[pt] A sustentabilidade é um tema cada vez mais debatido por cidadãos, assim como em ambientes acadêmicos, instituições governamentais e fóruns mundiais. O Design para Sustentabilidade, ainda que discutido há algumas décadas, não aparenta ser parte de requisitos no ensino em Design. Isto acontece, pois, a questão fica a cargo de apenas alguns professores; dependem do interesse dos alunos; ou até mesmo o ensino concentra-se somente nos aspectos ambientais. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa busca avaliar a inserção do ensino do Design para Sustentabilidade nos cursos de graduação em Design, no intuito de discutir possíveis melhorias na docência e aprendizado dos alunos. A dissertação inicia-se com um panorama geral das abordagens do Design para Sustentabilidade, que são debatidas atualmente em artigos, congressos e no próprio meio acadêmico. Com isso, pode-se observar que existe uma certa evolução na abrangência dos campos de atuação do design, passando do foco apenas em materiais para sistemas complexos integrados. Ainda, há uma observação do cenário atual do Design para Sustentabilidade nos cursos de graduação, com uma análise das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, ensino e prática do Design nas salas de aulas; e uma avaliação do contexto atual do Design para Sustentabilidade nas universidades, através da investigação das disciplinas que abordam o tema. Por fim, foram feitas entrevistas com professores e questionários com alunos, a fim de descobrir possíveis relações entre o ensino e aprendizado na visão dessas duas classes. Com isto, verificou-se que o ensino da sustentabilidade no Design depende de professores interessados em difundir o tema, juntamente com alunos dispostos a debatê-lo; que ainda há pouca discussão sobre o tema em algumas universidades; que somente a teoria não incentiva os alunos a utilizarem as abordagens nos ofícios. / [en] Sustainability is a topic that is increasingly debated among citizens, academic environments, government institutions and world forums. Design for Sustainability, although discussed a few decades ago, does not appear to be part of requirements in design education. This happens, because, the question is up to only a few teachers to discuss; depends on the student s interests; or even the teaching focuses only on environmental aspects. Thus, this research seeks to evaluate the insertion of Design for Sustainability in undergraduate courses in Design, in order to discuss possible improvements in teaching and student learning. The dissertation begins with an overview of Design for Sustainability approaches, which are currently discussed in articles, congresses and in the academic environments itself. With this, it can be seen that there is a certain evolution in the scope of Design fields, moving from the focus only on materials to complex integrated systems. Still, there is an observation of the current Design for Sustainability scenario in undergraduate courses of Design, with an analysis of the National Curriculum Guidelines, teaching and practice of design in classrooms; and an evaluation of the current context of Design for Sustainability in universities, through the investigation of the disciplines that address the topic. Finally, interviews were made with teachers and questionaires with students, in order to discover possible relationships between the teaching and learning in the view of these two classes. With this, it was found that the teaching of sustainability in Design depends on teachers interested in disseminating the theme, along with students willing to debate it; that there is still little discussion about the theme in some universities; that only theory does not encourage students to use the approaches in projects.

Given current legislation to ensure education for students with disabilities and that institutions of higher education are required to use universal design for learning (UDL) principles, the purpose of this study was to explore the impact of video modeling on preservice teachers' knowledge, understanding and application of the three principles of UDL. Preservice teachers were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups to determine if video embedded with UDL principles impacted their thinking. Specifically, pre and posttest information of knowledge and understanding as well as self-perceived ability to teach students with disabilities using UDL was analyzed. In addition preservice teacher created lesson plans were analyzed for application of UDL principles after viewing the video intervention. Quantitative analyses were conducted to compare pre and posttest scores of the control group (n = 41) and experimental group (n =45). The quantitative analyses of knowledge, understanding

Because many general education teachers feel unprepared to provide students with disabilities with appropriate instruction, changes to teacher education programs are needed (Burdette, 2007; Smith et al., 2010). Teacher education programs need to integrate content regarding instructional methods for teaching and accommodating students with disabilities in secondary, general education classrooms (Burdette, 2007; Smith et al., 2010). The results of the research should provide insight (1) to determine if integrating instruction on UDL into preservice SGE students' instructional methods courses will increase students' knowledge of UDL and (2) to determine if integrating instruction on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) will affect how secondary social studies (SS) students design lesson plans, particularly, content delivery and student assessment, in regards to the three principles of UDL. The research design was a quantitative, quasi-experimental design. The participants in the research study were students enrolled in four content specific SGE instructional methods courses: Social Studies (SS), Language Arts (LA), Mathematics (M) and Science (S). Research question one's data were analyzed both within content area, Wilcxon test for matched pairs, and between content areas, Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples. The results from research question one indicated a significant difference (p < .05). between pre and post UDL Knowledge test scores within the SGE SS participants. Within the other three SGE content areas, M, LA, and S, subjects' UDL Knowledge pre to posttest scores did not significantly change. When each content area's difference score for the UDL knowledge pre and posttest were calculated and compared between content areas, only the SS and S pairing demonstrated a statistically significant difference score (p < .05). Data from research question two indicated no statistically significant difference (p > .05) between pre and post intervention UDL lesson plan rubric scores. The study provides impetus for future research regarding effective delivery of UDL content in teacher preparation programs. The study also provides suggestions for future researchers who may be interested in designing a similar research study. Finally, the study provides teacher education leadership with questions regarding how the three principles of UDL planning, instruction, and assessment align with the current teacher and student educational evaluation practice of standardized assessments.

The number of elderly people moving into long-term care facilities is expected to increase as the population of people 65 and older continues to rise at a significantly high rate. Simultaneously, the number of people expected to be diagnosed with dementia will also increase unless a cure for this devastating disease is found. In the meantime, caregivers face many problems in providing healthy and humane treatments. One such problem that is a major concern for caregivers is controlling wandering behavior. This behavior often places patients in life threatening situations, and the current methods used by many facilities do not promote a high quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various tape patterns on the wandering behaviors of residents living in a special dementia care unit in Heritage Hall Nursing Home, Blacksburg, Virginia. Similar studies revealed that alternative methods using tape patterns could reduce exiting attempts at a fire exit door or could possibly increase these attempts. In order to address these inconsistencies, exiting attempts at a fire exit door were recorded during one baseline and two similar test conditions. It was found that exiting attempts was a serious problem in this unit as 40% of the residents attempted to exit the faci I ity during the study. The use of tape patterns reduced exiting attempts by 19.05% and 11.12%; however, this reduction was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the use of these tape patterns affected wandering behavior differently for each of the residents, suggesting that a multi-method approach for controlling exiting behavior may prove to be more successful when dealing with a heterogeneous sample and their multi-needs. / Master of Science

Unsafe exits from dementia care units present problems for residents and pose ethical dilemmas for caregivers. The purpose of this experimental research was to determine whether visual barriers reduced the exiting behavior of residents in a long-term care facility. A visual barrier was defined as one that appeared to be an obstruction, but that did not impede egress through the door. The study was conducted in a 30-bed dementia care unit and was limited to the emergency exit door where an alarm sounded each time the panic bar was touched. An “exit" was defined as a resident touching the panic bar and sounding the alarm. The sample consisted of 3 females and 6 males who attempted to exit the unit at least once during baseline condition. All residents were diagnosed with some form of dementia. The tests were conducted under three visual barriers and one baseline condition. Each condition was observed for seven days from 2:00 to 4:00 p.m. The schedule was as follows: Baseline Condition: No experimental manipulation was used. This observation provided a comparison for the three test conditions. Test Condition 1: Mini-blinds that covered the glazing of the door. Test Condition 2: Cloth panel that covered the panic bar of the door. Test Condition 3: Both the mini blind and the cloth panel. During baseline collection, 9 residents triggered the alarm for a total of 120 attempted exits. Test condition 1 decreased exiting to 73 attempts. During test condition 2, 5 attempted exits occurred, and 18 attempted exits occurred during test condition 3. Statistical analysis included Friedman’s Rank test for correlated samples and Wilcoxon Sign Rank tests for treatment versus control comparisons. Test conditions 2 and 3 significantly reduced attempted exits while test condition 1 was not statistically significant. In conclusion, visual barriers were a safe and effective method for deterring resident exiting for this particular nursing home. / Master of Science

Much of today's high performance computing engines and hand-held mobile devices are products of aggressive CMOS scaling. Technology scaling in semiconductor industry is mainly driven by corresponding improvements in optical lithography technology. Photolithography, the art used to create patterns on the wafer is at the heart of the semiconductor manufacturing process. Lately, improvements in optical technology have been difficult and slow. The transition to deep ultra-violet (DUV) light source (193nm) required changes in lens materials, mask blanks, light source and photoresist. It took more than ten years to develop a stable chemically amplified resist (CAR) for DUV. Consequently, as the industry moves towards manufacturing end-of-the-roadmap CMOS devices, lithography is still based on 193nm light source to print critical dimensions of 45nm, 32nm and likely 22nm. Sub-wavelength lithography creates a number of printability issues. The printed patterns are highly sensitive to topographic changes due to metal planarization, overlay errors, focus and dose variations, random particle defects to name a few. Design for Manufacturability methodologies came into being to help analyze and mitigate manufacturing impacts on the design. Although techniques such as Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET) which involve optical proximity correction (OPC), phase shift masking (PSM), off-axis illumination (OAI) have been used to greatly improve the printability and better the manufacturing process window, they cannot perfectly compensate for these lithographic deficiencies. DFM methods were primarily devised to predict and correct systematic patterning problems that arise during manufacturing. Apart from systematic errors, random manufacturing variations may occur during photolithography. This is where a statistical approach to modeling of error behavior and its impact on different design parameters may prove to be effective. By incorporating statistical analysis to parameter variation, an effective, non-conservative design can be obtained. IC manufacturing yield is the foremost measure that determines the profitability of a given semiconductor manufacturing process. Thus early prediction of yield detractors is an important step in the design process. Such predictions are based on models, which in turn are rooted in manufacturing process. Success of yield prediction is based on quality of models. The models must capture physical phenomena and yet be efficient for computation. In this work, we present a lithography-based yield model that is computationally practical for use in the design process. The work also provides a methodology to perform statistical lithography rules check to identify hot spots in the design that can contribute to yield loss. Yield recovery methods aimed at minimally modifying the design ultimately produce more printable masks. Apart from IC manufacturing yield, ICs today are vulnerable to various reliability failures including electromigration (EM), negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), hot carrier injection (HCI) and electro-static discharge (ESD). Though such reliability issues have been examined since the beginning of CMOS, manufacturability impacts have created a renewed interest in analyzing them. In this dissertation, we introduce the concept of Design for reliable manufacturability (DFRM) to consider the effect of linewidth changes, gate oxide thickness variations and other manufacturing artifacts. A novel Litho-aware EM calibration and analysis has bee shown in this work. Results indicate that there is a significant difference in EM estimation when litho-predicted layouts are considered during analysis. DFM has always looked at linewidth and material thickness variation as detractors to the design. However, such variations are inevitable. In this work we also consider modeling sensitivity to variations to improve test pattern quality. Test structures sprinkled all over the wafer encounter varying process fluctuations. This can be harnessed to predict the current lithographic process corner which will later be used to choose the test pattern set that results in maximum fault coverage. In summary, the objective of this dissertation is to consider the impact of sub-wavelength lithography on printability and the overall impact on circuit reliability and manufacturing test development.

This project was performed in collaboration with Electrolux and takes off in the transition towards a circular economy where products are considered to have multiple life cycles and need to be designed to be able to cycle longer through maintenance and repair. Electronics are rarely designed to fit into circularity thus an induction hob was chosen to show this principle. The research question for this project was therefore how an induction hob should be designed and what other tools are needed to enable a non-experienced user to repair it to provide the perfect repair experience. The project began with a literature study which investigated the concept of circular economy, also how to design for circularity and sustainability. It moved on to investigating why people get rid of products and why people don’t get rid of products. It was found that there are many barriers at the individual’s level and at a structural level, as that people feel that they should replace their products after some time, as well as economical aspects. The main reasons why people keep their products are the emotional attachment to product or that it cost less than to repair than replace the product. A user study was performed to investigate the repair experience for an induction hob today. It was done through letting people disassemble an induction hob while they answered questions about the experience. The insights from the literature and the user studies were narrowed down to the following problems to be solved: Easy diagnosis, easy opening, identification, and replacement of the broken module. Concepts were prototyped and more rounds of user studies were performed with these. The final concept lets the hob stay in the counter while the repair is performed. It contains a tray which resembles a “bento box” in which the internal modules are placed that also functions as a hiding area for the cables in the hob. A new opening mechanism has been designed and the internal modules are now more approachable. The final result only considers barriers for repair at the individual’s level, lowering them to make the repair process easier. The diagnosis has become simpler through the NFC tag and the provided instructions and identification of modules was easier because of the icons. The design follows the Electrolux brand guidelines and gives the user the feeling that they can touch and replace the modules. Also, an electrical safety system has been added. The final concept gives a non-experienced user the tools and confidence to perform the repair themselves. When the user has performed the repair themselves, they are more prone to keep the hob for longer. / Det här projektet gjordes tillsammans med Electrolux och tar avstamp i förändring mot cirkulär ekonomi där produkter kan ha flera livscykler och därför behöver vara designade för att kunna underhållas och repareras. Elektronikprodukter är sällan designade för att passa in i cirkulär ekonomi och därför valdes en induktionshäll för att påvisa principen. Frågeställningen för projektet var hur ska en induktionshäll designas, samt vilka andra verktyg behövs, för att en icke erfaren användare ska kunna få den perfekta reparationsupplevelsen. Projektet inleddes med litteraturstudier som undersökte cirkulär ekonomi och hur produkter kan designas för att sträva mot hållbarhet och cirkularitet. Vidare undersöktes varför människor gör sig av med produkter samt varför människor behåller sina produkter. Det visade sig att det finns många barriärer både på individnivå och på strukturell nivå, såsom att människor efter en tid känner att de bör byta ut sina produkter, såväl som ekonomiska aspekter. Människor behåller sina produkter för att de har känslomässiga band till dem eller för att det kostar mindre att reparera än att köpa nytt. Flera omgångar av användarstudier utfördes, bland annat fick personer ta isär en induktionshäll för att kunna analysera upplevelsen av reparationen idag. Från användarstudierna och litteraturstudien upptäcktes följande problem som behövde lösas: diagnosticering, öppna upp hällen, identifiera och byta ut den trasiga modulen. Koncepten utvärderades kontinuerligt genom användartester med modeller. Det slutgiltiga konceptet låter induktionshällen vara kvar i köksbänken när reparationen utförs. En ny öppningsmekanism konstruerades och de interna modulerna designades om för att kännas mer tillgängliga och vänliga för användaren. I induktionshällen finns en inre ram som efterliknar en så kallad “bento box” där de interna modulerna placeras och alla kablar göms. Slutresultatet tar endast hänsyn till barriärer för reparation på individnivå och har sänkt dessa i de olika faserna i reparationsresan för att förenkla denna. Diagnostiseringen har blivit enklare genom NFC-taggen och de medföljande instruktionerna. Identifieringen av moduler har blivit enklare med hjälp av ikonerna. Designen följer Electrolux varumärkesriktlinjer och ger användaren känslan av att de kan röra och byta ut modulerna. Dessutom har ett elsäkerhetssystem lagts till. Det slutliga konceptet ger en icke-erfaren användare verktygen och självförtroendet att utföra reparationen själv. Efter den upplevelsen är de mer benägna att behålla hällen längre.

There is a gap in scientific knowledge regarding designing functional parts that may not fail, and this project came to define these parts as critical structures. The proposed design process is called the Additive Design Process for Critical Structure, which synthesizes required activities found in the literature review necessary to produce theoretically safe design structures. Although this proposed design process does not meet the requirements of a safe design as intended and must be further studied before the proposed design process can be adapted. The project’s ambition was to integrate the design’s safety with value components, referred to as elements/activities/tools/processes that could contribute to innovation and value creation, to exploit the advantages of additive manufacturing in the design process. The research conducted in this project adapted and applied Design Research Methodology (DRM), written by Blessing &amp; Chakrabarti (2009). Two main research questions were studied that lay a foundation for this thesis, presented below. The project combined quantitative and qualitative research methods to generate the necessary knowledge and then apply/test the derived knowledge to answer these research questions. RQ1: What activities can this project identify to synthesize an additive design process in constructing critical structures for Additive Manufacturing (AM)? RQ2: What are the possible value components to include in the additive design process that would contribute to innovation concerning lead time, weight, and mass customization? The results show that the proposed design process, Additive Design Process for Critical Structured, did not meet the theoretical safe design. However, the findings still suggest that the required activities to achieve a safe design are by introducing defined and explicit protective measurements in the design process. The protective measurement parameters identified in this project were safety factors and Finite Element Analysis (FEA); the question of why the design process does not meet the requirements of producing a theoretical safe design is unknown today and needs further study. Concerning the second RQ, the results showed that Generative Design (GD) was this project's most innovative value component. Adapting GD contributed to shortening the product development time, liberating the design engineer to explore a bolder concept, reducing weight, and allowing the design engineers to generate mass customization. Keywords: Design for Additive Manufacturing, Design Process, Generative Design, Method, Critical Structures, Safety factor.

In laboratory work and working with Biotage’s Selekt Enkel chromatography system, it is common that operators are exposed to harmful and bad-smelling solvents gases. These are common issues that Biotage wants the students to solve. For this thesis work, the mission and task is to propose the best possible design of a Fume Cover that can remove or at least reduce those certain issues. To understand and gain the necessary knowledge, different data-gathering methods like workshops with staff and an extensive literature study of solvents and materials helped to establish a good design framework. Three concepts were built as 3D – models. The concept of Pugh’s iterative improvement method was used to produce an even better concept than the previous three. The chosen concept was iteratively improved for manufacturing and tested in an airflow experiment with carbon dioxide ice determining the optimal design. The conclusion is that it is possible to design a fume cover to reduce the solvent gas exposure, but further testing with light solvent gases and redesign will be required.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24849号 / 工博第5166号 / 新制||工||1987(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 泉井, 一浩, 教授 松原, 厚, 教授 平山, 朋子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM