Informal markets for fashion are a growing phenomenon around the world and more specifically in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In different cities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there are tents housing vendors who sell second-hand clothes. These markets are becoming the millennials' shopping hubs as millennials are on a quest for uniqueness, fashion trends and value for money. Limited research regarding the shopping patterns and purchase decisions of Congolese millennials and even less regarding the informal clothing market in the Democratic Republic of Congo is available. This research is aimed at investigating factors influencing millennials in the purchase of second-hand clothes in the informal markets in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The theoretical framework was guided by the theory of planned behaviour from which the researcher constructed an adapted model. The purchase of secondhand clothes is the behaviour that is preceded and influenced by the consumer's intention to purchase. In turn, the intention to buy clothing from informal markets is influenced by various factors. Five factors were added to the model, namely quality, clothing interest, peers' opinions, price consciousness and the need for uniqueness. The model was investigated through a qualitative case study analysis. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews and the thematic analysis was conducted and interpreted manually. The target population argued that second-hand clothes are unique, durable and affordable. These clothes allow them to shop the fashion trends they see on social media from around the world. Thus, it is important to have a valuable understanding of the factors influencing Congolese millennials to buy second-hand clothes. Retailers and marketers in the fashion industry of the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly those in the informal clothing market, can consider the consumer insights acquired in this research and apply them to increase their advantage in the market place.

Introduktion: Sexuella övergrepp är ett omfattande folkhälsoproblem som för med sig stora samhällsekonomiska kostnader samtidigt som det får en rad allvarliga psykosociala hälsoproblem för offren. I Sverige är den mest utsatta gruppen unga tjejer och majoriteten av sexuella övergrepp bland unga begås av jämnåriga förövare. Trots det saknas forskning kring sexuella övergrepp bland unga jämnåriga. Studien syftar därför till att studera förekomst, bakgrundsfaktorer och hälsoaspekter av utsatthet för sexuella övergrepp av en jämnårig och undersöka om det förekommer könsskillnader gällande olika hälsoaspekter.   Metod: Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie som baseras på datamaterial som samlades in till den nationella kartläggningen ”våld mot barn 2016”, med ett deltagarantal på 4741 elever (ca 15-17 år).  Studien presenterar beskrivande statistik som prevalenser och korsanalyser (Chi-2-test). Binära logistiska regressioner har gjorts för att analysera om utsatthet för sexuella övergrepp av jämnårig är relaterat till specifika bakgrundsfaktorer samt olika hälsoaspekter. Till sist justerades bakgrundsfaktorer och hälsoaspekter genom multivariata logistiska regressionsanalyser för att kontrollera för kön, boendesituation, funktionsnedsättning, föräldrarelaterade faktorer, födelseland och familjeekonomi. Resultat: Nästan var tredje flicka och knappt var tionde pojke har utsatts för sexuella övergrepp av en jämnårig. De bakgrundsfaktorer som är starkt relaterade till sexuella övergrepp av jämnårig är att vara flicka, ha en funktionsnedsättning, ha en förälder med egna problem och att inte bo med båda sina föräldrar. Var femte elev som hade utsatts för sexuella övergrepp av en jämnårig var samtidigt multiutsatt. De som utsatts för sexuella övergrepp av jämnåriga hade sämre utfall i alla hälsoaspekter än de som inte utsatts för det och alla hälsoaspekter var vanligare hos flickor jämfört med pojkar. Slutsats: Majoriteten av alla typer av sexuella övergrepp begås av en jämnårig samtidigt som sexuella övergrepp av jämnårig sågs ha oberoende effekt på mental hälsa. En femtedel av de som utsatts för sexuella övergrepp av jämnårig är dock multiutsatta och behöver uppmärksammas mer då tidigare forskning visat att den här gruppen är extra sårbar och drabbas av psykisk ohälsa i större utsträckning än de som inte är multiutsatta. Den här studien har bidragit med kunskap om en grupp som tidigare inte har studerats enskilt och den här nya kunskapen kan komma till användning i det våldspreventiva arbetet på alla nivåer i samhället.

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Plusieurs jeunes ressentent de l’anxiété à l’école et cela a un effet négatif sur leur bien-être. À l’adolescence, les jeunes tendent à adopter les mêmes comportements que ceux de leurs pairs. Sachant qu’en moyenne les élèves passent 923 heures par année entourés de leurs collègues de classe, la présente étude 1) a évalué si une association existe entre le niveau d’anxiété d’état d’un élève et le niveau d’anxiété de trait des collègues de classe et 2) a examiné si cette association était différente pour les garçons et les filles ainsi que pour les élèves de niveau primaire (10-12 ans) et secondaire (15-17 ans). Pendant deux années scolaires consécutives, 1044 élèves canadiens (59% filles) de six écoles primaires et de sept écoles secondaires ont rempli un questionnaire mesurant l’anxiété d’état et l’anxiété de trait. Des analyses multiniveaux ont montré que l’anxiété d’état des filles était liée uniquement à l’anxiété de trait des autres filles de la classe (b= 0.40, p < .001). Cet effet était similaire pour les filles de l’école primaire et de l’école secondaire (b = 0.07, p = .27). En revanche, aucun effet n’a été obtenu chez les garçons, autant pour les pairs de même sexe (b = 0.11, p = .25) que ceux de sexe opposé (b = -0.01, p = 1.00). Ces résultats suggèrent que les filles et les garçons réagissent différemment à l’anxiété de leurs pairs. Des études futures devraient confirmer ces résultats et étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents à cette différence de sexe. / Many teens report experiencing anxiety in school, which can reduce their well-being. During adolescence, teens tend to adopt the same behaviors as their peers. Considering that adolescents spend on average 923 hours every year surrounded by their classmates, the current exploratory study (1) assessed if an association exists between a student’s state anxiety score and classmates’ average trait anxiety scores and (2) examined whether this association differed for boys and girls, as well as for elementary school and high school students. During two consecutive school years, 1044 Canadian students (59% girls) from six elementary schools (aged 10-12) and seven high schools (aged 15-17) completed a questionnaire assessing state and trait anxiety. Multilevel analyses revealed that a girl’s level of state anxiety was associated only with the trait anxiety of the girls in the same classroom (b = 0.40, p < .001). This effect was similar for elementary and high school girls (b = 0.07, p = .27). Interestingly, no association was found for boys, same-sex peers (b = 0.11, p = .25), or opposite-sex peers (b = -0.01, p = 1.00). Our results suggest that girls and boys react differently to the anxiety of their peers. Future studies should confirm these results and explore the mechanisms involved in this sex-specific difference.

The purpose of this integrated review of the literature was to explore the effects of social support on diabetes-related stress, conflict, and metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Social support was examined in four subgroups: adolescents with T1DM, family caregivers, peers, and teachers. Relevant findings in the literature revealed a significant deficiency of research devoted to adolescent males with diabetes as well as fathers as primary and secondary caregivers. Studies highlighted the importance of fostering autonomy and positive self-image in adolescents with T1DM and described effective interventions to improve diabetes-related stress, reduce disease-related conflict, and improve metabolic control. Findings suggested that nurses caring for adolescents with T1DM and their families should foster positive, open communication, while identifying barriers to problem solving, coping, stress, and optimal glycemic control. Interventions that educate caregivers and peers on how to better communicate and provide support are critical in fostering positive psychological and physiological outcomes in the adolescent with T1DM. The findings of this study may provide guidance in the way that nurses assess, identify, and counsel adolescents with TIDM regarding their disease management and access to support systems.

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Adolescence involves an increase in risky decisions, such as reckless driving and illicit substance use, but prosocial characteristics and peer affiliation have yet to be investigated as protective factors. The present study assessed altruistic tendencies, prosocial peer affiliation (PPA), and empathic concern as predictors and moderators of risk-taking, including both self-reported health risks and riskiness in a behavioral task. Young adults from ages 20 to 25 (M = 22.55, SD = 1.38) completed a battery of behavioral tasks (including the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and the Dictator Game) and questionnaires on Amazon MTurk, measuring risk-taking (drunk driving, texting while driving, binge drinking, illicit substance use, and tobacco use), altruistic tendencies, PPA, empathic concern, reward sensitivity, and self-regulation. Results indicated that drunk driving and texting while driving were negatively associated with all three prosocial characteristics, and binge drinking was related to PPA and empathic concern. Moderating effects included interactions between altruistic tendencies and reward sensitivity on drunk driving, altruistic tendencies and self-regulation on drunk driving, PPA and reward sensitivity on binge drinking, and empathic concern and self-regulation on binge drinking. Mediating effects, however, were not found. Overall, prosocial characteristics seemed to buffer against reward sensitivity and strengthen self-regulation in several models. The discussion centers on how prosocial individuals might be less prone to risk-taking, and how affiliating with positive peers can offset the effects of heightened reward sensitivity during this crucial developmental period.

There has been substantial scientific debate about the impact of alcohol marketing on consumption. Relying mainly on econometric studies, the alcohol industry has traditionally maintained that alcohol marketing does not influence consumption, but is merely limited to brand level effects. Public health advocates, on the other hand, point to consumer-level research that shows a relationship between exposure to marketing and alcohol consumption, especially amongst the young. Recent longitudinal research has firmly established a causal relationship between alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, giving the upper hand to the public health critics of alcohol marketing. The new consensus forged by these recent cohort studies has led to two separate, but related, debates. In the first instance, having answered the question of whether marketing influences drinking behaviour, there is a need to establish how and when such effects occur. Secondly, in the face of the mounting longitudinal evidence on the effects of marketing, representatives of the alcohol industry have sought to move the debate away from marketing by explicitly highlighting peer influence as a more significant causal factor in problematic youth alcohol consumption. This thesis tackles both of these new questions simultaneously by harnessing insights developed from social norms theory. An online survey (N = 1,071) was administered to undergraduates of the Dublin Institute of Technology in Ireland, and mediation relationships were tested with logistic and multiple linear regression methods as appropriate. Amongst other findings, the main contributions of this thesis are: (1) that marketing may play a key role in establishing perceived social norms around alcohol consumption, and that these perceived norms may act as an indirect pathway for the influence of marketing on behaviour and (2) that the association between alcohol marketing and consumption may increase as levels of engagement with marketing increase; this engagement appears to be at its most potent when marketing facilitates simultaneous interaction between the consumer, the brand and the consumer’s peers in an online social media environment. This thesis helps to move the field of alcohol marketing scholarship beyond questions of whether marketing influences alcohol consumption to how and when that influence occurs. By showing how peers may act as perpetuators and magnifiers of marketing influence it also undermines the argument that peers matter more than marketing, and suggests that peer norms can act as a powerful marketing tool.

Le but de cette étude est d’examiner les liens prédictifs entre les comportements d’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, ainsi que le rôle potentiellement modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par le groupe de pairs. Spécifiquement, les liens suivants seront examinés : 1) le lien principal positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, 2) l’effet modérateur (i.e., protecteur) des normes prosociales au sein du groupe-classe sur le lien entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance et 3) l’effet modérateur de second niveau du rejet par les pairs eu égard à l’effet modérateur de premier niveau des normes prosociales du groupe-classe. Deux modèles théoriques seront utilisés afin d’appuyer le choix des hypothèses et offrir un cadre conceptuel en vue de l’interprétation des résultats: Le modèle du groupe de référence et le modèle de la similarité personne-groupe. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon composé de 327 enfants ayant été évalués à 6 reprises, de l’âge de 10 ans (4e année primaire) à 15 ans (3e secondaire). La délinquance fut mesurée à l’aide de données auto-rapportées par les participants. Les normes prosociales du groupe-classe furent basées sur les évaluations moyennes faites par les enseignants des comportements prosociaux des élèves de leur classe. Le rejet par les pairs fut mesuré à l’aide d’évaluations sociométriques au sein des groupes-classes. Des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont été utilisés. Les résultats montrent un lien positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence. Malgré l’obtention d’un coefficient d’interaction marginal, les résultats indiquent que les normes prosociales modèrent, mais à la hausse, le lien entre l’agressivité et la délinquance. L’effet modérateur du rejet par les pairs n’apparaît pas comme étant significatif. Ces résultats seront discutés afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’agressivité et les éléments du contexte social dans lequel l’enfant évolue, ainsi que leur implication au niveau de la prévention des problèmes d’agressivité et de la délinquance en milieu scolaire. / The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive relationships between the behavior of proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, and possibly the effect of moderating standards prosocial class group and the rejection by the peer group. Specifically, linkages will be examined: 1) the main positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, 2) the moderating effect (ie, guard) first-level standards in prosocial class group on the link between proactive aggression and delinquency and 3) the moderating effect of the second level of peer rejection, given the dampening effect of the first level of prosocial norms of their class group. Two theoretical models are used to support the choice of assumptions and provide a framework in interpreting the results: The model group and model group similarity person. The data come from a sample of 327 children were assessed at six times the age of 10 years (ie, grade 4) and 15 (third year of secondary). Delinquency was measured using self-reported data by participants. Standards prosocial class group are based on average ratings made by teachers of prosocial behavior in their class. The rejection by peers was measured using sociometric assessments in group classes. The hierarchical linear regression models were used. The results show a positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency. Despite obtaining a marginal interaction coefficient, the results indicate that moderate pro-social norms, but increasing, the link between aggression and delinquency. The moderating effect of peer rejection is not as significant. These results will be discussed to better understand the link between aggression and elements of social context in which the child grows, and their involvement in the prevention of problems with aggression and delinquency in schools.

Ce projet de mémoire vise à examiner dans quelle mesure la participation aux activités parascolaires modère le lien entre l'affiliation aux pairs déviants et le désengagement comportemental différentiel des adolescents et des adolescentes entre la première et la deuxième secondaire. L'échantillon initial est composé de 448 élèves de première secondaire fréquentant deux écoles de la région de Montréal. Au cours de deux années consécutives, le niveau de désengagement comportemental, la participation aux activités parascolaires et le nombre d'amis déviants ont été évalués à partir de mesures auto-révélées par l'élève. Les résultats démontrent qu'au-delà du niveau de scolarité de la mère et du niveau de déviance du jeune, l'affiliation à des pairs déviants est positivement associée au désengagement comportemental de l'adolescent. Par ailleurs, la participation aux activités parascolaires semble être un facteur aggravant pour le désengagement comportemental du jeune. De plus, nos résultats révèlent que l'effet de la participation aux activités parascolaires n’est pas le même pour les garçons et pour les filles. En discussion, plusieurs pistes de réflexion sont soulevées pour expliquer ces résultats surprenants. Les implications pour la recherche et l’intervention sont également présentées. / This study aims to examine the moderating role of extracurricular activities on the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and boys’ and girls’ disengagement between the first and second years of secondary school. The sample was composed of 448 students from two secondary schools in Montreal. During two successive years, the level of behavioral disengagement, extracurricular activities participation, and number of deviant peers were evaluated with self-reported measures. Results show that, beyond the mother’s educational level and youth deviancy, affiliation with deviant peers is positively associated with adolescent behavioral disengagement. Moreover, extracurricular activities participation is positively but marginally associated with student disengagement. Finally, results suggest that the effect of extracurricular activities participation varies between boys and girls. The discussion highlights the different implications of these results for research and intervention.