This thesis proposes a fine-grained semantic classification of what is traditionally named agent nouns in French; it is thus a study of semantic derivation. Our classification was elaborated starting from 1573 agent nouns extracted from the dictionary Le Nouveau Petit Robert. The definitions of several agent nouns in Le Nouveau Petit Robert represent paraphrastic reformulations that are sufficiently close, which allows us to distribute these nouns into semantically more specific subclasses. We have identified 22 subclasses of agent nouns; these subclasses, along with the corresponding lexical units, were described by means of the formalism of lexical functions proposed by Meaning Text theory. We also elaborated definition templates for lexical units of each subclass as well as generalized government patterns (? subcategorization frames) for them. The interest of our work lies in the fact that the suggested classification allows for a more uniform and a more coherent global description of agent nouns. / Le présent travail porte sur une classification sémantique détaillée de ce qu’on appelle traditionnellement les noms d’agent [= S1] en français. Notre classification a été élaborée à partir de 1573 noms d’agent extraits du Nouveau Petit Robert. Les définitions de plusieurs noms d’agent dans le Nouveau Petit Robert représentent des reformulations paraphrastiques suffisamment proches, ce qui permet de repartir ces noms en sous-ensembles sémantiquement plus spécifiques. Nous avons identifié 22 sous-classes de noms d’agent ; ces classes et les lexies correspondantes ont été décrites au moyen du formalisme des fonctions lexicales proposé par la théorie linguistique Sens Texte. Nous avons également élaboré des définitions lexicographiques généralisées pour les lexies de chaque sous-classe, ainsi que leurs schémas de régime (? cadres de sous-catégorisations) généralisés. L’intérêt de notre travail réside dans le fait que la classification proposée mène vers une description globale plus uniforme et plus cohérente des noms d’agent.

Let G be a locally compact group, w be a continuous weight function on G, and L^1(G,w) be the corresponding Beurling algebra. In this thesis, we study weak amenability of L^1(G,w) and of its centre ZL^1(G,w) for non-commutative locally compact groups G. We first give examples to show that the condition that characterizes weak amenability of L^1(G,w) for commutative groups G is no longer sufficient for the non-commutative case. However, we prove that this condition remains necessary for all [IN] groups G. We also provide a necessary condition for weak amenability of L^1(G,w) of a different nature, which, among other things, allows us to obtain a number of significant results on weak amenability of l^1(F_2,w) and l^1((ax+b),w). We then study the relation between weak amenability of the algebra L^1(G,w) on a locally compact group G and the algebra L^1(G/H,^w) on the quotient group G/H of G over a closed normal subgroup H with an appropriate weight ^w induced from w. We give an example showing that L^1(G,w) may not be weakly amenable even if both L^1(G/H,^w) and L^1(H,w|_H) are weakly amenable. On the other hand, by means of constructing a generalized Bruhat function on G, we establish a sufficient condition under which weak amenability of L^1(G,w) implies that of L^1(G/H,^w). In particular, with this approach, we prove that weak amenability of the tensor product of L^1(G_1,w_1) and L^1(G_2,w_2) implies weak amenability of both Beurling algebras L^1(G_1,w_1) and L^1(G_2,w_2), provided the weights w_1, w_2 are bounded away from zero. However, given a general weight on the direct product G of G_1 and G_2, weak amenability of L^1(G,w) usually does not imply that of L^1(G_1,w|_{G_1}), even if both G_1, G_2 are commutative. We provide an example to illustrate this. While studying the centres ZL^1(G,w) of L^1(G,w), we characterize weak amenability of ZL^1(G,w) for connected [SIN] groups G, establish a necessary condition for weak amenability of ZL^1(G,w) in the case when G is an [FC] group, and give a sufficient condition for the case when G is an [FD] group. In particular, we obtain some positive results on weak amenability of ZL^1(G,w) for a compactly generated [FC] group G with a polynomial weight w. Finally, we briefly discuss the derivation problem for weighted group algebras and present a partial solution to it.

This essay is an attempt at examining the general logic of derivation, the organisational geno-practice of financial derivationówhat I have called: reiterative derivation. I will endeavour to reiterate, to repeat otherwise, to displace the derivative distinction which apart from providing the financial markets with ever new business opportunities, makes financial instruments like options and futures the potential turning point, the crisis, the utmost risk, the pure possibility, of any economic reality. Stated another way, reiterative derivation is the opening of economy, the economyís way out, its line of flight, its passibility, the invention of its future. A derivative is a financial strategy designed to handle price risks, value fluctuations in its underlying economy; it performs this task by acting simultaneously as either an instrument or a marketable commodity. Offering itself not only as a forceful appendage, a financial device, but as the possibility to deterritorialise displace unsecure uproot its underlying economic reality, the derivative displays an extremely creative approach to the economic world. What I would like to indicate in and through the present essay, then, is how financial derivation works. Not so much, perhaps, in the instrumental sense, but rather as a vehicle allowing one to create and travel into economic worlds, or, perhaps better, economic assemblages, economic ensembles so complex and complicated that they can no longer be understood as either this or that, either, for instance, real or imaginary, but should rather be interstood as imaginary economic realities, either or ... or ... or ... both and ... and ... and ... Abstract, as I use it here, should not be understood in its (perhaps) most common or ordinary sense, as a summary or epitome, as something that presents the point, comprises or concentrates the essence of my essay and thereby facilitates its comprehension. It should rather be interstood as, at one and the same time, a deviation, a diversion, an attempt to draw your attention away from the textual strategies employed (the word abstract derives from the Latin verb abstrahere, to draw away, withdraw); to ìguideî your reading, that is to say, to lure you into the textís own protocols of reading, sheltering thereby the text from being conceived too generously, a way of inviting you to invent your own reading, to write while reading, to proceed with a Deleuzean restrained step, to decide without choosing, to hold while letting go, to grasp while leaving be, to open yourself up to what is still to come, to not knowing what will happen before it happens, to the possibility of nothing happening, towards that which is (always) in the process of coming about, to adventure, the future, to the theme of this essay: the experience of financial derivation, the geno-practice of financial derivation, the economyís monstrous other, the economic futureóto, in short: reiterative derivation.

Concurrent programs are known to be complicated because synchronisation is required amongst the processes in order to ensure safety (nothing bad ever happens) and progress (something good eventually happens). Due to possible interference from other processes, a straightforward rearrangement of statements within a process can lead to dramatic changes in the behaviour of a program, even if the behaviour of the process executing in isolation is unaltered. Verifying concurrent programs using informal arguments are usually unconvincing, which makes formal methods a necessity. However, formal proofs can be challenging due to the complexity of concurrent programs. Furthermore, safety and progress properties are proved using fundamentally different techniques. Within the literature, safety has been given considerably more attention than progress. One method of formally verifying a concurrent program is to develop the program, then perform a post-hoc verification using one of the many available frameworks. However, this approach tends to be optimistic because the developed program seldom satisfies its requirements. When a proof becomes difficult, it can be unclear whether the proof technique or the program itself is at fault. Furthermore, following any modifications to program code, a verification may need to be repeated from the beginning. An alternative approach is to develop a program using a verify-while-develop paradigm. Here, one starts with a simple program together with the safety and progress requirements that need to be established. Each derivation step consists of a verification, followed by introduction of new program code motivated using the proofs themselves. Because a program is developed side-by-side with its proof, the completed program satisfies the original requirements. Our point of departure for this thesis is the Feijen and van Gasteren method for deriving concurrent programs, which uses the logic of Owicki and Gries. Although Feijen and van Gasteren derive several concurrent programs, because the Owicki-Gries logic does not include a logic of progress, their derivations only consider safety properties formally. Progress is considered post-hoc to the derivation using informal arguments. Furthermore, rules on how programs may be modified have not been presented, i.e., a program may be arbitrarily modified and hence unspecified behaviours may be introduced. In this thesis, we develop a framework for developing concurrent programs in the verify-while-develop paradigm. Our framework incorporates linear temporal logic, LTL, and hence both safety and progress properties may be given full consideration. We examine foundational aspects of progress by formalising minimal progress, weak fairness and strong fairness, which allow scheduler assumptions to be described. We formally define progress terms such as individual progress, individual deadlock, liveness, etc (which are properties of blocking programs) and wait-, lock-, and obstruction-freedom (which are properties of non-blocking programs). Then, we explore the inter-relationships between the various terms under the different fairness assumptions. Because LTL is known to be difficult to work with directly, we incorporate the logic of Owicki-Gries (for proving safety) and the leads-to relation from UNITY (for proving progress) within our framework. Following the nomenclature of Feijen and van Gasteren, our techniques are kept calculational, which aids derivation. We prove soundness of our framework by proving theorems that relate our techniques to the LTL definitions. Furthermore, we introduce several methods for proving progress using a well-founded relation, which keeps proofs of progress scalable. During program derivation, in order to ensure unspecified behaviour is not introduced, it is also important to verify a refinement, i.e., show that every behaviour of the final (more complex) program is a possible behaviour of the abstract representation. To facilitate this, we introduce the concept of an enforced property, which is a property that the program code does not satisfy, but is required of the final program. Enforced properties may be any LTL formula, and hence may represent both safety and progress requirements. We formalise stepwise refinement of programs with enforced properties, so that code is introduced in a manner that satisfies the enforced properties, yet refinement of the original program is guaranteed. We present derivations of several concurrent programs from the literature.

Embryonic haematopoiesis is a complex process under intensive research. Murine definitive Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) originates from the Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM) region of E10.5 embryo. It is thought that definitive HSCs arise from endothelial lining of dorsal aorta. However, detail of HSC specification in the developing embryo remains elusive. One way to deciphering events occurred during HSC specification is to derive cell lines from the developing HSC niche. Previous work by Oostendorp et al. showed the AGM and fetal liver derived lines could maintain HSCs in vitro (Oostendorp, Harvey et al. 2002). In this study, I established a more robust immortalization system using normal SV40 large T antigen delivered via Neon™ electroporation system. The new immortalization system achieved direct immortalization without going through crisis. And it is compatible with small number of primary cells dissected from different haematopoietic niches. With my new system, multiple cell lines from different haematopoietic sites at different developmental points are derived. Moreover, some of these lines demonstrated ability to mature precursors from E9.5 embryo (pro-HSCs) to definitive HSC without help of growth factors. This result is better compared to OP9 stromal lines. Such data proved usefulness of using stromal cell lines to study haematopoietic specification.

[pt] Os algoritmos para a localização de falta encontrados na literatura são baseados em equações algébricas obtidas da malha de falta [4], [16]. Para as faltas monofásicas, a resistência de arco, a resistência de pé de torre e a impedância de sequência zero da linha são incluídas. Essa última impedância, por ser composta de uma soma entre as impedâncias longitudinal e de retorno pela terra (multiplicada por três), pode comprometer a precisão desses algoritmos na indicação do local da falta, pois, a resistividade do solo sob a linha varia frequentemente. Dados reais [25] e de testes laboratoriais [50] têm comprovado isso. Apesar da variação dessa resistividade, nenhum dos algoritmos publicados na literatura questionou a utilização dessa impedância no processo de localização de falta. O objetivo deste trabalho é justamente propor um novo algoritmo capaz de localizar qualquer falta, sem se apoiar nos parâmetros de sequência zero da rede. A principal contribuição deste trabalho está na utilização somente dos circuitos de sequência positiva e/ou negativa para a localização de faltas em sistemas de potência. Por não utilizar qualquer parâmetro de sequência zero, o novo algoritmo aqui proposto é capaz de localizar falta, tanto em linha de transmissão com subestações em derivação ao longo de sua extensão quanto em linha sem essas subestações em derivação. Na primeira, a localização de falta não foi contemplada por qualquer algoritmos publicados na literatura, pois, esses tinham como objetivo, o atendimento somente às linhas sem subestações em derivação ao longo de sua extensão. Por isso, além do ineditismo na forma de localização, este novo algoritmo é aplicável à qualquer configuração de linha, o que representa uma contribuição adicional deste trabalho. Esse novo processo visa a localização de falta em sistemas elétricos, mesmo os fortemente malhados. Por isso, constitui o embrião de uma possível e provável nova filosofia de proteção para relés de distância. / [en] Present fault location algorithms are based on algebraic equations derived from the faulty network [4], [16]. Their common characteristic is to use zero-sequence description to apply Kichoff`s Laws. As a result, the are resistance, the tower footing resistance and the zero-sequence impedance of the line are included in the overall system of equations, describing the network. This last impedance, composed by the longitudinal and by the ground retum impedances scaled by three, frequently compromises the these algorithms accuracy. The reason is the underline ground resistance fluctuation with temperature, rain, etc. a very annoying fact, particularly in understudied remote tropical regions, a common situation in Brazil. In spite of the noticed ground-resistance variations, none of the algorithms published in specific literature has questioned the use of this impedance in the fault location producedures. The aim of this work is to propose a new algorithm capable to locate any fault, requiring no support of the network zero-sequence parameters and/or negative-sequence circuit network models. Avoiding the of zero-sequence parameters permits the new fault location algorithm to be applied not only to isolated transmission lines, but to a variety of network topologies, including transmission lines tapped by local distribution substations, a completely new result. The proposed algorithm not only is less sensitive to local physical conditions, but may be applied to complex transmission line configurations, which represents an additional contribution of this work. The new process includes fault location for transmission lines embeded in extremely meshed power networks it, therefore, constitutes the beginning of a new of distance relay protection philosophy.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to describe a problematic state of the components N-N/N-A. The introduction part describes how the conversion is elaborated in literature and how offen we can find it in contemporary italian language. Following terms, related to the conversion subject, are defined: transposition, zero derivation and juxtaposition. In addition, the paper focuses on relation between elements N-N and N-A significantly. Existing tests, based on which the researched elements are categorized into compounds N-N or syntagmas N-A, were evaluated and new tests for description of these elements were defined. Dictionary Zingarelli was used for the excerption of words, the function of which could be both noun and adjective. Characteristics of words obtained, the subordinate article function, were verified in italian corpora itWaC. In conclusion, complex overview of the phrase type N-N and N-A, the second element of which passed transcategorization phenomena, was given.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux phénomènes de changements de valence impliqués par la dérivation verbale en sereer, une langue atlantique du Sénégal. L’étude se base sur un corpus de données spontanées et élicitées recueillies sur le terrain. L’ouvrage est divisé en trois parties. La première partie s’intéresse à quelques points du système grammatical et notamment la morphologie flexionnelle verbale incluant les catégories d’aspect, de personne ou de focalisation, fortement grammaticalisée dans cette langue. La seconde partie fournit les informations nécessaires à l’étude des opérations de changement de valence. Il s’agit d’abord de dégager, parmi l’ensemble des suffixes dérivationnels verbaux, ceux qui modifient la valence, de ceux qui n’ont aucun effet sur la valence. Cette partie s’intéresse aussi à des questions théoriques et définit les notions de relations grammaticales, de valence ou de voix. En sereer, la moitié des 30 suffixes dérivationnels implique un changement de valence. Ces 15 morphèmes encodent 7 opérations (causatif, applicatif, possession, passif, moyen, réciproque et antipassif) décrites dans des chapitres spécifiques débutant par une introduction théorique et typologique. Les conséquences syntaxiques et sémantiques, ainsi que les motivations fonctionnelles et les emplois non-canoniques de ces opérations syntaxiques sont des points essentiels de chaque chapitre. L’analyse de ces opérations syntaxiques permet parfois de confirmer la littérature typologique. Le causatif en est un parfait exemple. Mais d’autres chapitres mettent en avant des phénomènes rares tels que le morphème de possession externe, ou le morphème d’antipassif particulièrement spécialisé. / This dissertation deals with the phenomenon of verbal derivation and valency changing in Sereer, an Atlantic language of Senegal. Analyses are based on spontaneous data and elicitations collected during fieldwork. The study is organized in three parts. The first part focuses on some points of Sereer grammar, like the complex verbal flexional morphology including aspect, person or focalization, which is strongly grammaticalized in this language. The second part provides the background required by the study of valency changing operations. Thus, it deals with the many derivational verbal suffixes of Sereer and distinguishes those which affect valency from those which do not affect valency. Moreover, this second part focuses on theoretical issues and provides definitions for the notions of grammatical relations, valency or voice. In Sereer, half of the 30 derivational suffixes imply a valency changing operation on the verb. These 15 morphemes encode 7 operations (causative, applicative, possession, passive, middle, reciprocal and antipassive) described in specific chapters beginning with a theoretical and typological frame. Syntactic and semantic consequences of verbal derivation but also functional motivations and non canonical structures constitute essential points of my description. In some cases, analysis of valency changing operations in Sereer confirms typological literature. This is the case of the causative for example. But some chapters focus on rare phenomena such as the external possession morpheme or the antipassive morpheme particularly specialized.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar a teoria da derivação do Estado. No início de 1970, na Alemanha Ocidental, um grupo de pensadores marxistas iniciou um debate a respeito da forma e da função do Estado para reprodução das relações sociais existentes no modo de produção capitalista. Na Alemanha, o denominado Staatsableitungsdebatte se desenvolveu durante uma década envolvendo pensadores como Rudolf Wolfgang Müller, Christel Neusüß, Elmar Altvater, Bernhard Blanke, Ulrich Jürgens, Joachim Hirsch, Freerk Huisken, Margaret Wirth, Claudia von Braunmühl, Heide Gerstenberger, Sybille von Flatow e Hans Kastendiek. A partir da segunda metade da década de 70, o state derivation debate se estendeu ao Reino Unido abrangendo pensadores como John Holloway, Sol Picciotto, Bob Jessop, Werner Bonefeld e Simon Clarke. Os participantes do debate da derivação procuravam criticar o pensamento conservador, socialdemocrata e keynesiano, bem como se opunham às ideias de Stálin, Nicos Poulantzas, Ralph Miliband, Jürgen Habermas, Claus Offe e à Teoria do Capitalismo Monopolista de Estado (Stamocap). Atualmente, os estudos daquele período têm merecido a atenção de pesquisas recentes na Europa elaboradas, por exemplo, por Ingo Elbe e John Kannakulan. A teoria da derivação do Estado refutava a concepção que reduzia o Estado a mero instrumento da classe dominante e procurou, ao mesmo tempo, elucidar, a partir do estudo das categorias econômicas existentes nas obras de Marx e Engels, a função estrutural do Estado para o modo de produção capitalista. Parte dos pensadores envolvidos no debate da derivação considerava fundamental o estudo da forma jurídica para se explicar o papel estruturante desempenhado pelo Estado no capitalismo. Esse aspecto conduziu os pensadores da derivação a dialogar com as ideias do jurista soviético Evgeni Pachukanis, cuja teoria se opunha ao pensamento stalinista e foi resgatada, com impacto significativo, na Europa na década de 60, e mais recentemente no Brasil por intermédio dos estudos de Márcio Bilharinho Naves e Alysson Leandro Mascaro. Por essas razões, esta tese destaca as ideias a respeito da derivação do Estado e do Direito também. / This thesis aims to analyze the state derivation theory. In early 1970, in West Germany, a group of Marxist thinkers started a debate about the form and function of the state to reproduce the existing social relations in the capitalist mode of production. In Germany, the so-called Staatsableitungsdebatte developed during a decade involving thinkers like Rudolf Wolfgang Müller, Christel Neusüß, Elmar Altvater, Bernhard Blanke, Ulrich Jürgens, Joachim Hirsch, Freerk Huisken, Margaret Wirth, Claudia von Braunmühl, Heide Gerstenberger, Sybille von Flatow and Hans Kastendiek. From the second half of the \'70s, the state derivation debate has spread to the UK including thinkers like John Holloway, Sol Picciotto, Bob Jessop, Werner Bonefeld and Simon Clarke. Participants in the discussion of the state derivation sought to criticize conservative thought, the Keynesianism and social democratic doctrine and refuted the ideas of Stalin, Nicos Poulantzas, Ralph Miliband, Jürgen Habermas, Claus Offe and the Theory of State Monopoly Capitalism (Stamocap). Currently, studies of this period have been the focus of recent research in Europe prepared, eg, by Ingo Elbe and John Kannakulan. The state derivation theory refuted the concept that reduced the state to a mere instrument of the ruling class and searched at the same time, elucidate, from the study of economic categories existing in the works of Marx and Engels, the structural function of the State to capitalist mode of production. Part of the thinkers involved in the discussion of the derivation considered fundamental the study of the legal form to explain the structural role played by the state in capitalism. This aspect lead the thinkers of derivation to dialogue with the ideas of Soviet jurist Evgeny Pachukanis, whose theory opposed the Stalinist thought and was rescued with significant impact in Europe in the 60s, and more recently in Brazil through the studies of Márcio Bilharinho Naves and Alysson Leandro Mascaro. For these reasons, this thesis emphasizes the ideas about the derivation of the state and law as well.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de entender os valores semânticos do sufixo ismo, num estudo diacrônico, trabalhando com dados etimológicos encontrados no Dicionário Houaiss e avaliando a formação de vocábulos nas diversas categorias. Para uma melhor compreensão do sufixo ismo, observou-se sua origem, bem como sua produtividade, na língua grega. Atentou-se para a sua transição do grego para o latim e para o processo de formação de palavras nesse idioma. Considerou-se a presença de vocábulos de origem grega, no latim, ora transliterados, ora formados no latim, mesmo sem encontrar nas gramáticas desse idioma o ismo classificado como sufixo. A passagem desse sufixo para a língua portuguesa é um fato constatado, porém o estudo do ismo não aparece nas primeiras gramáticas de língua portuguesa. Para isso, analisaram-se as gramáticas portuguesas, iniciando por Fernão de Oliveira e, assim, percebeuse que o primeiro gramático de língua portuguesa a estudar o sufixo ismo foi Julio Ribeiro. Uma vez que esta obra é produzida antes da data que marca o início do estruturalismo, verificaram-se as afirmações de Humboldt percebendo que, mesmo antes da obra de Ferdinand de Saussure, Curso de linguística geral, já havia pensamentos voltados para o estruturalismo, algo que influenciou Julio Ribeiro. Com base em um corpus de duas mil, trezentas e quarenta e três palavras (2.343), analisou-se a etimologia desses vocábulos, recorrendo aos dicionários de grego, latim, espanhol, inglês, italiano e francês, confrontando com as informações encontradas em Houaiss. Além disso, contrastou-se a datação das palavras formadas com o sufixo ismo, apresentadas em Houaiss, com o sítio na internet denominado Corpus do Português. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o sufixo ismo apresenta uma diversidade de valores semânticos adquiridos em sua trajetória diacrônica formando, assim, substantivo de substantivo, substantivo de adjetivo e substantivo de verbo. / The objective of this research is to understand, by means of a diachronic study, the semantic diversity of the suffix ism and to evaluate the formation of various types of words, working with the etymological information found in the Houaiss dictionary. In order to understand better the suffix ism, its origin and uses in Greek were observed. Attention was given to the transition from Greek to Latin and the process by which words in these languages were formed. The presence of Latin words of Greek origin, either transliterated or of Latin formation, were considered, even if the ism suffix was not found in the grammars of these languages. The transfer of the ism suffix to the Portuguese language is an established fact. However, the study of the suffix ism does not appear in the first Portuguese language grammars. For this reason, Portuguese grammars, starting with Fernão de Oliveira, were analyzed. It was shown that the first Portuguese grammar to study the suffix ism was that of Julio Ribeiro. Noting that this grammar was produced before the beginning date of structuralism, the affirmations of Humboldt were verified, showing that even before Ferdinand de Saussures work, Curso de lingüística geral, there were already structuralist ideas which influenced Julio Ribeiro. Using a group of two thousand, three hundred and forty-three (2,343) words, the etymology of each was analyzed, consulting dictionaries in Greek, Latin, Spanish, English, Italian and French, and comparing them with the information found in Houaiss. In addition, the date of the words formed with the suffix ism, presented in Houaiss, was contrasted with words found on the site O Corpus do Português. It was concluded that the suffix ism presents a semantic diversity acquired in its diachronic trajectory, forming nouns from nouns, nouns from adjectives and nouns from verbs.