structures in harsh environment. Meanwhile, FRP bars have low modulus of elasticity and linear-elastic stress-strain curve. These features raise concerns about the applicability of using such materials as reinforcement for structures prone to earthquakes. The main demand for the structural members in structures subjected to seismic loads is dissipating energy without strength loss which is known as ductility. In the rigid frames, columns are expected to be the primary elements of energy dissipation in structures subjected to seismic loads. The present study addresses the feasibility of reinforced-concrete columns totally reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) bars achieving reasonable strength and the drift requirements specified in various codes. Eleven full-scale reinforced concrete columns—two reinforced with steel bars (as reference specimens) and nine totally reinforced with GFRP bars—were constructed and tested to failure. The columns were tested under quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral loading and simultaneously subjected to compression axial load. The columns are 400 mm square cross-section with a shear span 1650 mm. The specimen simulates a column with 3.7 m in height in a typical building with the point of contra-flexure located at the column mid-height. The tested parameters were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio (0.63, 0.95 and 2.14), the spacing of the transverse stirrups (80, 100, 150), tie configuration (C1, C2, C3 and C4), and axial load level (20%, 30% and 40%). The test results clearly show that properly designed and detailed GFRP-reinforced concrete columns could reach high deformation levels with no strength degradation. An acceptable level of energy dissipation compared with steel-reinforced concrete columns is provided by GFRP reinforced concrete columns. The dissipated energy of GFRP reinforced concrete columns was 75% and 70% of the counter steel columns at 2.5% and 4% drift ratio respectively. High drift capacity achieved by the columns up to 10% with no significant loss in strength. The high drift capacity and acceptable dissipated energy enable the GFRP columns to be part of the moment resisting frames in regions prone to seismic activities. The experimental ultimate drift ratios were compared with the estimated drift ratios using the confinement Equation in CSA S806-12. It was found from the comparison that the confinement Equation underestimates values of the drift ratios thus the experimental drift ratios were used to modify transverse FRP reinforcement area in CSA S806-12. The hysteretic behavior encouraged to propose a design procedure for the columns to be part of the moderate ductile and ductile moment resisting frames. The development of design guidelines, however, depends on determining the elastic and inelastic deformations and on assessing the force modification factor and equivalent plastic-hinge length for GFRP-reinforced concrete columns. The experimental results of the GFRP-reinforced columns were used to justify the design guideline, proving the accuracy of the proposed design equations. / L’acier et les matériaux à base de polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) ont des caractéristiques physiques et mécaniques différentes. La résistance à la haute corrosion, le rapport résistance vs poids, la non-conductivité et la bonne résistance à la fatigue font des barres d’armature en PRF, un renforcement alternatif aux barres d’armature en acier, pour des structures dans des environnements agressifs. Cependant, les barres d’armature en PRF ont un bas module d’élasticité et une courbe contrainte-déformation sous forme linéaire. Ces caractéristiques soulèvent des problèmes d'applicabilité quant à l’utilisation de tels matériaux comme renforcement pour des structures situées en forte zone sismique. La principale exigence pour les éléments structuraux des structures soumises à des charges sismiques est la dissipation d'énergie sans perte de résistance connue sous le nom de ductilité. Dans les structures rigides de type cadre, on s'attend à ce que les colonnes soient les premiers éléments à dissiper l'énergie dans les structures soumises à ces charges. La présente étude traite de la faisabilité des colonnes en béton armé entièrement renforcées de barres d’armature en polymères renforcés de fibres de verre (PRFV), obtenant une résistance et un déplacement latéral raisonnable par rapport aux exigences spécifiées dans divers codes. Onze colonnes à grande échelle ont été fabriquées: deux colonnes renforcées de barres d'acier (comme spécimens de référence) et neuf colonnes renforcées entièrement de barres en PRFV. Les colonnes ont été testées jusqu’à la rupture sous une charge quasi-statique latérale cyclique inversée et soumises simultanément à une charge axiale de compression. Les colonnes ont une section carrée de 400 mm avec une portée de cisaillement de 1650 mm pour simuler une colonne de 3,7 m de hauteur dans un bâtiment typique avec le point d’inflexion situé à la mi-hauteur. Les paramètres testés sont : le taux d’armature longitudinal (0,63%, 0,95% et 2,14 %), l'espacement des étriers (80mm, 100mm, 150 mm), les différentes configurations (C1, C2, C3 et C4) et le niveau de charge axiale (20%, 30 % et 40%). Les résultats des essais montrent clairement que les colonnes en béton renforcées de PRFV et bien conçues peuvent atteindre des niveaux de déformation élevés sans réduction de résistance. Un niveau acceptable de dissipation d'énergie, par rapport aux colonnes en béton armé avec de l’armature en acier, est atteint par les colonnes en béton armé de PRFV. L'énergie dissipée des colonnes en béton armé de PRFV était respectivement de 75% et 70% des colonnes en acier à un rapport déplacement latéral de 2,5% et 4%. Un déplacement supérieur a été atteint par les colonnes en PRFV jusqu'à 10% sans perte significative de résistance. La capacité d’un déplacement supérieur et l’énergie dissipée acceptable permettent aux colonnes en PRFV de participer au moment résistant dans des régions sujettes à des activités sismiques. Les rapports des déplacements expérimentaux ultimes ont été comparés avec les rapports estimés en utilisant l’Équation de confinement du code CSA S806-12. À partir de la comparaison, il a été trouvé que l’Équation de confinement sous-estime les valeurs des rapports de déplacement, donc les rapports de déplacement expérimentaux étaient utilisés pour modifier la zone de renforcement transversal du code CSA S806-12. Le comportement hystérétique encourage à proposer une procédure de conception pour que les colonnes fassent partie des cadres rigides à ductilité modérée et résistant au moment. Cependant, l'élaboration de guides de conception dépend de la détermination des déformations élastiques et inélastiques et de l'évaluation du facteur de modification de la force sismique et de la longueur de la rotule plastique pour les colonnes en béton armé renforcées de PRFV. Les résultats expérimentaux des colonnes renforcées de PRFV étudiées ont été utilisés pour justifier la ligne directrice de conception, ce qui prouve l’efficacité des équations de conception proposées.

Strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) are a special class of fiber-reinforced concrete which develop multiple, fine cracks when subjected to increasing tensile loading, reaching strain capacities of up to several percent. The tensile behavior of SHCC is a result of a purposeful material design accounting for the mechanical and physical properties of the cementitious matrix, of the reinforcing fibers and of their interaction. The exceptionally high energy dissipation through inelastic deformations before reaching tensile strength makes SHCC suitable for manufacturing or strengthening of structural elements which may be subjected to impact loading. However, the tensile behavior of SHCC is highly strain rate dependent, both in terms of tensile strength and strain capacity. The different strain rate sensitivities of the constitutive phases of SHCC (matrix, fiber and interfacial bond) lead to disproportionate dynamic alteration of their mechanical properties under increasing strain rates and, consequently, to an impairment of the micromechanical balance necessary for strain-hardening and multiple cracking. Thus, high energy dissipation under impact loading can only be ensured through a targeted material design. This work presents a series of mechanical experiments at different strain rates and different scales of investigation with the goal of developing a qualitative and quantitative basis for formulating material design recommendations for impact resistant SHCC. Three different types of SHCC were investigated, consisting of two types of polymer fibers (polyvinyl-alcohol and high-density polyethylene) and cementitious matrices (normal-strength and high-strength). Uniaxial tension experiments were performed on SHCC specimens and on non-reinforced matrix specimens with different testing setups at strain rates ranging from 10-4 to 150 s-1. Besides the measured mechanical properties, special attention was paid to the crack patterns and the condition of fracture surfaces. Additionally, micro-scale investigations were performed to quantify the strain rate dependent changes in the mechanical behavior of individual component phases, i.e., matrix, fibers and fiber-matrix bond. The results obtained from the micromechanical investigations were used in an analytical model for crack bridging. The model links the micromechanical parameters and their strain rate sensitivities to the single-crack opening behavior under increasing displacement rates, making it useful for material design purposes. If given an extensive experimental basis for the fracture mechanical properties of the non-reinforced cementitious matrices, the model can be extended for predicting the strain capacity (multiple cracking) of SHCC under different strain rates. / Die hochduktilen Betone (Engl.: Strain-Hardening Cement-based Composites – SHCC) bilden eine besondere Klasse von Faserbetonen, die eine multiple Rissbildung unter zunehmenden Zugspannungen aufweisen, was zu einer sehr hohen Bruchdehnung führt. Das dehnungsverfestigende, hochduktile Zugverhalten der SHCC wird durch eine gezielte Materialentwicklung erreicht, die die mechanischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der zementgebundenen Matrizen, der Kurzfasern und deren Zusammenwirkung berücksichtigt. Das außergewöhnliche Energieabsorptionsvermögen der SHCC durch plastische Verformungen vor dem Erreichen der Zugfestigkeit qualifiziert diese Verbundwerkstoffe für die Herstellung oder Verstärkung von Bauteilen, die Impaktbeanspruchungen ausgesetzt sein könnten. Jedoch weisen SHCC sowohl bezüglich deren Zugfestigkeit als auch deren Dehnungskapazität ein ausgeprägtes dehnratenabhängiges Verhalten auf. Unter zunehmenden Dehnraten führen die unterschiedlichen Dehnratensensitivitäten der gestaltenden Phasen von SHCC (Matrix, Faser und deren Verbund) zur Beeinträchtigung des mikromechanischen Gleichgewichts, welches für die Dehnungsverfestigung und multiple Rissbildung erforderlich ist. Eine hohe Energiedissipation unter Impaktbeanspruchungen kann deshalb nur durch eine gezielte Materialentwicklung der SHCC hinsichtlich deren Verhaltens unter hohen Dehnraten gewährleistet werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst eine Reihe von experimentellen Untersuchungen mit verschiedenen Dehnraten und an unterschiedlichen Betrachtungsebenen, mit dem Ziel eine qualitative und quantitative Basis für Empfehlungen zur Materialentwicklung von Impakt-resistenten SHCC zu schaffen. Drei verschiedene SHCC-Zusammensetzungen wurden untersucht. Die Referenz-Zusammensetzung aus einer normalfesten zementgebundenen Matrix und Polyvinyl-Alkohol-Kurzfasern wurde mit zwei unterschiedlichen SHCC verglichen (hochfest und normalfest), die mit Kurzfasern aus hochdichtem Polyethylen bewehrt wurden. Einaxiale Zugversuche wurden an SHCC-Proben und unbewehrten Matrix-Proben mit verschiedenen Prüfvorrichtungen bei Dehnraten von 10-4 bis 150 s-1 durchgeführt. Zusätzlich zu den gemessenen mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden die Rissbildung und die Bruchflächen detailliert untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden mikromechanische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um die Dehnratensensitivität der einzelnen Phasen, d.h. Matrix, Faser und deren Verbund zu beschreiben. Die aus den mikromechanischen Untersuchungen erzielten Ergebnisse wurden als Eingangswerte in einem analytischen Einzelriss-Modell verwendet. Das entwickelte Modell verbindet die mikromechanischen Parameter und deren Dehnratenabhängigkeit mit dem Rissöffnungsverhalten von SHCC bei zunehmenden Verschiebungsraten. Das macht es vorteilhaft für Materialentwicklungszwecke. Das Modell kann für die Vorhersage der Dehnungskapazität von SHCC bei diversen Dehnraten weiterentwickelt werden, wenn eine umfassende experimentelle Basis für die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften der Matrizen vorliegt.

La défaillance des matériaux et structures d'ingénierie peut être considéré comme le résultat d'une interaction complexe entre différents phénomènes physiques tels que la nucléation des cavités, les microfissures, les microvides et d'autres processus irréversibles. Ces micro-défauts se fondent éventuellement en une ou plusieurs macro-fissures conduisant à une diminution de la capacité portante et finalement à une défaillance de la structure considérée. La prévention des défaillances des structures et des composants structurels a toujours été un sujet important et une préoccupation majeure en ingénierie. Cette thèse vise à représenter une défaillance localisée dans des matériaux non linéaires sans dépendance de maillage. Un intérêt particulier sera le cas de l’adoucissement dynamique des déformations. Les phénomènes localisés sont pris en compte en utilisant l'approche des discontinuités embarquées fortes dans laquelle le champ de déplacement est amélioré pour capturer la discontinuité. Sur la base de cette approche, on a d'abord développé un modèle unidimensionnel de barres élasto-plastique capable de représenter une défaillance pour des matériaux ductiles avec un durcissement combiné dans une zone de processus de fracture FPZ et un adoucissement avec des discontinuités fortes encastrées. Les résultats comparant le modèle unidimensionnel proposé aux travaux (semi-) analytiques sont présentés. Il a été démontré que la stratégie proposée offre des solutions indépendantes de maillage. La déformation augmente dans le domaine de l’adoucissement avec une diminution simultanée de la contrainte. Le problème se décharge élastiquement à l'extérieur de la zone d’adoucissement de déformation. L'énergie dissipée se trouve à disparaître. Le modèle a également été comparé à un modèle de dommage unidimensionnel capable de représenter la fracture dynamique de la barre d'endommagementélasto-endommagée dans la zone de traitement de fracture - FPZ et de adoucissement avec de discontinuités fortes encastrées pour trouver un bon accord entre deux modèles. Un modèle d'éléments finis bidimensionnel a été développé, capable de décrire à la fois le mécanisme de dommage diffus accompagné d'un durcissement initial et d'une réponse d’adoucissement ultérieure de la structure. On a analysé les résultats de plusieurs simulations numériques effectuées sur des essais mécaniques classiques sous des charges progressivement croissantes telles que le test Brésilien ou le test de flexion en trois points. Le cadre de dynamique proposé est montré pour augmenter la robustesse de calcul. On a constaté que la direction finale des macro-fissures est assez bien prédite et que l'influence des effets d'inertie sur les solutions obtenues est assez modeste notamment en comparaison entre différentes mailles. Ce modèle bidimensionnel a été étendu plus loin dans le modèle bidimensionnel de discontinuité intégrée en viscodamage pour aider à explorer brièvement la mise en œuvre du schéma de point intermédiaire de second ordre qui peut fournir des résultats améliorés sous limitation de la régularisation visqueuse du modèle de dégâts localisés. / Failure of engineering materials and structures can be considered as a result of a complex interplay between different physical phenomena such as nucleation of cavities, microcracks,microvoids and other irreversible processes. These micro-defects eventually coalesce into one or more macro-cracks leading to a decrease in the load-bearing capability and finally, to failure of the structure under consideration. Prevention of failure of structures and structural parts has always been a critical subject and a major concern in engineering. This thesis aims to represent localized failure in non linear materials without mesh dependency. Of special interest will be the case of dynamic strain-softening. Localized phenomena are taken into account by using the embedded strong discontinuities approach in which the displacement field is enhanced to capture the discontinuity. Based upon this approach, a one-dimensional model for elasto-plastic bar capable of representing failure for ductile materials with combined hardening in FPZ-fracture process zone and softening with embedded strong discontinuities was first developed. Results comparing the proposed one-dimensional model to (semi-) analytical works are presented. It was shown that the proposed strategy provides mesh independent solutions. Strain increases in the softening domain with a simultaneous decrease of stress. The problem unloads elastically outside the strain softening region. The strain energy is found to vanish. The model was also compared with a one dimensional damage model capable of representing the dynamic fracture for elasto-damage bar with combined hardening in fracture process zone - FPZ and softening with strong embedded discontinuities to find a good agreement between two models. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed, capable of describing both the diffuse damage mechanism accompanied by initial strain hardening and subsequent softening response of the structure. The results of several numerical simulations, performed on classical mechanical tests under slowly increasing loads such as Brazilian test or three-point bending test were analyzed. The proposed dynamics framework is shown to increase computational robustness. It was found that the final direction of macro-cracks is predicted quite well and that influence of inertia effects on the obtained solutions is fairly modest especially in comparison among different meshes. This two-dimensional model was expanded further into the two dimensional continuum viscodamage-embedded discontinuity model to help briefly explore the implementation of the second order mid-point scheme that can provide improved results under limitation of viscous regularization of localized failure damage model.

Abstract The effects of restoration and certain elements, nitrogen, sulphur, calcium and Misch metal, on the hot ductility of austenitic, high-alloyed austenitic and duplex stainless steels have been investigated by means of hot rolling, hot tensile, hot bending and stress relaxation tests. The results of these different testing methods indicated that hot rolling experiments using stepped specimens is the most effective way to investigate the relationship between the softening and cracking phenomena under hot rolling conditions. For as-cast, high-alloyed and duplex stainless steels with a low impurity level, the cracking tendency was observed to increase with increasing pass strain and temperature, being minimal for the small strain of 0.1. No cracking occurred in these steels when rolled in the wrought condition. It could be concluded that the cracking problems are only exhibited by the cast structure with the hot ductility of even partially recrystallised steel being perfectly adequate. However, the recrystallisation kinetics of the high-alloyed austenitic stainless steels, determined by stress relaxation and double-pass rolling tests, were found to be so slow that only partial softening can be expected to occur between roughing passes under normal rolling conditions. In the duplex steel, the restoration is fairly fast so that complete softening can occur within typical interpass times in hot rolling, while certain changes in the phase structure take place as well. Sulphur was found to be an extremely harmful element in duplex stainless steel with regard to their hot ductility so that severe cracking can take place with sulphur content above 30 ppm. However, the effect of sulphur can be eliminated by reducing its content and by calcium or Misch metal treatments that significantly increase the number and decrease the average size of the inclusions. It seems that the desulphurisation capacity of an element is the most important property for assessing its usefulness in reducing the detrimental influence of sulphur. The hot ductility of type 316L stainless steel determined by tensile tests was found to be better for nitrogen content of 0.05 wt-% than 0.02%, while in double-hit tensile tests the hot ductility values were identical. The mechanism whereby nitrogen affects hot ductility remains unclear but a retarding effect on static recrystallisation was observed.