As dietas monótonas, com elevado consumo de carnes e alimentos ultraprocessados pioram o quadro de segurança alimentar porque aceleram registros epidemiológicos de doenças crônicas enquanto degradam os ecossistemas. Indicadores ambientais aplicados sistematicamente no campo da alimentação revelam as evidências científicas e as justificativas éticas que suportam a integração de educação nutricional e ambiental nos guias alimentares nacionais. Um grande desafio da atualidade é fortalecer as métricas das dietas saudáveis e sustentáveis, o que inclui desenvolver indicadores ambientais atrelados à qualidade nutricional dos padrões alimentares. Primeiro, nós fizemos uma avaliação qualitativa de como os guias nacionais inseriram as questões ambientais nas suas recomendações, seguida de estudo quantitativo sobre quanto que a adoção de dietas saudáveis pelos brasileiros reduziria os impactos ambientais. Pela análise de conteúdo, usando técnicas como a triagem de expressões e a categorização temática, nós relacionamos um extenso repertório ambiental aos Limites Planetários dentro dos quais a humanidade pode viver em segurança: uso de água doce, poluição química, integridade da biosfera, mudanças no uso do solo e nos sistemas da Terra, mudanças climáticas e fluxo biogeoquímico. Guias integrados recomendaram escolher alimentos com etiqueta ecológica oriundos da produção local e orgânica, as preparações caseiras compostas principalmente por vegetais frescos e sazonais, e moderadas em carnes, evitando os alimentos ultraprocessados, as embalagens, o consumo excessivo e os desperdícios. Água e alimentos contaminados por patógenos, alimentos vegetais por pesticidas e peixes por mercúrio foram questões apresentadas mesmo por guias com escopo restrito à nutrição. As recomendações conectaram as mudanças climáticas ao consumo de carne, mas também ao uso de energia e ao transporte. Para o estudo quantitativo, nós criamos uma nova base de dados ambientais com pegadas de carbono e hídrica obtidas em publicações internacionais de avaliação de ciclo de vida para todos os itens de consumo presentes na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2008-2009) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. As pegadas dos alimentos e das preparações culinárias consumidos pelos brasileiros estão disponíveis para uso direto como fatores de cálculos integrados à tabela de composição nutricional. Na primeira aplicação da base de dados ambientais, nós calculamos as pegadas de carbono e hídrica do consumo alimentar médio (4,1kgCO2eq e 4120 litros de água), de uma dieta saudável simulada (3,5 kgCO2eq e 3410 litros de água) e de cenários definidos por cinco estratos de participação percentual de energia na dieta provenientes dos alimentos ultraprocessados e cinco estratos das carnes em geral. Fizemos o estudo comparativo das pegadas com as dietas equalizadas em 2000kcal e 60g de proteína. Comparamos os impactos ambientais atrelados à qualidade nutricional por diferentes unidades funcionais (100g, 100kcal e grama de proteína). O maior consumo de carnes apresentou as pegadas mais altas (6,4kgCO2eq e 6293 litros de água). O maior consumo de ultraprocessados (4,2kgCO2eq e 3789 litros de água) apresentou pegadas comparáveis ao consumo médio. Se 200 milhões de brasileiros adotassem a dieta saudável, eles reduziriam as emissões em 45 milhões de toneladas de carbono ao ano. / Monotonous diets with high meat and ultra-processed foods consumption worsen the food security status because they accelerate epidemiological records of chronic diseases while degrading ecosystems. Environmental indicators systematically applied in the field of nutrition reveal scientific evidences and ethical justifications to support nutritional and environmental education integration in national dietary guidelines. A big challenge today is strengthening metrics of healthy and sustainable diets, which includes developing environmental indicators linked to nutritional quality of food patterns. First, we made a qualitative evaluation of how the national guidelines have inserted environmental issues in their recommendations, followed by a quantitative study on how much the healthy diets adoption by Brazilians would reduce environmental impacts. By content analysis, using techniques such as expressions screening and thematic categorization, we linked an extensive environmental repertoire to the Planetary Boundaries within which humanity could live safely: freshwater use, chemical pollution, biosphere integrity, land use and the Earth systems change, climate change and biogeochemical flow. Integrated guidelines recommended choosing eco-labeled food from local and organic production, home made meals mostly composed by fresh and seasonal vegetables, moderate in meat, avoiding ultra-processed foods, packaging, overconsumption and waste. Water and food contaminated by pathogens, plant foods by pesticides and fish by mercury were issues presented even by guidelines with scope restricted to nutrition. Food recommendations connected climate change to meat consumption, but also to energy use and transportation. For the quantitative study, we created a new environmental database with carbon and water footprints obtained from international life cycle assessment publications for all consumption items in the Family Budget Survey (2008-2009) of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. The footprints of foods and culinary preparations consumed by Brazilians are available to direct use as calculations factors integrated to the nutritional composition table. In the very first application of the environmental database, we calculated the carbon and water footprints of average food consumption (4.1 kgCO2eq and 4120 liters of water), a simulated healthy diet (3.5 kgCO2eq and 3410 liters of water) and scenarios defined by five quintils of dietary energy participation of ultra-processed foods and five quintils of red meats in general. We compared footprints using equalized diets in 2000 kcal and 60 g protein. We compared environmental impacts linked to nutritional quality by different functional units (100g, 100kcal and grams of protein). The highest meat consumption had the highest footprints of all (6.4kgCO2eq and 6293 liters of water). The highest consumption of ultra-processed had footprints (4.2kgCO2eq and 3789 liters of water) comparable to the average consumption. If 200 million Brazilians would adopt the healthy diet, they would reduce emissions in 45 million tons of carbon per year.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-10-24T18:44:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Milena Correa Martins.pdf: 937464 bytes, checksum: a7e29db9e9f986cd3f958c024842a3dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-24T18:44:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Milena Correa Martins.pdf: 937464 bytes, checksum: a7e29db9e9f986cd3f958c024842a3dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fornecimento do grão de aveia integral na dieta em substituição a silagem de milho sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o comportamento ingestivo e as características da carcaça em bovinos confinados. Para tanto, conduziu-se um estudo na Estação Experimental Fazenda Modelo (EEFM), do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) de Ponta Grossa – PR. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos por cinco teores de substituição do volumoso (silagem de milho) por grão de aveia branca (base de MS), sendo assim identificados: 0A = 50% de concentrado + 50% de silagem de milho (controle); 25A = 50% de concentrado + 37,5% de silagem de milho + 12,5% de aveia branca integral; 50A = 50% de concentrado + 25% de silagem de milho + 25% de aveia branca; 75A = 50% de concentrado + 12,5% de silagem de milho + 37,5% de aveia branca; 100A = 50% de concentrado + 50% de aveia branca. Foram utilizados, 35 tourinhos da raça Purunã, com peso médio inicial de 241 kg ± 5,51 kg e idade média inicial de 10 meses. Os animais foram divididos em cinco lotes, equilibrados por peso e idade. O experimento teve duração de 120 dias divididos em quatro subperíodos sendo um período de adaptação às dietas experimentais e três períodos experimentais. Para avaliação do desempenho considerou-se todo período experimental. Para determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes realizou-se colheita total de fezes por cinco dias consecutivos (entre os dias 103 e 107 do experimento). Entre o 119º e 120º dia do período experimental realizou-se a avalição do comportamento ingestivo dos animais por 24 horas, com observações individuais a cada 10 min. No último dia experimental realizou-se a colheita de líquido ruminal por meio de sonda esofágica para determinação do pH ruminal. Após o término do período experimental, os animais foram mantidos nas mesmas dietas até o dia do abate. Para o CMS, expresso em kg/d (P=0,02) ou em g/PV0,75 (P<0,001) houve efeito de interação entre os tratamentos e os períodos experimentais. Em todos os períodos experimentais observou-se efeito quadrático. Sendo que nos períodos 1 e 2 os maiores CMS (kg/d) foram apresentados pelos animais que receberam a dieta contendo 75% de aveia em substituição ao milho, contudo no período 3 o maior CMS foi observado para os animais da dieta 50A. Para o GMD não houve interação entre as dietas e os períodos experimentais, entretanto, observou-se efeito quadrático dos teores de aveia sobre esta variável, sendo o maior GMD observado para os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo 50% de aveia em substituição a silagem de milho. A eficiência alimentar (EA) foi afetada de forma quadrática (P = 0,01) pelos teores de aveia, sendo os animais que receberam a dieta 75A os que apresentaram a pior EA (0,15) e os animais do tratamento com 100% de substituição da silagem de milho por aveia os que apresentaram a melhor EA (0,23). A digestibilidade da MO e da FDN diminuíram linearmente em resposta aos teores crescentes de aveia. De outra forma, a digestibilidade da PB apresentou resposta quadrática, cujo menor valor foi observado para a dieta contendo 75% de substituição da silagem de milho por aveia. Diminuição linear também foi observado para o pH ruminal em resposta aos teores de aveia o que é coerente com a diminuição linear observada para os tempos de ruminação e mastigação em min/d em resposta as inclusões crescentes de aveia nas dietas. A exemplo do observado para o GMD, o peso vivo ao abate foi superior para os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo 50% de substituição da silagem de milho por aveia, efeito similar foi encontrado para o grau de marmoreio. / It was aimed to evaluate the effect of whole grain oats on the diet in replacement of corn silage on performance, nutrient digestibility, ingestive behavior and carcass traits in confined cattle. Therefore, a study was conducted at the Fazenda Modelo Experimental Station (FMEE), from the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR) of Ponta Grossa-PR. The experimental treatments were constituted by five levels of substitution of the corn silage by white oat grain (DM basis), thus being identified: 0A = 50% of concentrate + 50% of corn silage (control); 25A = 50% concentrate + 37.5% corn silage + 12.5% whole white oats; 50A = 50% concentrate + 25% corn silage + 25% whole white oats; 75A = 50% concentrate + 12.5% corn silage + 37.5% whole white oats; 100A = 50% concentrate + 50% whole white oats. Thirty five Purunã steers with initial BW of 241 kg ± 5,51 kg and initial mean age of 10 months were used. The animals were divided into five lots, balanced by weight and age. The experiment lasted 120 days divided into four sub periods, being a period of adaptation to the experimental diets and three experimental periods. The performance was evaluated throughout the trial period. To determine the digestibility of nutrients, a total fecal harvest was carried out for five consecutive days (between days 103 and 107 of the experiment). Between the 119th and 120th day of the experimental period, the ingestive behavior of the animals was evaluated for 24 hours, with individual observations every 10 min. On the last experimental day, ruminal fluid was collected by means of an esophageal probe to determine the ruminal pH. After the end of the experimental period, the animals were kept in the same diets until the day of slaughter. For DMI, expressed in kg/d (P = 0.02) or in g/PV0.75 (P<0.001) there was an interaction effect between the treatments and the experimental periods. In all experimental periods, a quadratic effect was observed. During the periods 1 and 2 the highest DMI (kg/d) were presented by the animals that received the diet containing 75% of oats instead of corn, but in the period 3 the highest DMI was observed for the animals of the 50A diet. For ADG there was no interaction between diets and experimental periods, however, there was a quadratic effect of oat contents on this variable, with the highest ADG observed for animals fed with the diet containing 50% oats instead of silage of corn. Feeding efficiency (FE) was affected in a quadratic manner (P = 0.01) for oat contents, with the animals receiving diet 75A those with the worst FE (0.15) and animals treated with 100% of corn silage replacement per oats were those that presented the best FE (0.23). The digestibility of OM and NDF linearly decreased with increasing levels of oats. Otherwise, the digestibility of CP showed a quadratic response, the lowest value of which was observed for the diet containing 75% of corn silage substitution for oats. Linear decrease was also observed for ruminal pH according to oat contents, which is consistent with the linear decrease in the rumination and chewing times in min/d in response to increasing oat inclusions in the diets. As observed for ADG, BW at slaughter was higher for animals fed with the diet containing 50% replacement of corn silage by oats, a similar effect was found for the degree of marbling.

Background: People with intellectual disabilities (ID) remain at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to lifestyle associated risk factors such poor diets and low physical activity levels. Interventions have been adapted which target ongoing T2D self-management. However, there are no adapted programmes which prevent T2D through reducing risk factors. The present research project addresses this gap through a three-phase study on the existing literature, theoretical basis, and process evaluation of a T2D prevention programme. Methods: Phase 1: The literature reviews identified that the support needs of people with ID with T2D are currently not being met. Appropriate training needs to be delivered so that people with ID can self-manage or reduce the risk of T2D effectively. Given the early onset of T2D in people with ID and their often shorter lifespan, there is rationale for a preventative agenda in T2D education. Four potential mainstream intervention programmes were identified, and the self-efficacy model was found to be the most prevalent successfully implemented theoretical model. Phase 2: Nine sub-themes were identified following analysis of the data: 1) "Mastery through knowledge"; 2) "Mastery through tools and strategies"; 3) "Mastery through autonomy"; 4) "Influence of social setting"; 5) "Positive social comparisons"; 6) "Positive and negative self-statements"; 7) "Feedback from Caregivers"; 8) "Adjustment experiences"; 9) "Symptom awareness". These were mapped onto Bandura's (1977) Four Sources of efficacy enhancement model and were consistentwith its proposed mechanisms. The Four Sources model serves as a useful mode of enquiry for exploring people with ID's experiences and perceptions of self-managing diabetes. It also confirms the appropriateness of ssself-efficacy as a potential intervention component for this population. However, additional support may be required for people with ID to reflect meaningfully on their experiences and thus have a sense of self-efficacy. Phase3: 96% of invited students agreed to participate. The Walking Away programme was positively received, and some short-term impact was described, yet there were limitations to accessibility of the program due to the complexity of the language and materials. Suggestions for further adaptations regarding materials and content were provided, and there was perceived scope for a long-term implementation built into college curriculum. Results: Phase One: The literature reviews identified that the support needs of people with ID with T2D are currently not being met. Appropriate training needs to be delivered so that people with ID can self-manage or reduce the risk of T2D effectively. Given the early onset of T2D in people with ID and their often shorter lifespan, there is rationale for a preventative agenda in T2D education. Four potential mainstream intervention programmes were identified, and the self-efficacy model was found to be the most prevalent successfully implemented theoretical model. Phase Two: Nine sub-themes were identified following analysis of the data: 1) "Mastery through knowledge"; 2) "Mastery through tools and strategies"; 3) "Masterythrough autonomy"; 4) "Influence of social setting"; 5) "Positive social comparisons"; 6) "Positive and negative self-statements"; 7) "Feedback from Caregivers"; 8) "Adjustment experiences"; 9) "Symptom awareness". These were mapped onto Bandura's (1977) Four Sources of efficacy enhancement model and were consistent with its proposed mechanisms. The Four Sources model serves as a useful mode of enquiry for exploring people with ID's experiences and perceptions of self-managing diabetes. It also confirms the appropriateness of self-efficacy as a potential intervention component for this population. However, additional support may be required for people with ID to reflect meaningfully on their experiences and thus have a sense of self-efficacy. Phase Three: 96% of invited students agreed to participate. The Walking Away programme was positively received, and some short-term impact was described, yet there were limitations to accessibility of the program due to the complexity of the language and materials. Suggestions for further adaptations regarding materials and content were provided, and there was perceived scope for a long-term implementation built into college curriculum. Phase Three: 96% of invited students agreed to participate. The Walking Away programme was positively received, and some short-term impact was described, yet there were limitations to accessibility of the program due to the complexity of the language and materials. Suggestions for further adaptations regarding materials and content were provided, and there was perceived scope for a long-term implementation built into college curriculum. Conclusions: The findings provide basis for a further trial incorporating the suggested adaptations. A self-efficacy informed prevention programme was highly acceptability to students and teaching staff. Further education colleges provided a supportive setting and yielded a rich sample.

Esta dissertação se compõe, primeiro, de uma análise interdisciplinar e de macromarketing sobre o mercado alimentar com enfoque nos problemas da atual configuração centrada em carnes e lácteos. Levantando diversos estudos recentes e relatórios de áreas climática, ambiental, econômica, da saúde, da nutrição, da antropologia e da ética, apresenta-se vantagens de uma reconfiguração na ordem do mercado alimentar devido ao protagonismo dos produtos de origem animal na emissão de gases de efeito estufa, mudança no uso da terra, pressão pelo desmatamento, uso e poluição da água, perda da biodiversidade, ameaça à segurança alimentar global, inerente ineficiência econômica, reforço às desigualdades socioeconômicas, proliferação de novas doenças transmissíveis, impactos à saúde do consumidor, sustentação de altos índices de mortalidade humana e violação dos direitos dos animais. A partir dessa análise de macromarketing, se propõe uma reconfiguração vegana do mercado alimentar como importante alternativa para aliviar, de modo integrado, esse conjunto de problemas enfretandos pela sociedade contemporânea. Nesse sentido, uma reconfiguração sociotécnica para favorecer padrões alimentares veganos mostra-se como alternativa à sustentabilidade, especialmente em relação às mudanças climáticas, dado que essa transformação é indicada como relevante estratégia de mitigação e de adaptação, concomitantemente Diversas dificuldades para tal reconfiguração estão alinhadas à constante reiteração das práticas sociais através do habitus e outros dispositivos para a manutenção da atual estrutura e ordem socioecônomica. Por isso, transformações no mercado alimentar são complexas, dadas as relações de poder, relativas aos interesses dos diversos atores direta e indiretamente beneficiados economicamente, e das bases culturais e históricas que sustentam práticas envolvidas nesse consumo. Assim, compreender as influências sobre o comportamento do consumidor, entendendo-o como um agente inserido em estruturas e dinâmicas sociais, é essencial — embora não suficiente — para estudar a transformação de um mercado. Por isso, propõe-se um estudo, de certa forma amplo, com consumidores para compreender elementos que operam dificultando, e eventualmente facilitando, a transformação vegana de suas práticas de consumo alimentar. Através de uma coleta empírita, exploratória e de multimétodo, com ativa participação de 54 consumidores que mantêm diferentes padrões de consumo alimentar em relação à ingestão de produtos de origem animal, foi possível identificar e compreender elementos que operam como barreiras e como facilitadores à ruptura de hábitos alimentares baseados em carnes e derivados de animais e à manutenção de novos hábitos alimentares à base de plantas Para tanto, utilizou-se entrevistas em profundidade e questionários abertos aplicados online; estratégias de coleta essas em que se pôde obter reconstruções narrativas de memórias, experiências cotidianas e crenças com a participação de consumidores categorizados como reducetarianos, vegetarianos e veganos; e também se obteve percepções, projeções e algumas experiências de consumidores que mantêm suas práticas alimentares conforme o padrão centrado em carnes. Em análises integradas desses diversos dados qualitativos, incluindo também, para ilustração, evidências midiáticas e dados de coleta de campo do contexto em estudo, pôde-se compreender como operam enquanto barreiras e facilitadores alguns elementos. Nessas análises, os comportamentos de consumo alimentar puderam ser compreendidos como práticas sociais inseridas em dinâmicas complexas, envolvendo não apenas aspectos individuais de nível cognitivo e biofísico, mas aspectos materiais e aspectos de ordem sociocultural — sobretudo da ordem de mercado. Intenciona-se contribuir teórica e metodológicamente para estudos sobre transformações nos padrões de consumo em favor de lógicas mais sustentáveis e gerar subsídios a organizações alinhadas a transformações veganas no mercado alimentar. / This master's thesis is composed, firstly, by an interdisciplinary and macromarketing analysis of the food market, focusing on the problems of the current configuration centered on meats and dairy products. Collecting several recent studies and reports of climate, environmental, economic, health, nutrition, anthropology and ethics areas, is presented problems due to the leading role of animal products in the greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, deforestation pressure, water use and pollution, biodiversity loss, threats to global food security, its inherent economic inefficiency, socio-economic inequalities, new communicable diseases, impacts on consumer health, high levels of human mortality and animal rights violations. From this macromarketing analysis, a vegan reconfiguration of the food market is proposed as an important alternative to alleviate, in an integrated way, this set of problems faced by contemporary society. In this sense, a socio-technical reconfiguration, to vegan food standards, is proposed as an alternative to sustainability, especially in relation to climate change, since this transformation is indicated as a relevant mitigation and adaptation strategy, concomitantly Several difficulties for such reconfiguration are supposed considering the constant reiteration of social practices through the habitus and other social and material devices operating for the maintenance of the current socioeconomic structure and order. Therefore, transformations in the food market are complex, given the power relations relative to the interests of the various actors directly and indirectly benefited economically, and the cultural and historical bases that sustain practices involved in food consumption. Thus, understanding the influences on consumer behavior, considering consumers as an agents embedded in social structures and dynamics, is essential — though not sufficient — to study a market transformation. Therefore, it is proposed a, somewhat broad, study with consumers to understand elements that operate by making difficult, and eventually facilitating, a vegan transformation of their food consumption practices. Through an empirical, exploratory and multi-method data collection, with active participation of 54 consumers that maintain different food consumption patterns in relation to the intake of products of animal origin, it was possible to identify and understand elements that act as barriers and as facilitators to the rupture of daily eating practices centered in animal products and the maintenance of new plant-based dietary consumption For that, long interviews and open questionnaires were applied online. These collection strategies allowed to obtain narrated reconstructions of memories, daily experiences and beliefs with the participation of consumers categorized as reducetarians, vegetarians and vegans; these strategies also allowed to obtain narrated perceptions, projections and some experiences related to plant-based food of consumers that maintain their food practices according to the meat-centered standard. In integrated analyzes of these various qualitative data, including media evidences and field collection data of the context under study, used for illustration, it was possible to understand how some elements operate as barriers and facilitators. In these analyzes, food consumption behavior could be understood as social practices inserted in complex dynamics, involving not only individual aspects of cognitive and biophysical level, but also socio-cultural and material aspects — especially related to the market. It is intended to contribute theoretically and methodologically to studies on changes in consumption patterns in favor of more sustainable logics and to generate subsidies to organizations aligned to vegan transformations in the food market.

Etheostoma spectabile, E. punctulatum, and Cottus carolinae were sampled Mar., 1983, - Feb., 1984, in Flint Creek, Oklahoma. Immature E. spectabile ate primarily microcrustaceans, while mature fishes relied more on mayflies and amphipods. Juvenile E. punctulatum fed upon mayflies, amphipods, and Asellus. Mature E. punctulatum ate primarily mayflies, and other relatively larger prey. Cottus carolinae consumed chironomids almost exclusively in Jan. - Feb., 1984, while mayflies were predominant the remainder of the year. No significant habitat partitioning between the two darters, and seasonal habitat segregation between C. carolinae and the two darters was found. Dietary overlap between the darters was significantly correlated (p<0.0005) to differences in x prey sizes.

Orientador: Lucia Helena Sipauba Tavares / Resumo: A microalga Haematococcus pluvialis apresenta elevado interesse biotecnológico e comercial devido sua capacidade de síntese de compostos de alto valor e composição nutricional rica em proteínas, aminoácidos e outros compostos. Dentre os entraves em sua produção comercial, a obtenção de elevada biomassa tem sido o foco de diversas pesquisa que buscam otimizar o cultivo desta espécie. O cultivo mixotrófico é uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar na obtenção de elevadas produtividades, no entanto a fonte de carbono utilizada nestes cultivos deve ser adequada e disponibilizada de forma correta para completa absorção. O melaço de cana de açúcar é uma fonte de carbono rica em sacarose e nutrientes podendo ser empregado no cultivo de H. pluvialis, no entanto, requer pré-tratamento antes de seu uso. A hidrólise auxilia na redução das moléculas de sacarose em glicose e frutose, aumentando a disponibilidade de carbono e facilitando sua assimilação. Comparado ao melaço in natura, a hidrolise do melaço demonstrou melhores resultados aumentando a produtividade e alta composição bioquímica. Outra ferramenta importante utilizada na otimização dos cultivos algais em condições mixotróficas é o uso de ciclos de luz, uma vez que a luminosidade está relacionada diretamente ao metabolismo algal auxiliando na assimilação dos nutrientes e do carbono. O período de iluminação fornecida varia de espécie para espécie, podendo ou não ser necessário. Neste estudo e para estas condições de cultivo, foram obser... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae displays high biotechnological and commercial interest due to its capacity to synthesize high nutritional value in protein, amino acids and other compounds. Besides the difficulties in commercial production, the obtaining of high biomass amounts has been the objective of several researches which seek to optimize the production of this species. The mixotrophic culture is a tool which may improve the obtention of higher productivity. However, the carbon source for the cultures have to be adequate and has to be in an available form in order to be completely absorbed. The cane molasse is a carbon source rich in saccharose and nutrients and might be employed in H. pluvialis culture. Nevertheless, it requires a pre-treatment for its use. The hydrolysis promotes the reduction of saccharose molecules into glycose and fructose, improving the carbon availability and assimilation. In comparison to in natura molasses, the hydrolysis improved the results by increasing productivity. Light cycle is another important tool for algae culture in mixotrophic conditions, since light is directly related to the algae metabolism, which improves the carbon and nutrients assimilation. The light interval varies according to species and may or may not be necessary to be employed. In this study, an increase in biomass and biochemical composition was observed when H. pluvialis was exposed to light cycles. The best results were obtained with a 20:4 hours cycle (light/... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

While substantial progress has been made in replacing live prey with artificial diets in the feeding of marine fish larvae, it still remains impossible to successfully rear larvae on artificial diets without some period of co-feeding live prey or algae. This study investigated the presence and role of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to gain a better understanding of the factors limiting the utilization of artificial diets by red drum larvae. Work with other fish species has shown that CCK is the principal hormone which regulates the release of pancreatic enzymes into the gut lumen and emphasizes the potential importance of CCK in early red drum larvae. This work investigated the hypothesis that some signal present in the live prey or algae stimulates CCK and thereby initiates the digestive process in the larvae. First, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the putative red drum cholecystokinin precursor was determined and the development of CCK immunoreactive cells was examined. This work showed that red drum CCK is highly similar to CCK in other vertebrates and can be detected in the digestive tract of larval red drum within three days after the initiation of exogenous feeding. Next; postprandial trypsin, CCK, and CCK mRNA responses were quantified in red drum juveniles and larvae over a three hour period. Both CCK and trypsin were increased within thirty minutes following feeding while CCK mRNA levels were increased within the next two to three hours. Finally, the trypsin, CCK, and CCK mRNA responses of red drum larvae to homogenates of live prey and algae were examined. Homogenized rotifers appeared to be sufficient to induce both the CCK and trypsin responses in larval red drum. These results suggest that in addition to other factors, some component of live prey may initiate the release of CCK and prime the digestive process. Understanding these factors and their effects in early larvae may allow us to formulate and produce a prepared diet which will support growth and survival to metamorphosis equal to that provided by live feeds. / text

Thesis, PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Com a maior valorização da alimentação saudável e o crescente interesse das pessoas em relação à dieta e à imagem corporal, observamos o desencadeamento de distúrbios do comportamento alimentar, como a ortorexia, e o espaço da mídia como divulgação de um padrão de corpo perfeito e da magia das dietas da moda. É uma pesquisa qualitativa que atende a proposta do curso de doutorado com resultados publicáveis em capítulos de livros ou artigos em periódico científico. Os artigos são encadeados por uma trajetória temática de construção de concepções de alimentação saudável que permeia o universo das dietas e dos transtornos alimentares na sociedade contemporânea. A metodologia segue referencial teórico-conceitual para fundamentação de análise de elementos variados selecionados do campo no decorrer da pesquisa, com técnicas de análise semiótica, revisão de literatura e análise interpretativa com analogia entre sistemas culturais distintos. Na primeira publicação, Dietas da moda: um processo incessante e ininterrupto..., foram analisadas e discutidas as dietas da moda em revistas impressas e sua relação com o consumo na sociedade. Em um segundo momento, foi necessário compreender o encanto que as dietas da moda suscitam no mundo de hoje. Este artigo, Dietas da moda: o feiticeiro, a magia e sua eficácia simbólica, corresponde a discussão da magia das dietas da moda na contemporaneidade, traçando uma analogia com textos de Claude Lévi-Strauss. O terceiro artigo, Ortorexia: o (des)encontro entre a saúde e a doença, questiona uma concepção de alimentação saudável que leva a ortorexia. Apresenta uma abordagem biopsicossocial por meio da revisão de literatura e reflexão conceitual do que é saúde, segundo Georges Canguilhem, explorando os conceitos de medicalização, biopoder e biopolítica de Michel Foucault. Na dieta da moda, seja alternativa, milagrosa ou mágica, é a moda e seus princípios de efemeridade, sedução e diferenciação que vão dirigir o olhar, principalmente das mulheres, para consumir a dieta evidenciada pela mídia, respaldada pelo discurso científico, fazendo parte de um processo incessante e ininterrupto pela busca do corpo perfeito e da vida saudável. Os elementos das dietas da moda, no senso comum, formam uma rede de encantamento comparada a rituais de magia descritos por Lévi-Strauss, como os papéis do feiticeiro e do enfeitiçado, que se organizam em torno da acusação para exibir a eficácia de um feitiço em algumas aldeias, e dos profissionais de saúde que nestas revistas são legitimados pelo saber, e dos consumidores das revistas enfeitiçados que reforçam resultados surpreendentes ou a própria idéia de alimentação saudável como algo mágico, no mundo atual. Na seqüência, a ortorexia é a exacerbação das benesses de uma alimentação saudável, a pessoa assume práticas alimentares para desintoxicação corporal a partir da pureza dos alimentos, recorre a uma disciplina e controle rigorosos da alimentação diária, criando normas dietéticas que levam ao isolamento e ao adoecimento, no sentido de saúde como uma potência para construção e adaptação de normas para um bem viver. A disseminação do biopoder e da biopolítica favorece a restrição de um regime de vida, voltado para o controle e a segurança. O indivíduo é responsabilizado por suas escolhas e adoecimento, pois poderia afastar os riscos à saúde com a medicalização, ou uma dieta saudável que o purificasse dos males. / With the largest recovery of healthy eating and the growing interest of people in relation to diet and body image, we observe the onset of eating disorders, as orthorexia, and the media as a space of disclosure of a perfect body standard and the magic of fad diets. It is a qualitative research that meets the proposed doctoral program with publishable results in book chapters or journal articles. The articles are linked by a thematic trajectory of constructing of healthy eating conceptions that permeates the whole of the diets and eating disorders in contemporary society. The methodology follows theoretical and conceptual framework for the analysis of various elements selected from the field during the research, with semiotic analysis techniques, literature review and interpretative analysis, with analogy between distincts cultural systems. In the first publication, Fad diets: an endless and uninterrupted process ..., were analyzed and discussed fad diets in print magazines and their relationship with the consumer society. In a second step, it was necessary to understand the charm that fad diets raise in current world. This article, Fad Diets: the sorcerer, magic and its symbolic efficacy corresponds a discussion of the magic fad diets in nowadays, drawing an analogy with two texts by Claude Lévi-Strauss. The third article, Orthorexia: the (mis)match between health and illness, questions the concept of healthy eating which leads to orthorexia. These article presents a biopsychosocial approach through literature review and conceptual reflection of what health is, according to Georges Canguilhem, exploring the concepts of medicalization, biopower and biopolitics of Michel Foucault. The fad diets are an alternative, miracle or magic. The fashion and its principles of ephemerality, seduction and differentiation that will drive the opinion, especially the women, to consume the diet evidenced by the media, backed by scientific discourse, part of an endless and uninterrupted process for search the "perfect body" and the "healthy living". The elements of fad diets, for the common sense, form a network of enchantment compared to magic rituals described by Lévi-Strauss, as the roles of the sorcerer and bewitched, which are organized around the prosecution to show the effectiveness of a spell in some villages, and the health professionals in these magazines who are legitimated by knowledge, and the bewitched consumers of magazines who show surprising results that reinforce the idea of healthy eating as something magical, in the current world. Subsequently, the orthorexia is the exacerbation of the benefits of a healthy diet. The people assume eating practices to detox the body from the purity of food, using a rigorous discipline and control of daily food, and creating dietary standards that lead to isolation and illness, the meaning of health as a power for the construction and adaptation of standards for the good living. The spread of the biopower and biopolitics favors the restriction of a scheme of life, based on the control and safety. The individual is responsible for their choices and illness because it could ward off the health risks with the medicalization, or with a healthy diet to cleanse the evils.

The present study aimed to compare three nutritional programs, developed with rations based on whole grain sorghum without tannin, evaluating the growth performance, carcass yield and cuts, gastrointestinal development and the absorption surface of the small intestine of broilers. In total, 1360 broiler chicks, mixed (50:50), with a day-old lineage Hubbard Flex were distributed according to a completely randomized design composed of four treatments and ten replications each, as follows: three programs with whole sorghum grain-based ration (nutrition program with daily adjustment, nutritional program with adjustment every three days and four phases) and a program with ground sorghum grain-based ration (four phases). The variables analyzed were the feed intake; weight gain; feed conversion; viability; eviscerated carcass yield and cuts (chest (full and boned), thighs/drumsticks and wings); chemical composition of the pectoral muscle; relative weight of the small intestine (ID) and gizzard; length, histomorphometry and absorption area ID. Performance variables were submitted to ANOVA. The variables of yield, composition, relative weight of gizzard and ID and ID length were submitted to ANOVA in factorial scheme (4x2). In the variable ID histomorphometry of males applied the ANOVA. Verification of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between the weight of gizzard and intestine weight was made through the Pearson correlation coefficient. Nutrition program with adjustment daily and every three days showed better feed conversion, didn´t affect carcass yield and commercial cuts, promoted an increase in size of the gizzard, which result in further development of the small intestine. It is concluded that the daily feeding programs could be made possible in the poultry industry with the mixture of sorghum grains and concentrates directly on farms running for better logistics and shipping cost of feed. / Objetivou-se comparar três programas nutricionais, desenvolvidos com rações à base de sorgo grão inteiro sem tanino, avaliando o desempenho zootécnico, o rendimento da carcaça e cortes, o desenvolvimento gastrointestinal e a superfície de absorção do intestino delgado de frangos de corte. No total, 1360 pintinhos de frangos de corte, mistos (50:50), com um dia de idade, da linhagem Hubbard Flex foram distribuídos de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto de quatro tratamentos e dez repetições cada, assim distribuídos: três programas com ração à base de sorgo grão inteiro (programa nutricional com ajustes diários, programa nutricional com ajuste a cada três dias e de quatro fases) e um programa com ração à base de sorgo grão moído (quatro fases). As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo de ração; ganho de peso; conversão alimentar; viabilidade; rendimento da carcaça eviscerada e cortes (peito- completo e desossado, coxas/sobrecoxas e asas); composição química do músculo peitoral; peso relativo do intestino delgado (ID) e moela; comprimento, histomorfometria e área de absorção do ID. As variáveis de desempenho foram submetidas à ANOVA. As variáveis de rendimento, composição, peso relativo da moela e ID e comprimento do ID foram submetidas à ANOVA em esquema fatorial (4x2). Na variável histomorfometria do ID dos machos aplicou-se a ANOVA. A verificação da força e direção da relação linear entre o peso da moela e o peso do intestino foi feita por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Os programas nutricionais com ajustes diários e a cada três dias apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar, não comprometeram o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais, promoveram um aumento de tamanho da moela, que acarretou em maior desenvolvimento do intestino delgado. Conclui-se que os programas diários de arraçoamento poderiam ser viabilizados na indústria avícola com a mistura de grãos de sorgo e concentrados diretamente nas granjas concorrendo para melhor logística e custo de transporte de ração. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias