This diploma thesis focuses on the perception of parents by their adolescent children. Since the topic is very wide the thesis considers only selected specifics. The theoretical part is divided into three chapters. First part describes parenthood especially in the time with adolescent child and the next topic is adolescence, its history and main characteristics and the change of personality of adolescent. The next part is devoted to describing the social context which influences the adolescent child and forms their perception of parent. The examples of variability of this relationship are presented in the last part. The research target was to find how Czech adolescents perceive their parents. A questionnaire was used as a means to reach this aim. Gained data were sorted and the outcome is presented in the thesis.

Peut-on considérer qu'un groupe de jeunes enfants entre 5 et 11 mois interagissant entre eux, peut constituer un contexte d'acquisition particulier avec des bénéfices spécifiques sur un accès au langage et à la communication ? D'abord nous devons déterminer s'il existe une dynamique entre très jeunes pairs d'âge et ensuite examiner quelle serait sa qualité. Prenant comme cadre de référence les interactions entre mère et enfant déjà caractérisées dans la littérature scientifique, l'observation et l'analyse d'un corpus transversal et longitudinal recueilli en milieu de crèche francophone à Paris en 2006 montrent comment certains enfants interagissent entre eux. Afin d'organiser les données, cette dynamique a été classifiée en trois procédés proto-communicatifs : l'attention conjointe, les interactions et les proto-actes du langage, qui ont été chacun, articulés par types. L'analyse qualitative de ces données met en évidence des caractéristiques équivalentes et plus performantes que celles des procédés proto-communicatifs décrits entre mère et enfant. L'observation de l'interaction entre très jeunes pairs d'âge peut constituer un nouveau support de données utiles pour comprendre l'accès au langage et à la communication chez l'enfant. / Can a group of very young infants, between 5 and 11 months of age, interacting together provide an acquisition context with specific benefits of access to language and communication ? First we must determine if a communicative dynamic between very young peers exists and then examine its relevant qualities. Taking as a framework the already theorized interactions between mother and infant, the analysis of transversal and longitudinal data collected from a French nursery in Paris in 2006 shows some babies interacting with each other. In order to organize the data, this dynamic has been classified into three proto-communicative processes; joint attention, interactions and proto-speech acts. Qualitative analysis of peers interactions data shows equivalent and more advanced capacities than those of proto-communicative processes described between mother and infants. These results demonstrate that interactions between very young aged peers may provide a new panel data to understand the access to language and communication in children.

本研究的目的在了解目前青少年學生從事哪些休閒活動，以及從事休閒活動中產生哪些問題，而這些問題如何導致青少年犯罪？ 本研究係採用研究者自編的六個量表為研究工具.分別是休閒活動量表，交友狀況量表，青少年文化量表，情境機會量表，親子關係量表，犯罪行為量表。本研究的抽樣方法係依臺北都會區 地區 行政區 學校大小 年級等標準進行多階段群集抽樣方法。共選定十二個學校，計回有效樣本數ll40個． 研究結果如下: 一 青少年從事的休閒活動以視聽欣賞活動為最多，其次依序是球類技能，閒意，興趣，娛樂夜遊活動． (一) 青少年從事休閒活動的類型會因性別、年級、居住地區、課餘時間的工作、金錢、家庭等因素而有差異。 (二) 青少年從事娛樂夜遊活動和犯罪行為有相關。 二 根據研究結果，從事休閒活動和犯罪行為並沒有直接的開係，而是透遇一些從事休閒活動中的相關變數，對犯罪行為的發生，才有貢獻。 1.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，結交偏差朋友數愈多，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈大。 2.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，同儕結合度愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈大。 3.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，青少年文化傾向愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈高。 4.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，情境機會的促動程度愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈高。 5.青少年從事不同類型的休閒活動，親子關係的品質愈佳，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈低。 本研究發現「偏差朋友數」、「同儕結合度」、「情境機會促動」和犯罪行為的發生有關，亦即偏差朋友數愈多、同儕結合程度愈高、情境機會促動程度愈高，犯罪行為發生的可能性愈高。惟「親子關係」和犯罪行為呈負相關，即親子關係愈好，其犯罪行為發生的可能性愈低。 本研究有幾項建設: 一、對於青少年學生本身從事休閒活動的建議：慎選休閒活動性質 二、對於青少年家長的建議：加強親子關係 三、對於青少年福利政策的建教：給予更多的休閒活動空間 四、對於提供青少年休閒福利者的建教：政府也可給一些補助及福利。 五、對於教育單位協助安排青少年休閒活動的建議：兼具活動安排及指導陪伴的角色。 六、對未來研究的建議：進一步研究青少年從事休閒活動發生犯罪的媒介。

Ce projet de mémoire vise à examiner dans quelle mesure la participation aux activités parascolaires modère le lien entre l'affiliation aux pairs déviants et le désengagement comportemental différentiel des adolescents et des adolescentes entre la première et la deuxième secondaire. L'échantillon initial est composé de 448 élèves de première secondaire fréquentant deux écoles de la région de Montréal. Au cours de deux années consécutives, le niveau de désengagement comportemental, la participation aux activités parascolaires et le nombre d'amis déviants ont été évalués à partir de mesures auto-révélées par l'élève. Les résultats démontrent qu'au-delà du niveau de scolarité de la mère et du niveau de déviance du jeune, l'affiliation à des pairs déviants est positivement associée au désengagement comportemental de l'adolescent. Par ailleurs, la participation aux activités parascolaires semble être un facteur aggravant pour le désengagement comportemental du jeune. De plus, nos résultats révèlent que l'effet de la participation aux activités parascolaires n’est pas le même pour les garçons et pour les filles. En discussion, plusieurs pistes de réflexion sont soulevées pour expliquer ces résultats surprenants. Les implications pour la recherche et l’intervention sont également présentées. / This study aims to examine the moderating role of extracurricular activities on the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and boys’ and girls’ disengagement between the first and second years of secondary school. The sample was composed of 448 students from two secondary schools in Montreal. During two successive years, the level of behavioral disengagement, extracurricular activities participation, and number of deviant peers were evaluated with self-reported measures. Results show that, beyond the mother’s educational level and youth deviancy, affiliation with deviant peers is positively associated with adolescent behavioral disengagement. Moreover, extracurricular activities participation is positively but marginally associated with student disengagement. Finally, results suggest that the effect of extracurricular activities participation varies between boys and girls. The discussion highlights the different implications of these results for research and intervention.

Le but de cette étude est d’examiner les liens prédictifs entre les comportements d’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, ainsi que le rôle potentiellement modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par le groupe de pairs. Spécifiquement, les liens suivants seront examinés : 1) le lien principal positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, 2) l’effet modérateur (i.e., protecteur) des normes prosociales au sein du groupe-classe sur le lien entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance et 3) l’effet modérateur de second niveau du rejet par les pairs eu égard à l’effet modérateur de premier niveau des normes prosociales du groupe-classe. Deux modèles théoriques seront utilisés afin d’appuyer le choix des hypothèses et offrir un cadre conceptuel en vue de l’interprétation des résultats: Le modèle du groupe de référence et le modèle de la similarité personne-groupe. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon composé de 327 enfants ayant été évalués à 6 reprises, de l’âge de 10 ans (4e année primaire) à 15 ans (3e secondaire). La délinquance fut mesurée à l’aide de données auto-rapportées par les participants. Les normes prosociales du groupe-classe furent basées sur les évaluations moyennes faites par les enseignants des comportements prosociaux des élèves de leur classe. Le rejet par les pairs fut mesuré à l’aide d’évaluations sociométriques au sein des groupes-classes. Des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont été utilisés. Les résultats montrent un lien positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence. Malgré l’obtention d’un coefficient d’interaction marginal, les résultats indiquent que les normes prosociales modèrent, mais à la hausse, le lien entre l’agressivité et la délinquance. L’effet modérateur du rejet par les pairs n’apparaît pas comme étant significatif. Ces résultats seront discutés afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’agressivité et les éléments du contexte social dans lequel l’enfant évolue, ainsi que leur implication au niveau de la prévention des problèmes d’agressivité et de la délinquance en milieu scolaire. / The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive relationships between the behavior of proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, and possibly the effect of moderating standards prosocial class group and the rejection by the peer group. Specifically, linkages will be examined: 1) the main positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, 2) the moderating effect (ie, guard) first-level standards in prosocial class group on the link between proactive aggression and delinquency and 3) the moderating effect of the second level of peer rejection, given the dampening effect of the first level of prosocial norms of their class group. Two theoretical models are used to support the choice of assumptions and provide a framework in interpreting the results: The model group and model group similarity person. The data come from a sample of 327 children were assessed at six times the age of 10 years (ie, grade 4) and 15 (third year of secondary). Delinquency was measured using self-reported data by participants. Standards prosocial class group are based on average ratings made by teachers of prosocial behavior in their class. The rejection by peers was measured using sociometric assessments in group classes. The hierarchical linear regression models were used. The results show a positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency. Despite obtaining a marginal interaction coefficient, the results indicate that moderate pro-social norms, but increasing, the link between aggression and delinquency. The moderating effect of peer rejection is not as significant. These results will be discussed to better understand the link between aggression and elements of social context in which the child grows, and their involvement in the prevention of problems with aggression and delinquency in schools.

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Presented dissertation thesis deals with mentally disabled adolescents who are partially grown up in children's homes and in children's homes with school. The discussed topic is interdisciplinary and multi-layered. The aim of this thesis is to find out, describe and analyze what fulfils everyday life of adolescents with a mental disability and a marginal condition. The thesis also describes what these adolescents experience, what they encounter with, what they imagine in regards with their own future in the context of their life in children's homes. Multidisciplinary focus of the theoretical part of the thesis approaches adolescence as an evolutionary period in one's life and is based on work of Czech and foreign authors of evolutionary and social psychology. Adolescence is also considered as a period of potential risk connected with behavioural disorders which can cause child's placement in institutional education. The meaning of education is approached not only from the philosophical but also from the theoretical point of view. The thesis also covers the question of current possibilities of adolescents to complete their apprenticeship in a certain field of study. Besides other things, the text analyzes the concept of mental disability, shows the change in its definition, and presents sociological...

Quality of life and health from the perspective of secondary school pupils Bc. Michal Parkán Abstract This work is focused on the system of values of adolescents. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts and terminology related to the topic of this work: education and educational process, most influential factors in the upbringing of children and adolescents regarding their health: family and school. Expressions like quality of life and health and healthy lifestyle are also described as well as the system of values of adolescents. The practical part is realized through the research of students' relationship to health, which reveals their habits in terms of healthy lifestyle and value system in a sample of secondary school students. The questionnaire includes 13 questions focused on the research problems related to the topic of this work. The conclusion summarizes the most important findings of the research. Key words determinants of health, value system, quality of health, educational process, health, healthy lifestyle

TITLE: Specification of the care for climate at the 3th grade of the primary school SUMMARY: The objective of this diploma work was to research whether alternating of three and more teachers might have a negative impact on the classroom climate. The theoretical part provides a definition of personality characteristics of pupils in the third grade of primary school with respect to the management of classroom climate. I analyse the factors influencing the classroom climate such as family influence, pupils' groups and particularly personalities of teachers, their management and organisationof teaching, further their communication style, evaluation and cooperation among teachers. The practical part focuses on the research of the classroom climate using the method My Class Inventory (MCI). Another applied method is interviewing class teachers. The practical part is completed with a questionnaire filled out by pupils. The results of the research confirmed the change of the classroom climate in the third grade where three and more teachers alternate. These changes are manifested especially by more frictions and higher competitiveness. KEY WORDS: classroom climate, teacher's personality, pupil's social development in the third grade, group of peers, socialization, class rules, cooperation among teachers

Inledning: I Länsstyrelsen Blekinges projekt TBU, som står för tobaksfria barn och unga i Blekinge, har ambassadörer från gymnasiet använts för att nå ut med information om tobak till ungdomar i högstadiet. Arbetet med ambassadörer relaterar till metoden peer education som innebär att jämlikar utbildar jämlikar. Att använda jämlikar som är lik målgruppen i exempelvis ålder eller erfarenheter innebär en annan inlärningssituation än den som sker mellan till exempel lärare och elev. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ambassadörernas arbete med peer education som tobaksprevention samt hur ambassadörer kunde påverkas av arbetet som peer educators. Metod: Metoden som använts i studien är intervjuer med ambassadörer samt en fokusgruppsintervju med TBU:s projektgrupp. Det insamlade empiriska materialet analyserades genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visar att ambassadörerna hade, eller utvecklade, ett intresse för sitt arbete och en förmåga att kommunicera med sin målgrupp, vilket de även nämnde som viktiga delar i rollen som ambassadör. Ambassadörerna hade också påverkats av sitt arbete, bland annat i form av stärkta kommunikationsförmågor och ökad kunskap, vilket även ansågs bero till största del på att ambassadörerna fick genomgå en utbildning innehållande olika delar och perspektiv. Konklusion: Det viktigaste i ambassadörernas arbete för att förebygga tobaksbruket hos högstadieelever var den utbildning som ambassadörerna fick under den första veckan av sitt arbete. Vi föreslår därför att TBU utvecklar ett konkret underlag för utbildningen med tydliga metoder och mål som tar hänsyn till att utveckla ambassadörernas intresse för ämnet och kommunikationsförmågor. Fortsatta studier kan förslagsvis undersöka hur högstadieeleverna upplevde relationen mellan ambassadörerna och dem. / Introduction: In the project known as TBU, tobacco free adolescents in Blekinge, ambassadors in the ages 16-19 have been used for spreading information about tobacco to adolescents in the ages 13-15. This approach is related to the method peer education. The use of peers who are close in age or have similar experiences represents another way of learning than the more common situation between a teacher and a student. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine how ambassadors use peer education as tobacco prevention and how the ambassadors could be affected by their work as peer educators. Method: The methods used in this study were interviews with the ambassadors and a focus group interview with the project group of TBU. The material was analysed with a content analysis. Results: The results show that the ambassadors had, or had developed, an interest for their work and an ability to communicate with their target group, which they also stated as important parts of the role as an ambassador. The ambassadors had also been affected by their work. Their communication skills had been improved and they had had an increase in knowledge, which was thought to be a result of their education containing different parts and perspectives. Conclusion: The most important in the work of the ambassadors to prevent the use of tobacco in adolescents was the education the ambassadors had the first week of their work period. Therefore, we suggest that TBU develops a concrete material for the education with well- defined methods and targets which would aim to develop the ambassadors interest for the subject and their communication skills. Further studies could examine the relationship between students and ambassadors from the student's perspective.