Abstract Modern life has increasingly become intertwined with technology, and recent years have witnessed a growth in technologies that support people in, for instance, leading healthier and more sustainable lifestyles. At the centre of this growth has been persuasive systems design, which has been shown to have a positive effect on individuals’ behaviour and their use of systems. This dissertation consists of five studies, encompassing a literature review, two quantitative studies with a total of 227 respondents, and two constructive studies that address the central research question of the dissertation: How can integrating judgment and decision-making processes and persuasive software design patterns enhance the development of behaviour change support systems? The primary theoretical framework for the research is the Persuasive Systems Design model. This is a model that outlines the key requirements for developing persuasive systems, consisting of the theoretical underpinnings, persuasion context analysis, and four feature categories. In recent years, improving the design of persuasive systems to better achieve their intended objectives has been an important topic. This dissertation, in addition to examining the role of persuasive software features in influencing behaviour, also integrates behavioural economics and software design patterns into the design of persuasive systems. Additionally, the interplay between the categories and other constructs such as perceived competence is investigated through statistical analyses. Overall, results reveal that persuasive system features have an impact on the efficacy of behaviour change support systems. Additionally, integrating behavioural economics concepts that explain the reasons why individuals deviate from expected behaviour and software design patterns can help improve the development of persuasive systems and further enhance their efficacy. / Tiivistelmä Teknologia on yhä tiukemmin osa nykyelämää. Viime vuosina on tapahtunut kasvua ja kehitystä teknologioissa, jotka tukevat ihmisiä esimerkiksi elämään terveellisemmin ja ympäristöä säästäen. Tämän kasvun keskiössä on ollut vakuuttavien järjestelmien suunnittelu, jonka on osoitettu vaikuttavan positiivisesti sekä ihmisten käyttäytymiseen että järjestelmien käyttöön. Tämä väitöskirja käsittää viisi tutkimusta, sisältäen kirjallisuuskatsauksen, kaksi kvantitatiivista tutkimusta yhteensä 227 vastaajalla, ja kaksi konstruktiivista tutkimusta, jotka yhdessä vastaavat väitöskirjan päätutkimuskysymykseen: Kuinka arviointi- ja päätöksentekoprosessit sekä vakuuttavien järjestelmien suunnittelumallit yhdistämällä voidaan edistää käyttäytymisen muutosta tukevien järjestelmien kehitystä? Ensisijainen teoreettinen viitekehys tutkimukselle on vakuuttavien järjestelmien suunnittelumalli (Persuasive Systems Design model). Kyseinen malli määrittää keskeiset vaatimukset vakuuttavien järjestelmien kehittämiselle. Tärkeänä aiheena on ollut vakuuttavien järjestelmien suunnittelemisen edistäminen, jotta niillä voitaisiin paremmin saavuttaa aiotut päämäärät. Vakuuttavien järjestelmien ohjelmisto-ominaisuuksien vaikutuksesta käyttäytymiseen tutkimisen lisäksi väitöskirja yhdistää myös behavioristisen taloustieteen ja ohjelmistosuunnittelumallit vakuuttavien järjestelmien suunnitteluun. Lisäksi kategorioiden ja muiden käsitteiden, kuten koetun pätevyyden, vuorovaikutusta on tutkittu tilastollisen analyysin keinoin. Kaiken kaikkiaan tulokset paljastavat vakuuttavien järjestelmien ominaisuuksilla olevan vaikutusta käyttäytymisen muutosta tukevien järjestelmien vaikuttavuuteen. Lisäksi integroimalla behavioristisen taloustieteen konsepteja, jotka selittävät syitä, joiden vuoksi yksilöt käyttäytyvät odotetusta poikkeavasti, ohjelmistosuunnittelumalleihin, voidaan auttaa edistämään vakuuttavien järjestelmien kehittämistä ja parantaa niiden vaikuttavuutta.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-30T17:54:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Karina_CIN.pdf: 1045991 bytes, checksum: ab1e6ae77770903f6c88d33b95b07d99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T17:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Karina_CIN.pdf: 1045991 bytes, checksum: ab1e6ae77770903f6c88d33b95b07d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Os Web Services são componentes de software que se utilizam de tecnologias e protocolos abertos: XML, SOAP, WSDL e UDDI, para fornecer seus serviços. Atualmente, os Web Services surgem como alternativa para melhorar a comunicação entre os sistemas. Esta dissertação apresenta uma reestruturação arquitetural de Web Service - em funcionamento há quatro anos, cuja finalidade do seu serviço visa possibilitar que operações DML sejam realizadas em diferentes bases de dados de forma transparente para os usuários - fazendo uso de refatoração e padrões de projetos, garantindo que os fatores de qualidade: manutenibilidade, confiabilidade, eficiência e portabilidade, sejam mantidos. Os objetivos propostos podem ser sintetizados no entendimento e caracterização das funcionalidades e das tecnologias que envolvem os Web Services; estudos e pesquisas para descobrir quais padrões de projetos e refatoração podem ser utilizados na implementação do Web Services, possibilitando desta forma que boas práticas de desenvolvimento sejam adotadas; definir quais fatores de qualidade podem ser utilizados no processo de validação, além de, realizar avaliações e testes de Web Service fazendo uso de ferramentas Open Source; e finalmente, analisar se os resultados obtidos após o uso destes padrões na implementação do Web Service são satisfatórios. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos foi realizada uma análise da arquitetura do Web Service, por meio da engenharia reversa e análise de código. Após esta análise, refatorações e padrões de projetos foram definidos e utilizados na nova arquitetura para a implementação do novo Web Service, com o intuito de prover e garantir os fatores de qualidade: manutenibilidade, confiabilidade, eficiência e portabilidade. E por fim, testes de desempenho, carga/stress e funcional foram realizados com auxílio de ferramentas Open Source, JMeter e SoapUI, nos dois Web Services, para posteriormente seus resultados serem analisados. Os resultados obtidos, após a realização de teste e avaliação comparativa entre os dois Web Services, demonstraram uma melhora na qualidade dos serviços fornecidos pelo Web Service reestruturado, além de proporcionar redução de custo de manutenção. Assim sendo, este estudo constatou que refatoração e padrões de projetos podem ser utilizados na implementação de Web Service. / Web Services are software components that use open technologies and protocols like XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI, to provide its services. Currently, Web Services are an alternative to improve communication between the systems. This dissertation presents a Web Service architectural restructuring – in operation for four years, for the purpose of its service aims to enable DML operations are performed on different databases transparently to users – making use of refactoring and design patterns, ensuring that the factors of quality: maintainability, reliability, efficiency and portability are kept. The objectives proposed can be synthesized in the understanding and characterization of the features and technologies involving Web Services; study and research to find out which design patterns and refactoring can be used in the implementation of the Web Service, enabling this way that good development practices are adopted. We also identify quality factors that can be used in the validation process, as well as we carry out evaluations and testing of Web Service using Open Source tools. Finally, we analyze the results obtained after the use of these standards in the implementation of Web Service are satisfactory. To achieve the proposed was conducted an analysis of the architecture of the Web Service, by means of reverse engineering and code analysis. After this step, design patterns and refactoring have been defined and used in the new architecture for the implementation of the new Web Service, in order to provide and ensure the factors of quality: maintainability, reliability, efficiency and portability. Finally, performance testing, load/stress and functional were performed with the help of Open Source tools, JMeter and SoapUI Web Services, two for later results are analyzed. The results, after testing and benchmarking between the two Web Services, showed and improvement in the quality of services provided by the Web Service restructured, in addition to providing maintenance cost reduction. Therefore, this study found that refactorings and design patterns can be used in implementing the Web Service.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T12:05:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Silva Marques - 2016.pdf: 2715063 bytes, checksum: 3bafbdca7ace292dda958959884eaeb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T12:00:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Silva Marques - 2016.pdf: 2715063 bytes, checksum: 3bafbdca7ace292dda958959884eaeb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T12:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Silva Marques - 2016.pdf: 2715063 bytes, checksum: 3bafbdca7ace292dda958959884eaeb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / Dey et al. [10] define context as the information set that can be used to characterize the status of an entity (e.g. person, place or object relevant to the user-application interaction). Perera et al. [36] propose a context information life cycle in 4 phases: acquisition, modeling, reasoning and dissemination. Context modeling consists in representing the real world in computing and, according to Bettini et al. [2], a good information context modeling mitigates the complexity of context-aware applications. In the context of this work, a systematic review demonstrated that the literature has focused on context information modeling, but with less emphasis on the architectural project. The main problem addressed on this work is the creation and evaluation of architectural projects that work together on the context modeling phase of a Semantic Context-Aware System (SCAS), which uses ontologies as main information modeling technique. This work proposes an architectural solution to two relevant services of the ontology-based context modeling phase: the former represents context information collected through sensors, and the latter aggregates context information represented by the former for a same individual or entity. Both architectural designs were built using well-known architectural styles and design patterns, as well as were evaluated against architectural designs of similar projects. As a result, the main contributions include the architectural designs of ontology-based services for context representation and aggregation as references for the development of SCAS in terms of the context modeling phase. / Contexto é o conjunto de informações que pode ser utilizado para caracterizar a situação de uma entidade (pessoa, lugar ou objeto relevante para a interação usuário-aplicação) [10]. Perera et al. [36] propõem um ciclo de vida para a informação de contexto composto por 4 etapas: aquisição, modelagem, raciocínio e disseminação. A etapa de modelagem de contexto consiste em representar o mundo real na computação. Segundo Bettini et. al. [2] “uma boa modelagem de informação de contexto reduz a complexidade das aplicações sensíveis a contexto”. Um Sistema Sensível ao Contexto Semântico (SSCS) é um sistema computacional que utiliza ontologias que, segundo Gruber [15], é “uma especificação explícita de uma conceitualização”, e consistem em uma das formas de modelar as informações de contexto. Como resultado de uma revisão sistemática feita pelo autor deste trabalho evidenciou que na literatura o foco dos trabalhos tem sido na modelagem da informação de contexto com menor enfoque no uso de projeto arquitetural. Com base nisso, o principal problema endereçado neste trabalho é a criação e avaliação dos projetos arquiteturais que trabalhem em conjunto na modelagem do ciclo de vida de contexto em SSCS. Objetiva-se elaborar uma solução arquitetural para sistemas sensíveis ao contexto semântico baseado em ontologias. Propôs-se neste trabalho o projeto arquitetural para o software de representação ontológica de contexto e para o software de agregação ontológica de contexto. O primeiro representa as informações coletadas através de sensores e o segundo agrega as informações representadas para um mesmo indivíduo ou entidade. Realizou-se, assim, a avaliação dos projetos arquiteturais propostos e explana-se sobre os resultados obtidos, comparando-os com outros projetos existentes na literatura. Com a obtenção dos resultados propostos, espera-se contribuir com a literatura, apresentando projetos arquiteturais e avaliações destes, auxiliando, assim, o desenvolvimento de SSCS no que se refere à modelagem do ciclo de vida de contexto.

The aims of this dissertation are to investigate the use and usefulness of patterns in Information Systems Engineering and to identify future areas of research. In order to do this there is a need to survey different types of patterns and find a common concept of patterns. A pattern is based on experience found in the real world. A text or a model or a combination of the both can describe the pattern. A pattern is typically described in terms of context, forces, problem, and solution. These can be explicitly expressed or implicitly found in the description of the pattern. The types of patterns dealt with are: object-oriented patterns; design patterns, analysis patterns; data model patterns; domain patterns; business patterns; workflow patterns and the deontic pattern. The different types of patterns are presented using the authors' own terminology. The patterns described in the survey are classified with respect to different aspects. The intention of this analysis is to form a taxonomy for patterns and to bring order into the vast amount of patterns. This is an important step in order to find out how patterns are used and can be used in Information Systems Engineering. The aspects used in the classification are: level of abstraction; text or model emphasis; product or process emphasis; life cycle stage usage and combinations of these aspects. Finally an outline for future areas of research is presented. The areas that have been considered of interest are: patterns and Information Systems Engineering methods; patterns and tools (tool support for patterns); patterns as a pedagogical aid; the extraction and documentation of patterns and patterns and novel applications of information technology. Each future area of research is sketched out.

No description available.

Denna uppsats redogör för skillnader och likheter i beteende och användning av mobilapplikationen Fishbrain beroende på vilket operativsystem (Android eller iOS) användarna har samt vilka faktorer som kan påverka dessa användarmässiga skillnader. Undersökningen kan vara av intresse för företag som utvecklar mobilapplikationer för olika operativsystem men även ligga till grund för andra studenter som undersöker relationer mellan operativsystem och hur de används. Med hjälp av virtual behavior setting- teorin studerar vi användandet av mobilapplikationen Fishbrain och analyserar vilka skillnader och likheter vi finner för de olika operativsystemen. Vi studerar även designmönster och undersöker om Fishbrains mobilapplikation följer Google och Apples designriktlinjer. Genom två kvantitativa metoder, enkät och analys av applikationsdata, kommer vi fram till att det finns såväl skillnader som likheter i användningen av mobilapplikationen Fishbrain mellan operativsystemen Android och iOS. Undersökningen visar att det finns signifikanta skillnader i användandet av Fishbrains mobilapplikation och att detta både beror på hur användare av olika operativsystem beter sig samt designmässig skillnad i hur applikationen är utformad i enlighet med operativsystemens respektive designmönster. / This essay describes the differences and similarities in behavior and use of the Fishbrain mobile application, depending on which operating system is used (Android or iOS). This study may be of interest to companies developing mobile applications for different operating systems, but also to other students who want to investigate the behavioral relationship between a user’s chosen operating system, and how it affects their respective behavior in-app. Using the virtual behavior setting theory, we study the usage patterns of Fishbrain-users and analyse where and how it differs, depending on operating system. We also delve into design patterns, and whether or not Fishbrain’s mobile application complies with Google and Apple's respective design guidelines. Through our two chosen quantitative methods, survey and data analysis, we find that for certain key areas, a user’s chosen operating system has a significant impact on how and why the application is used. This essay shows that there are significant differences in the use of Fisbrain’s mobile application and that this depends both on how users of different operating systems behave, as well as design differences in how the mobile application is designed according to the respective design patterns of the operating systems.

I denna uppsats undersöks designmönster. Tidigare, erkända designmönsterbibliotek har använts som grund för att ta fram en ny designmönstermall. Sedan har sex designmönster identifierats och skapats från sociala medier med hjälp av mönsteridentifikation, dessa är: gilla-knapp, hashtag, dela, kommentera, lägga upp bilder och nyhetsflöde. Vidare har intervjuer med sju respondenter från olika Stockholmbaserade webbyråer genomförts för att undersöka huruvida de identifierade mönstren från sociala medier påverkar deras webbdesign. Centralt för undersökningen var dessutom att ta reda på om webbyråer idag överhuvudtaget använder sig av designmönster när de bygger en webbplats. Efter genomförda studier framgår det att majoriteten av de undersökta webbyråerna inte tidigare hört talas om designmönster i den benämningen som uppsatsen följer. Webbyråerna använde sig istället av inspiration från andra lyckade sidor för att hitta lösningar på problem och följde också trender inom webbutveckling. Av de sex designmönstren från sociala medier används tre regelbundet, gillaknapp, dela och nyhetsflöde (långa startsidor). / This paper studies design patterns. Existing, known pattern libraries have been used as a foundation for a new pattern template. Six new design patterns have been identified and created from social media with the help of pattern mining, these are: the like button, hashtag, share, comment, posting pictures and news feed. Furthermore, interviews have been conducted with seven respondents from different Stockholm based web design agencies to examine how these six identified design patterns have affected their web design. A central part of this study has also been to see if web design agencies even use design patterns when they are building a web site. After the interviews it is clear that the majority of web designers have not heard about design patterns the way this paper defines them. Web designers are working with inspiration from other web sites to help them find design solutions and they are also following trends in web development. Of the six design patterns from social media only three are regularly used, the like button, share and news feed.

Game development presents more challenges as this type of software becomes more complex and detailed. As in the development of traditional software, this growth in scope incurs in a development process that costs more and has a longer production time, increasing the risks faced by companies that wish to enter or maintain themselves in the electronic game market. With this, it becomes increasingly desirable to search and implement tools that allow for the reduction of required resources to develop games. It is also noticeable that there is an increasing need to proved development teams with new tools that allow faster creation of prototypes, enabling them to test and evolve new game ideas in a nimbler and less expensive way. This work presents the project and implementation of a modular platform that aims to solve or lessen the aforementioned problems, offering a tool that allows for the development of games with reduced costs, in addition to simplifying the quick prototyping process. Through the use of a programming approach based on reusable software components written in different programming languages, this work aims to enable methodologies that are able to foster code reuse, to facilitate team work, to reduce development time and to improve the quality of the final product. / O desenvolvimento de jogos apresenta mais desafios à medida que softwares desse tipo tornam-se mais complexos e detalhados. Assim como no desenvolvimento de softwares tradicionais, esse crescimento do escopo incorre em custos maiores e prazos de produção mais longos, aumentando os riscos enfrentados por empresas do ramo que buscam situar-se ou manter-se no mercado de jogos eletrônicos. Com isso, torna-se cada vez mais desejável buscar e implementar formas de desenvolvimento que possibilitem a redução de recursos necessários para a produção desse tipo de software. Também se observa um aumento da necessidade de disponibilizar às equipes de desenvolvimento novas ferramentas que possibilitem a criação mais rápida de protótipos, permitindo testar e evoluir novas ideias de jogos de forma mais ágil e menos onerosa. Este trabalho trata do projeto e da implementação de uma plataforma modular que objetiva a resolução ou amenização dos problemas citados, oferecendo uma ferramenta que possibilite o desenvolvimento de jogos com custo reduzido, além de simplificar o processo de prototipação rápida. Através do uso de uma abordagem de programação baseada no uso de componentes de software reaproveitáveis escritos em diferentes linguagens de programação, este trabalho busca tornar possível metodologias que sejam capazes de incentivar o reuso de código, facilitar o trabalho em equipe, reduzir o tempo de desenvolvimento e melhorar a qualidade do produto final.

Afin de sécuriser les applications web, nous nous sommes intéressés à appliquer des analyses dynamiques de sécurité à des programmes JavaScript. Dansce contexte, pouvoir rapidement modifier l’interpréteur et composer des analyses à l’exécution est primordial. Une façon d’effectuer ces changements aurait été parrefactorisation. Mais la refactorisation peut être délicate et chronophage, car elle implique de réécrire des parties du code source, voire de réorganiser toute l’architecture du programme. La refactorisation est trop coûteuse lorsque prime la vitesse d’itération.Nous explorons une alternative économe à la refactorisation : le détournement. Détourner un programme c’est changer ses résultats sans directement modifierson code source. Pour détourner un programme, on exploite des techniques d’indirection, tels que la portée dynamique et la métaprogrammation.On commence par passer en revue les techniques utilisées pour des problèmes connexes d’extensibilité, et on applique ces techniques pour détourner des interpréteurs simples. Puis, on montre comment le détournement peut aider à construire un interpréteur par incréments, pour permettre d’activer dynamiquement des comportements alternatifs. Enfin, on applique ces techniques pour détourner un véritable interpréteur JavaScript par de multiples analyses dynamiques de sécurité.Au prix d’un potentiel impact en efficacité et en sûreté, détourner l’interpréteur est à la fois plus rapide et plus flexible que de le réécrire, ce qui fait du détournement une alternative légitime à la refactorisation. / For securing web applications, we were interested in applying dynamic security analyses to JavaScript programs. In this context, the ability to quickly modify the interpreter and to compose analyses at runtime is paramount. One way to effect these changes would have been through refactoring. But refactoring can be tricky and time-consuming, as it entails to rewrite parts of the source code, and even to reorganize the program’s whole architecture. Refactoring is too costly when rapid iteration is preferred.We explore a lightweight alternative to refactoring: diverting. To divert a program is to change its results without directly modifying its source code. To divert a program, we leverage indirection techniques such as dynamic scoping and metaprogramming.We first review the techniques used in related extensibility problems, like the Expression Problem, and apply these techniques to divert simple interpreters. We then show how diverting can help build interpreters incrementally in layers, allowing dynamic activation of alternative behavior. Finally, we apply those techniques to divert a full-blown JavaScript interpreter with multiple dynamic security analyses. We find that, with potential costs in efficiency and program safety, diverting is both faster and more flexible than rewriting the interpreter,thus making diverting a legitimate alternative to refactoring.

[pt] O desenvolvimento de software orientado a aspectos (DSOA) vem obtendo maior atenção tanto da academia quanto da indústria. Sistemas orientados a aspectos compreendem novas abstrações de engenharia de software e tratam de diferentes dimensões de complexidade. Conseqüentemente, o DSOA traz novos problemas para a engenharia de software experimental. Novos mecanismos de avaliação são necessários para medir os graus de manutenibilidade e reusabilidade de sistemas orientados a aspectos. Esta dissertação apresenta um framework de avaliação para o DSOA composto por dois elementos: um conjunto de métricas e um modelo de qualidade. No intuito de evitar a reinvenção de soluções já testadas, esses elementos são baseados em princípios bem conhecidos da engenharia de software e métricas já existentes. O framework proposto foi avaliado no contexto de dois estudos empíricos de domínios distintos, com características, níveis de controle e níveis de complexidade diferentes. O primeiro estudo empírico comparou uma abordagem orientada a objetos com uma abordagem orientada a aspectos para o projeto e implementação de um sistema multi- agentes. O segundo estudo envolveu a aplicação do framework proposto para avaliar as implementações em Java e AspectJ dos padrões de projeto da GoF. / [en] Aspect-oriented software development (AOSD) is gaining wide attention both in research environments and in industry. Aspect- oriented systems encompass new software engineering abstractions and different complexity dimensions. As a consequence, AOSD poses new problems to empirical software engineering. It requires new assessment mechanisms to measure the maintainability and reusability degrees of aspect-oriented systems. This dissertation presents an assessment framework for AOSD, which is composed of two components: a suite of metrics and a quality model. These components are based on well-known principles and existing metrics in order to avoid the reinvention of well-tested solutions. The proposed framework has been evaluated in the context of two different empirical studies with different characteristics, diverse domains, varying control levels and different complexity degrees. The first study compared an object-oriented approach and an aspect-oriented approach to the design and implementation of a multi-agent system. The second study involved the application of the proposed framework to evaluate Java and AspectJ implementations of the GoF design patterns.