Ämnet samhällskunskap är ett ämne som behandlar innehåll som ska förbereda eleverna för att bli demokratiska medborgare. För att det ska kunna ske är det av vikt att lärarna ger eleverna möjligheter att lära sig det. I studien är syftet att undersöka vilka metoder som lärare uppfattar motiverar elever samt vilka metoder som lärare uppfattar som framgångsrika för elevers kunskapsutveckling i ämnet samhällskunskap. Studien har gjorts ur ett årskurs 4–6 perspektiv. Studien tar sin grund i den sociokulturella teoribildningen, där tanken om lärande i samspel, och lärande genom medierande verktyg, är av vikt. En kvalitativ metod har använts för studien. För att belysa lärarnas uppfattningar av motiverande och kunskapsutvecklande metoder har kvalitativa intervjuer använts. Efter genomförda intervjuer, bearbetades materialet och analys samt kodning gjordes. Resultatet visar att lärarnas uppfattningar om vilka metoder som motiverar elever och vilka metoder som anses kunskapsutvecklande i stora drag handlar om att eleverna gynnas av ett varierat arbetssätt där det ingår att de får dela med sig utav sina tankar och idéer genom bland annat grupparbete, diskussioner och praktiskt arbete. Slutsatsen av studien är att lärarnas uppfattningar av vad det är som motiverar och utvecklar elevernas kunskaper till stora delar stämmer överens med vad forskning säger. Det är därmed av stor vikt att som lärare vara medveten om vad det är som motiverar eleverna för att en faktisk kunskapsutveckling ska ske. / The civic education contains subjects that is supposed to prepare pupils to become democratic citizens. To be able to fulfil that goal it is important for teachers to give the pupils opportunities to learn about it. The aim of this study is therefore to examine which methods teachers apprehend to be successful for pupil’s knowledge development and their motivation in civics education. This study has been done in the perspective of the Swedish primary school. The study is based on the sociocultural learning theory, where learning in cooperation, and learning through mediating tools is important. A qualitative method has been used for this study. To acknowledge the teacher’s perceptions about motivating and knowledge development, this study has used qualitive interviews. After the interviews were done, the material was processed and analyzed, furthermore a coding was done. The result showed that the teacher’s perception about which methods that motivates the pupils and which methods that are knowledge developing was that they should vary their teaching. For example, the pupils should be in an environment where they can share their thoughts and ideas through working in groups, discussions, and practical tasks. The conclusion of this study is that the teacher’s perceptions of what is considered motivating and knowledge developing mainly agrees with what research says. There it is important for teachers to be aware of what motivates pupils for an actual knowledge development to happen.

Studiens syfte är att få en djupare förståelse för hur svensklärare ställer sig till språk- och kunskapsutvecklande arbetssätt och synliggöra lärarnas självförståelse i arbetssättet. Studien består av fyra intervjuer med svensklärare på mellanstadiet i Mellansverige som arbetar som ämneslärare. Studien visar att lärarna har en positiv inställning till språk- och kunskapsutvecklande arbetssätt i svenskundervisningen och anser således att de har en vital roll i eleverna språkliga utveckling. Dock framgår det i resultatet att det skiljer sig åt mellan lärarna och hur de praktiserar arbetssättet beroende på vilka erfarenheter de har och vilken skola de arbetar på. Ett visst motstånd finns där man kan notera en tendens på att den konservativa ämnestraditionen finns kvar utifrån att lärare har svårt att samarbeta och släppa in andra lärare i den egna undervisningen. Vidare visar resultatet att samtliga lärare på ett eller annat sätt arbetar med språk- och kunskapsutvecklande arbetssätt i svenskundervisningen. Utifrån lärarnas utlåtanden är det tydligt att de är influerade av Vygotskijs sociokulturella perspektiv och Hallidays systemiska funktionella grammatik. Skillnaderna mellan lärarna är stora och det är enbart två lärare som är medvetna i teorierna och arbetsmodellerna medan de övriga två är omedvetna om dem. Detta synliggörande, som också är en förspråkligande, kan i bästa fall höja lärares professionella medvetenhet och bidra till att möjliggöra kollegiala samtal om hur språk- och kunskapsutvecklande undervisning kan utvecklas. / The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how Swedish teachers approach language and knowledge-developing working methods and to make the teachers self-understanding visible in the working method. The study consists of four interviews with Swedish teachers in middle school in Central Sweden. The study shows that teachers have a positive attitude towards language and knowledge development working methods in Swedish teaching and believe that they have a vital role in student language development. However, the results show that there are differences between the teachers and how they practice the working method depending on what experiences they have and which school they work at. There is some resistance where we can see a tendency for the conservative subject tradition to remain based on the fact that teachers have difficulty cooperating and letting other teachers into their own teaching. Furthermore, the results show that all teachers in one way or another work with language and knowledge development methods in Swedish teaching. From the teacher statements, it is clear that they are influenced by Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective and Halliday's systemic functional grammar. The differences between the teachers are large and only two teachers are aware of the theories and working models, while the other two are unaware of them. This visibility, which is also advocacy, can at best raise teachers’ professional awareness and help to enable collegial conversations about how language and knowledge development teaching can be developed.

Beobachtungen der vergangenen Jahre zeigen, dass sich Unternehmen für die Entwicklung von Produkten zunehmend global verteilt aufstellen (Lindemann und Kern 2016). So bieten verteilt arbeitende Teams neben potenziellen Kostensenkungen und kürzeren Entwicklungszeiten auch die Möglichkeit, Synergieeffekte effektiv nutzen zu können. Insbesondere für die Entwicklung immer komplexer werdender Produkte, die an der Schnittstelle von Maschinenbau, Elektrotechnik oder Informatik entstehen, ist die überregionale Zusammenarbeit von Experten aus den verschiedenen Bereichen notwendig (Bavendiek et al. 2018a). Erst die Kooperation in verteilten Teams erlaubt es, das weltweit verteilte Know-How zu bündeln. Um den Produktentwicklungsprozess bedarfsgerecht zu unterstützen existiert eine Vielzahl von Methoden, die in den vergangenen Jahren einen immer größer werdenden Stellenwert in der Industrie erlangt haben. Trotz ihrer empirisch nachgewiesenen Vorteile für die Produktentwicklung (Graner & Behr 2012) lässt sich in der Praxis oftmals nur ein zögerlicher Methodeneinsatz beobachten (Gericke et al. 2016). Gerade in verteilten Entwicklungsprojekten stellt sich der Methodeneinsatz als Herausforderung dar, da viele Methoden für den Einsatz an einem Standort konzipiert und daher nur eingeschränkt für die spezifischen Anforderungen der verteilten Anwendung ausgelegt sind (Walter et al. 2016). Methoden können allerdings erst dann ihr volles Potential entfalten, wenn sie an die vorherrschende Entwicklungssituation angepasst werden. Allerdings fehlt zurzeit das Wissens um die entscheidenden Faktoren zur Beschreibung des Entwicklungskontextes in der standortverteilten Produktgenerationsentwicklung, was letztendlich dazu führt, dass Methoden zurzeit nicht bedarfs- und situationsgerecht an die entsprechende standortverteilte Entwicklungssituation angepasst werden können. Grundlegend hierfür ist zusätzlich ein allgemeingültiges Verständnis des Begriffs standortverteilte Produktgenerationsentwicklung. [... aus der Einleitung]

This paper examines developers' experience of participation in decisions through agile system development methods in long-term projects. Participation is meant as an opportunity for developers to influence and realize decisions in their work through independence and freedom. The research question reads as follows: "How are developers' perceived participation in decisions during long-term projects affected?". Through five qualitative interviews with developers from an international military company, institutional logics are used as a complementary theoretical framework and analytical support. Tensions between a professional logic and a management logic are indicated to be the two main logics that pressure developers' perceived participation in decisions over a long-term period. By combining development methods over time within long-term projects, daily follow-up varies and developers' perceived participation in decisions may be affected. Partial deliveries promote developers' perceived participation in decisions because developers can receive ongoing feedback on their decisions. Developers are required to make constant considerations in their decisions in order to achieve flexibility and meet requirements, but are limited by access to information due to defense-secrecy. / Uppsatsen undersöker utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut genom agila systemutvecklingsmetoder inom långsiktiga projekt. Delaktighet avses som möjlighet för utvecklare att genom självständighet och frihet påverka samt realisera beslut i sin arbetssituation. Forskningsfrågan som tagits fram lyder enligt följande: “Hur påverkas utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut under långsiktiga projekt?”. Genom fem kvalitativa intervjuer med utvecklare från ett militärt internationellt företag används institutionella logiker som ett kompletterande teoretiskt ramverk och analysstöd. Spänningar mellan en professionslogik och en management-logik indikeras vara de två huvudsakliga logiker som sätter press på utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut under en lång tidshorisont. Genom att systemutvecklingsmetoder blandas över tid inom långsiktiga projekt varieras daglig uppföljning och utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut kan komma att påverkas. Delleveranser främjar utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut eftersom utvecklare kan få löpande återkoppling på sina beslut. Utvecklare erfordras göra ständiga avvägningar i sina beslut för att uppnå flexibilitet och möta krav, men begränsas av tillgång till information till följd av försvarssekretess.

Successful product development has been a fundamental part of many of today's companies and their continued prosperity depends on continuing to develop new products in the future. There are many models of product development. The two most common classes of development are market pull (MP) and technology push (TP). TP product development differs from MP in that the development begins with a specified technology rather than a specified customer. Because TP development is generally considered more difficult and challenging, most of the product development research has focused on MP development and many researchers and practitioners favor MP development over TP development. However, successful TP development has been shown to be a source of innovation that cannot be realized through MP development and is performed by many companies. The research in this thesis focuses on developing a comprehensive TP model to guide product developers on how to implement TP development successfully. This new TP model is developed by comparing recently published TP models to published best practices of TP development and known deficiencies of TP models. The comprehensive TP model makes improvements to the existing TP models through the addition of processes and tools that overcome deficiencies and incorporate best practices. The new comprehensive TP model includes elements of existing generic MP models, a "Technology Application Selection" (TAS) process and several new processes and tools associated with prototypes and network groups. Some of the new processes and tools are demonstrated through a case example. The comprehensive TP model provides product developers with the necessary step-by-step guide to TP product development. The model effectively deals with deficiencies of previous TP models, is sufficiently comprehensive and detailed to guide product developers, is complimentary and consistent to existing design processes and terms, is applicable to most TP product development projects, and is useful and repeatable in making product development decisions.

Master thesis is performed on 80 pages (format А4, the font type Times New Roman, font size 14, interlining 1.5) excluding attachments. Number of tables – 24 (excluding attachments). Number of pictures – 7(excluding attachments). Number of graphics – 13(excluding attachments). Master Thesis consists in Introduction, three Chapters, Conclusion, Bibliography and Appendix. In the theoretical part are presented the basic concepts, objectives of assessment, its types and forms, stages, criteria and methods. In the practical part are analyzed the General characteristics of the investigated enterprise and the activities of the personnel management, the analysis of the Training methods currently used and the existence of gamification elements. Based on these results, it is recommended, a survey application addressed to managers, supervisors, heads department, with a series of items to explore the viability of implementing gamification elements within the training methods currently used in The International Retail Company in Russia Region. It was proposed, the implementation of an Operational and Communicative Levels Management Model through specific Game Elements specifically for The International Retail Company in Russia Region. In conclusion developing strategies through specific Game Elements specifically for The International Retail Company in Russia Region. / Магистерская диссертация выполнена на 80 страницах (формат А4, шрифт Times New Roman, размер шрифта 14, флизелин 1.5) без учета вложений. Количество таблиц – 24 (без учета приложений). Количество фотографий – 7 (без вложений). Количество диаграмм -13 (без вложений). Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложения. В теоретической части представлены основные понятия, задачи оценки, ее виды и формы, этапы, критерии и методы. В практической части анализируются Общая характеристика исследуемого предприятия и деятельности управления персоналом, анализ применяемых в настоящее время методов обучения и наличие элементов геймификации. На основании полученных результатов рекомендуется приложение-опрос, адресованное руководителям, супервайзерам, руководителям подразделений, с серией пунктов по изучению целесообразности внедрения элементов геймификации в рамках методов обучения, применяемых в настоящее время в международной розничной компании в регионе России. Предложена реализация модели управления операционным и коммуникативным уровнями через специфические игровые элементы специально для международной розничной компании в российском регионе. В заключение - разработка стратегий с использованием конкретных игровых элементов специально для международной розничной компании в российском регионе.

En följd av såväl politiska beslut som den ökade medvetenheten hos kunder är att efterfrågan av grönare teknik har ökat. Idag står andelen av laddbara personbilar för ungefär en tredjedel av alla nyregistrerade personbilar i Sverige. Det är inte bara personbilstillverkare som går igenom detta teknikskifte mot grönare teknik och smartare självkörande bilar, samma trend ses i lastbilsindustrin. Även fast kunderna i detta fall är andra företag som t.ex. stora åkerier finns det även här en stor efterfrågan på den nya tekniken. Det kan tyckas motstridigt att tillverka ett elfordon som både ska klara av att transportera tung last samtidigt som det ska kunna erbjuda en lång räckvidd. Självkörande lastbilar är något som Scania tillsammans med flera stora lastbilstillverkare jobbar med att utveckla. De utmaningar som finns för lastbilstillverkare gällande det autonoma skiljer sig från personbilstillverkare. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka hur produktutvecklingsprocessen påverkas av teknikskiftet mot eldrivna, autonoma lastbilar. Inledningsvis genomfördes en litteraturstudie där tidigare kända teorier och studier inom relevanta områden undersöktes för att få en bättre förståelse för det nuvarande kunskapsläget. Därefter hölls tre stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer från olika avdelningar med olika kompetenser från företag inom dels lastbilsindustrin, men även personbilsindustrin. Intervjuerna syftade till att samla så mycket information som möjligt kring de utmaningar som lastbilsindustrin står inför ur ett produktutvecklings perspektiv. Även de förändringar som skett i samband med teknikskiftet var av intresse under intervjuerna. Efter intervjuerna gjordes en sammanställning och en analys av det resultat som framkommit under studien. Resultatet visar att det har skett en stor förändring inom industrin på flera områden. Nya arbetsmetoder har implementerats för att korta ned ledtiderna och öka kvaliteten på produkterna. Det finns ett ökat behov av nya kompetenser inom branschen och det blir allt vanligare att anställa personal från hela världen som kan arbeta på distans. Vidare satsas det allt mer på att omskola befintlig personal. Resultatet visar även att antalet samarbeten har ökat och att det sker ett stort informationsutbyte mellan företag som båda jobbar med autonom teknik. / An increasing demand for greener technology has been forced through by political decisions, but also as a result of growing awareness amongst customers. Today, the proportion of rechargeable passenger cars accounts for about a third of all newly registered passenger cars in Sweden. It is not just passenger car manufacturers who are experiencing this shift towards greener technology and smarter autonomous cars. The same trend can be seen in the truck industry, even if the customers in this case are large hauliers. It may seem contradictory to manufacture a vehicle that must both be able to transport heavy loads and withstand long range. Scania, amongst other big truck manufacturers, has come a long way in developing autonomous trucks. The challenges of truck manufacturers differ from those of passenger car manufacturers regarding autonomous technology. This study will investigate how the product development process is affected by the shift in technologytowards electric, autonomous trucks.Initially, a literature study was conducted where previous theories and studies in relevant areas were examined in order to gain a better understanding of the current state of knowledge. Subsequently, three semi-structured interviews were held with people from different departments and with various competences from companies in both the truck and car industries. The aim of the interviews was to gather as much information as possible about the challenges facing the truck industry from the product development perspective. The changes that have taken place as a result of the technology shift were also of interest in the interviews. Afterwards, an analysis summary was made of the results that emerged during the study. The results show that there has been significant change in several areas within the industry. New working methods have been implemented to shorten lead times and increase the quality of the products. There is a growing need for new skills within the industry and it is becoming increasingly common to employ staff from all over the world who can work remotely. At the same time, more and more funding is going towards further training of existing staff. The results also show that the number of collaborations has increased and that there is a large exchange of information between companies that are in the autonomous technology business.

No / McIntosh and Watt focus on a recent research that many female registered nurses who return from a career break at a lower grade relative to their experience and training. They note that the reintegration of the most highly trained and experience registered nurses will not only reduce the need and cost of training but will critically enhance the quality of delivery. The NHS must make greater use of these highly skilled and experienced registered nurses, not just for sound economic reasons but for improved health outcomes as well. Patients and clients all deserve the most skilled, experienced and able registered nurses, regardless of their life circumstances.; Many female registered nurses return from a career break at a lower grade relative to their experience and training, which has a detrimental implication for the National Health Service in terms of operational efficiency. It is imperative that human resources are used to the maximum benefit of the nursing service. Adapted from the source document.

As metodologias ágeis e em especial a Programação eXtrema (XP) surgem como um contraponto aos métodos tradicionais de desenvolvimento de software. Nos encontramos em um momento no qual considera-se aceitável encontrar defeitos em programas de computador, até mesmo naqueles sistemas pelos quais temos que pagar muito dinheiro. Melhorar o ensino de técnicas para que equipes possam colaborar no desenvolvimento de software de qualidade é essencial para que esta área do conhecimento alcance a maturidade que esperamos. O ensino de XP é uma tarefa relativamente complexa pois exige que pessoas passem por uma mudança cultural, para aceitar seus valores, princípios e práticas. Diferentes organizações precisam adaptar a metodologia para que ela funcione bem em seu contexto local. Encontrar maneiras de facilitar o ensino e a adoção das práticas ágeis é fundamental para melhorar a qualidade do software desenvolvido no país. Este trabalho pesquisa o ensino de XP em contextos acadêmicos, governamentais e industriais. Três estudos de caso foram conduzidos e analisados para sugerir padrões que podem auxiliar o ensino da metodologia por um educador em qualquer contexto. / Agile methodologies, specially eXtreme Programming (XP), appear as a counterpoint to traditional software development methods. We live in a moment were it is considered acceptable to find bugs in computer programs, even those for which we pay a lot of money. It is essential to improve the way we teach techniques with which teams can collaborate on the development of quality software so that this area of knowledge reaches the maturity we wish. Teaching XP is a relatively complex task because it implies that people must go through a cultural change to accept its values, principles, and practices. Different organizations need to adapt the methodology so that it will work well in their local context. Finding ways to facilitate teaching and adopting agile practices is fundamental to improve the quality of software being developed in the country. This work researches the process of teaching XP in academic, governmental and industrial con- texts. Three case studies were conducted and analyzed so that we could suggest patterns that can support educators teaching the methodology in any context.

<b>Résumé</b> Les applications logicielles sont devenues indispensables dans un grand nombre d’activités humaines et se sont répandues grâce à l’avènement des réseaux (ADSL, WIFI, GSM...) ou de l’informatique nomade (ordinateurs portables, assistant digitaux personnels, téléphones mobiles etc.) qui ont rendu l’interaction avec des systèmes informatiques possible en presque tout lieu. Cet état de fait a engendré à la fois une grande complexité pour la conception de ces systèmes distribués et de grandes attentes de la part des clients de ces systèmes, préoccupés principalement par les qualités et temps de réalisation des applications logicielles exécutées par ces systèmes ainsi que les coûts qui en découlent. Il est donc nécessaire d’améliorer nos méthodes de développement afin de faire face à ces nouveaux défis. D’une part, l’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles (IDM), en permettant la description d’applications logicielles à divers niveaux d’abstraction et en générant certains de leurs éléments via la transformation de modèles, s’attaque à la complexité intrinsèque de ces systèmes et réduit leur temps de développement ainsi que celui de maintenance. D’autre part, l’approche de ligne de produits accélère la réutilisation logicielle en proposant le développement d’applications basées sur un ensemble de composants communs dans un domaine déterminé. Ainsi, lorsque ceux-ci sont conçus avec soin, il est possible de satisfaire simultanément des critères de qualité et de temps de développement. Les méthodes qui ont été construites sur le paradigme de ligne de produits se sont principalement attachées à décrire les points communs et les différences parmi les composants qui seront réutilisés par les applications membres de lignes de produits. Néanmoins, un logiciel doit très souvent répondre à un besoin qui émane d’un utilisateur particulier. Il est donc nécessaire de prendre en compte ses attentes qui sont parfois spécifiques à cet utilisateur et il n’est ni possible ni souhaitable de définir et de supporter celles ci dans l’ensemble de composant réutilisables à partir desquels les applications sont dérivées. Certaines méthodes orientées lignes de produits proposent des approches pour la dérivation de produits par trop restrictives qui excluent de manière indue des produits qui, bien que pouvant être développés à partir des composants de la ligne de produits, n’ont pas été envisagés lors de sa définition, ce qui nous prive donc de la possibilité d’adresser facilement les exigences spécifiques des utilisateurs. Si quelques méthodes reconnaissent la nécessité de prendre en compte ces exigences particulières, elles ne fournissent aucune solution systématique pour intégrer ces exigences dans le cycle de développement d’un produit. Cette thèse s’attache à la définition d’une méthode plus souple pour le développement d’applications dans le contexte de ligne de produits qui s’appuie sur une combinaison de l’approche IDM avec les “frameworks” orientés-objet. Le domaine ciblé par cette méthode est celui des applications de ventes enchères sur Internet qui est un domaine non-critique pour lequel une grande variabilité dans les scenarii d’utilisation est requise. La première partie de cette thèse introduit les concepts de base de notre méthode nommée FIDJI. En particulier, nous définissons la notion de framework architectural comme un ensemble de modèles permettant la description cohérente des divers constituants d’analyse et de concept d’une ligne de produits. Cette entité est ensuite instanciée par le biais de transformations de modèles. Nous décrivons ensuite les principes méthodologiques qui ont déterminé les choix des modèles du framework architectural ainsi que l’instanciation flexible de produits encadré par des contraintes définies sur les modèles du framework architectural. La seconde partie de cette thèse présente en détail les phases de définition des charges, d’analyse et de conception de la méthode FIDJI. Tout d’abord, un modèle de définition de ligne de produits est introduit permettant la définition des charges de manière informelle en se basant sur des variations de cas d’utilisation et un dictionnaire de données et encadré par des règles méthodologiques simples. Nous définissons ensuite la phase d’analyse comme un raffinement de la phase de découverte des charges en proposant la modélisation des concepts du domaine à l’aide de diagrammes UML 2.0 ainsi que l’enrichissement des cas d’utilisation par des expressions OCL (Object Constraint Language). Au niveau de l’analyse, nous démontrons comment un certain degré de flexibilité peut être obtenu au niveau du cycle de vie des évenements échangés entre le système et ses acteurs via l’utilisation de variables d’états. La phase de design s’intéresse principalement à l’aspect architectural, en proposant un modèle de composants basé sur UML 2.0 permettant la description de styles architecturaux structurant le framework architectural. Des profiles UML 2.0 définissant les éléments de modèles utilisés, leurs conditions d’application ainsi que des règles de cohérence et de traceabilité pour les modèles d’analyse et de conception sont proposés. Le processus méthodologique, commun aux phases d’analyse et de conception, consiste en l’écriture d’un programme de transformation de modèles permettant d’instancier le framework architectural tout en étant guidé par des contraintes d’instanciation qui définissent de manière souple les frontières de la ligne de produits. Enfin, la dernière partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à l’application concrète de la méthode FIDJI. Une étude de cas appartenant au domaine des applications e-commerce est détaillée, illustrant ainsi les modèles FIDJI. Nous montrons en particulier comment écrire le programme de transformations à partir d’opérations de transformation prédéfinies ainsi que la raison d’être et l’utilisation des contraintes guidant le processus d’instanciation au coeur de la méthode. <b>Abstract</b> Software systems have become essential to many human activities and have proliferated thanks to various hardware innovations such as mobile computing (laptops, personal digital assistants, mobile phones) and networks (DSL, WIFI, GSM, etc.) enabling interactions between users and computer systems in virtually any place. This situation has created both a great complexity for such distributed systems to be designed and great expectations (mainly concerned with quality, time and induced costs of the software) from the users of these systems, requiring improvements in software engineering methods in order to meet these challenges. On the one hand, Model Driven Engineering (MDE), by allowing the description of software systems through abstractions and deriving useful system artifacts, harnesses inherent complexity of software systems and reduces time-to-market via model transformations. On the other hand, software product lines foster software reuse by proposing to develop applications based on a set of common assets belonging to a particular domain. Thus, when product line assets are carefully designed, both quality and time-to-market requirements can be achieved. Development methods that have resulted from the product line paradigm generally focus on defining common and variable assets to be reused by product line members. However, they hardly address the development of applications from the product line assets in a systematic way. Furthermore, those considering it propose automated but rather inflexible approaches that unnecessarily exclude products which, although addressable by product line assets, have not been explicitly envisioned during product line definition. If in some domains — in particular, those including hardware constraints and/or critical features — it is possible to fully determine the products that are part of the software product line, in the other cases, an initial set of products can only be considered assuming that the customers’ requests will be met by this set. We believe that this assumption is false in general and this thesis examines the research question which consists in proposing a set of models and a product line development method to offer more flexibility while deriving products in order to seamlessly address customers’ requests. The domain we consider is that of web e-bartering systems. This thesis strives to propose a trade-off between automated and unsupported product derivation by providing a model-driven product line development method that allows developers to define product line members by transforming a coherent and layered set of product line models. Moreover, constraints on the possible transformations have to be specified in order to determine which products cannot be derived both for functional and technical reasons. The first part of this thesis introduces the foundational concepts of our FIDJI method. In particular, it describes the notion of architectural framework as a set of models defining product line assets at analysis and design levels and which is instantiated in order to obtain product line members thanks to model transformations. This part then describes key methodological principles driving the choice of architectural framework models and how flexibility in product derivation can be achieved and controlled by constraints defined over the set of architectural framework models. The second part of this thesis is devoted to requirements elicitation, analysis and design phases of the method. For requirements elicitation, a specific product line template is defined to allow for the description of a software product line in an informal manner via use case variants and data dictionaries. The analysis phase refines requirements elicitation by allowing the precise description of domain concepts in terms of UML models as well as functionalities in terms of use cases completed by OCL expressions. Variability is ensured through the use of state variables in OCL expressions which enable a wide variety of scenarios to be implemented in the product. Constraints indirectly define product line boundaries by preventing certain instantiations from being made. The design phase focuses on the architectural design of the architectural framework and describes it in terms of interacting components structured via architectural styles. Analysis and design models are supported by UML profiles defining the constructs offered by the FIDJI method, their usage conditions as well as traceability and consistency rules ensuring model correctness. The methodological process for both analysis and design consists in writing a transformation program, validated over the aforementioned constraints, that will instantiate the architectural framework to obtain a viable product line member. The last part of the thesis deals with the practical application of the method. A case study belonging to the e-commerce domain illustrates the FIDJI method in detail and a simple architectural framework is defined for this purpose. In particular, we show how the transformation program is created from predefined transformation operations dedicated to FIDJI models and the rationale and usage of constraints controlling the instantiation of the architectural framework.