For the majority of the computers existence, we humans have interacted with them in a similar way, usually with a strict one-to-one relationship between user and machine. This is reflected by the design of most computers, operating systems and user applications on the market today, which are typically intended to only be operated by a single user. When computers are used for teamwork and cooperation, this design philosophy can be restricting and problematic. This paper investigates the development of shared software intended for multiple users and the impact of the single user bias in this context. A prototype software system was developed in order to evaluate different development methods for shared applications and discover potential challenges and limitations with this kind of software. It was found that the development of applications for multiple users can be severely limited by the target operating system and hardware platform. The authors conclude that new platforms are required to develop shared software more efficiently. These platforms should be tailored to provide robust support for multiple concurrent users. This work was carried out together with SAAB Air Traffic Management in Växjö, Sweden and is a bachelor's thesis in computer engineering at Linnaeus University.

This thesis is focused on analysis of current functioning of the trainee program at Nutricia a.s. The aim of theoretical part is to summarize the theoretical knowledge in the field of talent management and formulate a theoretical basis for the practical part. The subject of the practical part is to describe the trainee program at Nutricia and evaluate the current process based on the survey conducted among the participants. The aim of the thesis is to prove or disprove the hypothesis, to find the strengths and weaknesses of the program and give specific proposals and recommendations to improve the system. The main contribution of this work is provide the view of the participants on the trainee program and their expectations and create a comprehensive document which can be used for internal purposes of the company as it describes and evaluates the progress of the program.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor Of Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies at the University of Zululand, 2018 / The Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) was adopted based on the principles of the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) to improve the quality of education in both rural and urban areas since the change-over from apartheid education in 1994. The new curriculum was also introduced in order to shift from content to outcomes-based education which experienced marked implementation challenges. The main aim of this study was to investigate challenges facing educators in schools in the rural areas in the implementation of CAPS and develop a support programme for them to promote the quality of teaching and learning in these rural schools. This quantitative study used simple random sampling using a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from five hundred rural based educators. The instrument was shaped and enriched by consulting a wide range of literature on the subject to ensure its validity. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science 18 (SPSS 18) and Chi- square statistics. Results established challenges that educators are facing through lack of support programmes in the process of implementing CAPS in rural schools. It was also revealed that the majority of rural educators are not effective in implementing CAPS as they are not given support programmes. The findings of this study should assist in developing a support programme for rural based educators towards implementing the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement in a manner that it would promote quality teaching and learning. The study concludes that rural educators need to be supported for the implementation of Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement. The study recommends the implementation of the support programme to rural educators for the effective implementation of CAPS. Further research into the development of support programme in South African rural educators should be undertaken. / National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number: CPT160513164973 and 105246).

The software engineering community is concerned with improvements in existing methods and development of new and better methods. The research approaches applied to take on this challenge have hitherto focused heavily on the formal and specifying aspect of the method. This has been done for good reasons, because formalizations are the means in software projects to predict, plan, and regulate the development efforts. As formalizations have been successfully developed new challenges have been recognized. The human and social role in software development has been identified as the next area that needs to be addressed. Organizational problems need to be solved if continued progress is to be made in the field. The social element is today a little explored area in software engineering. Following with the increased interest in the social element it has been identified a need of new research approaches suitable for the study of human behaviour. The one sided focus on formalizations has had the consequence that concepts and explanation models available in the community are one sided related in method discourses. Definition of method is little explored in the software engineering community. In relation to identified definitions of method the social appears to blurring. Today the software engineering community lacks powerful concepts and explanation models explaining the social element. This thesis approaches the understanding of the social element in software engineering by applying ethnomethodologically informed ethnography and ethnography. It is demonstrated how the ethnographic inquiry contributes to software engineering. Ethnography is also combined with an industrial cooperative method development approach. The results presented demonstrate how industrial external and internal socio political contingencies both hindered a method implementation, as well as solved what the method was targeted to do. It is also presented how project members’ method deployment - as a social achievement is played out in practice. In relation to this latter contribution it is provided a conceptual apparatus and explanation model borrowed from social science, The Documentary method of interpretation. This model addresses core features in the social element from a natural language point of view that is of importance in method engineering. This model provides a coherent complement to an existing method definition emphasizing formalizations. This explanation model has also constituted the underpinning in research methodology that made possible the concrete study results.

<p>Informationsteknologin (IT) är i dagens samhälle en förutsättning för företag ochorganisationers utveckling och konkurrenskraft. En av de stora utmaningarna är att hanterade ökade mängderna information på ett effektivt sätt. Ett verktyg för det är att investera iett intranät som stödjer den interna informationen och kommunikationen i verksamheten.Det finns ett identifierat gap i teorin kring tillvägagångssätt vid införande av intranät blandsmå- och medelstora företag.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att <em>studera tillvägagångssätt vid införande av intranät i små- och medelstoraföretag samt att ta fram rekommendationer för ett intranätinförande.</em></p><p>Utifrån syftet har ett tolkande förhållningssätt enligt aktionsforskningsmetoden använts dåjag själv varit delaktig i det som undersökts. Den empiriska datainsamlingen har utökatsgenom en intervju med ett företag som infört ett intranät samt en intervju med enintranätkonsult.</p><p>Den teoretiska referensramen syftar till att stödja förståelsen för införande av intranät ochtar exempelvis upp vad ett intranät är, orsaker till misslyckade intranät samt metoder ochmodeller som kan vara lämpliga vid ett intranätinförande. De empiriska data har samlats infrån ett företag som infört intranät samt från en konsult som arbetat med intranät.</p><p>I analysen har en diskussion förts kring insamlad teori och empiri vilket har mynnat ut istudiens slutsatser. Studien har pekat på ett antal faktorer som är viktiga att tänka på vidintranätinförande. Dessa är:</p><ul><li>Bygga upp stöd från verksamheten</li><li>Nulägesanalys för att undersöka behovet</li><li>Användarmedverkan</li><li>Förankring och kommunikation</li><li>Stöd från utomstående konsult</li></ul><p>De vanligaste misstagen vid intranätinförande är Brist på initialt stöd från verksamhetenoch Inte tillräckligt fokus på användarna.</p><p>Jag rekommenderar att studera de agila metoderna närmare då de lämpar sig bra för mindreprojekt där förändringar kan uppstå under projektets gång. Varje enskild verksamhetbehöver dock utifrån de förutsättningar som finns besluta vilken metod som ska tillämpas.Förankring och användarmedverkan bör prioriteras redan i det initiala arbetet medintranätet.</p> / <p>Information technology (IT) is a prerequisite for companies and organizations'development and competitiveness. One of the major challenges is to manage the increasingamounts of information in an efficient manner. One solution is to invest in an intranet thatsupports the business' internal information and communication. There is an identified gapin theory regarding how to implement intranets among small-and medium-sized businesses.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to <em>study the approach for how to implement intranets intosmall and medium-sized enterprises and develop recommendations for an intranetimplementation.</em></p><p>An interpretive approach according to the action research method was applied because Iwas involved in what was studied. Besides the action research the empirical data consiststwo interviews, one with a company who has implemented an intranet and one with anintranet consultant.</p><p>The theoretical framework is aimed to support the understanding of the implementation ofintranets and describes for example what an intranet is, reasons for failure of the intranet aswell as methods and models that may be suitable for an intranet implementation. Theempirical data is gathered from a company that has implemented an intranet and from aconsultant who works with intranets.</p><p>The analysis contains a discussion around the theoretical framework and empirical data andsubsequently led to the conclusions of the study. The study has identified a number offactors that are important to have in mind when implementing an intranet. These are:</p><ul><li>Support from the organization</li><li>Analysis of the current situation to examine the need</li><li>User involvement</li><li>Establishment and communication</li><li>Support from external consultant</li></ul><p>The most common mistakes in intranet implementations are Lack of initial support fromthe organization and Not enough focus on users.</p><p>I recommend studying the Agile methods more closely because they are suitable for smallerprojects where changes can occur during the project. Every organization need to decidewhich method to use based on the existing conditions. Establishment and userinvolvement should be prioritized from the initial work with the intranet.</p>

A escolha entre o uso de metodologias ágeis ou metodologias tradicionais de desenvolvimento de software continua sendo amplamente discutida em vários aspectos, sendo um deles a presença ou ausência de certos fatores que precisam ser identificados para que as aplicações das metodologias sejam realizadas com sucesso. Neste estudo, tanto metodologias ágeis quanto tradicionais são discutidas através da literatura desde seu surgimento, histórico e evolução, até estudos comparativos entre ambas e outros com evidências empíricas, embora ainda haja a necessidade de estudos deste último tipo para o domínio. Com o intuito de avaliar as adequações dos tipos de metodologia para os diferentes cenários que uma organização ou projeto pode apresentar a partir dos fatores encontrados na literatura, foram realizadas entrevistas e questionários com pessoas envolvidas em desenvolvimento e definição de processos de desenvolvimento de software em um estudo de caso em empresa selecionada para a obtenção de mais evidências empíricas sobre o tema. Com os resultados obtidos, identifica-se então entre os fatores estudados quais são habilitadores e quais são inibidores para cada tipo de metodologia, propondo-se um modelo para a escolha de um ou de outro tipo a partir da presença ou ausência destes fatores nos cenários de aplicação das metodologias. / The choice between agile or traditional software development methodologies continues to be widely discussed in several aspects, being one of these aspects that certain factors presence or absence must be identified for methodologies usage to be successful. In this study, both agile and traditional methodologies are discussed on the domain literature from their emergence, historical facts and evolution, to comparative studies and empirical evidences obtained, despite there is still need for studies on this last subject for the domain. In order to evaluate adequacy for both types of methodologies to the different scenarios in which an organization or project may occur considering the factors appointed by literature, interviews and surveys where done with key people involved in software development or software processes in a case study in a selected company for more empirical evidence achievement. Then it is possible to identify between the factors which are enablers and which are inhibitors for each type of methodology, then purposing a model for the choice between the two types from the presence or absence of these factors in the scenarios for their uses.

Para o desenvolvimento de aplicações Web de qualidade, o uso de uma abordagem sistemática e disciplinada é essencial, dado o crescente aumento do uso e da complexidade de tais aplicações. Nesse cenário, a Engenharia de Aplicações Web, ou simplesmente Engenharia Web, torna-se uma atividade mandatória. A Engenharia Web não é uma transcrição exata da Engenharia de Software, pois considera caracterí?sticas inerentes às aplicações Web como, por exemplo, multiplicidade do perfil de usuários e uso de multimídia. A Engenharia Web é apoiada por ferramentas, técnicas e métodos. A escolha desses elementos para um domínio de aplicação pode tornar-se uma tarefa difícil para desenvolvedores e demais interessados e é fundamental para o desenvolvimento efetivo de aplicações Web. Neste trabalho, é apresentado uma proposta de avaliação de métodos de desenvolvimento de aplicações Web. Essa proposta partiu de um conjunto de métodos selecionados por meio de trabalhos comparativos anteriores disponíveis na literatura e do levantamento de suas principais características, após estudo de caso que consistiu em modelar uma mesma aplicação (um portal Web) com os diferentes métodos selecionados. A cada característica associaram-se pesos, refletindo sua relevância a domínios especifícos, e valores refletindo seu grau de apoio a um método. Como resultado, obteve-se um arcabouço - conjunto de guidelines - para avaliar e/ou especificar métodos de desenvolvimento de aplicações Web. Esse arcabouço foi aplicado ao conjunto de métodos selecionados do estudo de caso e foram obtidas evidências da efetividade do arcabouço proposto / For the development of high quality Web applications, the use of a systematic and disciplined approach is essential, given the increasing use and complexity of such applications. In this scenario, the Web Applications Engineering, or simply Web Engineering, becomes a mandatory activity. The Web Engineering is not an accurate transcription of the Software Engineering. Besides incorporating its rules and lines of direction, the Web Engineering also considers inherent characteristics of Web applications such as user profiles multiplicity and multimedia resources. For the Web applications development process, the Web Engineering is supported by tools, techniques and methods. Among them, choosing appropriate elements for a given application domain may represent a challenge for interested developers. This work aims at supporting such choices through a proposal of an evaluation of current development methods for Web Applications. The proposed framework started from a set of well-known development methods found in the literature from which the main characteristics were identified by a case study consisted in modelling the same Web application by different methods. For each characteristic, weights have being associated, reflecting its relevance for specific domains, and values reflecting its degree of support to a method. As result, a framework is estabilished - set of guidelines - to evaluate and/or to specify methods of development of Web applications. This framework was applied to the set of selected methods of the case study and evidences have been provided effectiveness of the proposed framework

Past research into optimism and pessimism has tended to view these constructs as polar opposites of a fixed personality trait that function in mutually exclusive ways. In the field of child development in particular, this has led to theory-driven work that not only accepts this dichotomy but also uses it to drive and explicate larger issues of resilience and vulnerability. The current thesis challenges the assumptions underpinning this conceptual framework, and, through the use of divergent methodologies, seeks to establish children’s optimism as a dynamic and adaptive process with predictive value during the developmental period. In the first two studies, predictors and correlates of putative dispositional optimism and pessimism in children and adolescents were examined. A significant age-related decline in optimism was found, but importantly a degree of functional independence between optimism and pessimism was also observed. The third study elicited more specific optimistic expectancies using a vignette methodology. This was seen to share some congruence with the earlier measures of dispositional optimism, but the study also elucidated some of the parameters and realism constraining children’s optimism. Again an age-related decline in optimism was demonstrated that was distinct from any associated changes in pessimism. The fourth and final study involved a pilot examination of the dimensionality of the optimism construct, confirming its functional independence from pessimism, and also demonstrating the fluidity and receptivity of children’s optimistic processes from an intervention perspective. From these various studies, it is concluded that optimistic and pessimistic processes in children and adolescents reflect functionally distinct pathways and drive different aspects of vulnerability and well-being. A reconfiguration of the extant theory in this area seems warranted. Based on this conceptual and methodological critique, a preliminary proposal is put forward towards a more substantive approach to the development of optimism and pessimism during childhood and adolescence. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1317136 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 2008

This thesis presents an extension of the contemporaryengineering design theory towards a unified view onsimultaneous development of products and manufacturing systems,i.e. concurrent engineering. The traditional engineering design theory explains therealization of a product design as a development of productstructure from four perspectives: technical process, function,technical solution, and physical embodiment. This thesisextends the engineering design theory with a set of definitionsand universal statements. These definitions and universalstatements describe manufacturing systems from same fourperspectives. In that context they also describe therelationship between a product and its manufacturing system.The thesis contributes to the creation of a single theoreticalsystem based on an integration of theories from two engineeringdesign schools, the WDK and the Axiomatic Design. WDKtheoriesare in this new context utilized for qualitative synthesis ofthe developed artifacts, while the Axiomatic Design is utilizedfor structuring and analyzing the corresponding quantitativeparameters. The definitions and universal statements describe thedevelopment structures for productsand manufacturing systems.This description is utilized for definition of a system fordevelopment of these structures, i.e. (i) a stage-gate-basedmanufacturing system development process, (ii) a developmentmethodology toolbox, and (iii) an information managementframework consisted of an information model harmonized with thesystems engineering data management standard STEP AP 233. The research has been carried out in a close collaborationwith Swedish manufacturing industry. The utilized researchmethodology is the hypothetic- deductive method, with casestudy as an observation method. Keywords:Concurrent Engineering, Engineering Design,Development Methods and Tools, Manufacturing System,Information Management.

<p>This thesis presents an extension of the contemporaryengineering design theory towards a unified view onsimultaneous development of products and manufacturing systems,i.e. concurrent engineering.</p><p>The traditional engineering design theory explains therealization of a product design as a development of productstructure from four perspectives: technical process, function,technical solution, and physical embodiment. This thesisextends the engineering design theory with a set of definitionsand universal statements. These definitions and universalstatements describe manufacturing systems from same fourperspectives. In that context they also describe therelationship between a product and its manufacturing system.The thesis contributes to the creation of a single theoreticalsystem based on an integration of theories from two engineeringdesign schools, the WDK and the Axiomatic Design. WDKtheoriesare in this new context utilized for qualitative synthesis ofthe developed artifacts, while the Axiomatic Design is utilizedfor structuring and analyzing the corresponding quantitativeparameters.</p><p>The definitions and universal statements describe thedevelopment structures for productsand manufacturing systems.This description is utilized for definition of a system fordevelopment of these structures, i.e. (i) a stage-gate-basedmanufacturing system development process, (ii) a developmentmethodology toolbox, and (iii) an information managementframework consisted of an information model harmonized with thesystems engineering data management standard STEP AP 233.</p><p>The research has been carried out in a close collaborationwith Swedish manufacturing industry. The utilized researchmethodology is the hypothetic- deductive method, with casestudy as an observation method.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Concurrent Engineering, Engineering Design,Development Methods and Tools, Manufacturing System,Information Management.</p>