O trabalho trata da difusão das inovações, explorando conceitos já discutidos pela literatura pertinente. A revisão dessa literatura foi feita tanto nos modelos qualitativos quanto nos quantitativos, o que permitiu verificar que o tema é bastante amplo e de grande importância para a sociedade e as empresas. Diferentes áreas como Sociologia, Antropologia, Marketing, Economia, Administração e Engenharia de Produção; foram analisadas para identificar como o fenômeno da difusão é estudado. A inovação é um tema presente em todas as corporações modernas, seja pela pressão mercadológica ou tecnológica, portanto, é considerada fundamental para o sucesso de uma organização. Assim, o trabalho explorou como as empresas tratam sua estratégia de inovar, quando e se incorporam conceitos sobre difusão das inovações na sociedade, de forma a aumentar as chances de sucesso de um novo produto. Foi estudado o comportamento da difusão dos seguintes bens duráveis nos domicílios brasileiros: televisores, rádios, geladeiras, freezer e filtros de água; e também a existência de canalização interna de água. Para suportar esse estudo, foram consultadas as diversas pesquisas realizadas periodicamente pelo IBGE, como Censos Decenais, PNADs, POF, seja na forma impressa ou em base eletrônica de dados, como na análise de microdados (resultados brutos das entrevistas), os quais foram processados com o auxílio de software estatístico SPSS. Foram identificadas as curvas de difusão dos itens citados, na seguinte seqüência: total do Brasil, segmentado em área urbana e rural e segmentando a população em cinco diferentes classes de renda. Em seguida os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística de freqüência, de eventuais correlações entre os grupos de inovações, nas classes de renda e entre classes de renda, assim como a adesão de algumas das curvas de difusão em relação às propostas dos modelos teóricos. Os resultados permitem assumir que a classe de renda mais alta desempenha um importante papel no processo de difusão das inovações, podendo seu comportamento servir de indicador para o processo que ocorrerá nas outras camadas de renda. Complementarmente, e para suportar algumas das afirmações feitas ao longo do trabalho também foram realizadas pesquisas de preços de diferentes eletrodomésticos desde 1960, em seus valores históricos, corrigidos pelo índice IPC-FIPE SP e pela quantidade de salários mínimos vigentes na época. O trabalho resultou na proposta de dois modelos: um representando o papel da classe de renda mais alta em relação ao processo de difusão das inovações e um segundo, com base no primeiro, representando como incorporar o processo de difusão das inovações na estratégia das empresas. Como conclusão final é possível afirmar que os resultados devem auxiliar as empresas na administração de uma inovação, permitindo monitorar as tendências que deverão se projetar no restante do ciclo de vida do produto. / The thesis is dealing with diffusion of innovations, exploring the subjects in many of their studies. The scope of this literature review has included both qualitative and quantitative models, allowing the perception of the enormous efforts already done in such area, as well as their importance. The research has included different areas, as Sociology, Anthropology, Marketing, Economy, Administration, Production Engineering, checking how they take care about this theme. Modern corporations assume innovation discussions as a result of nowadays technology and market pressure, assuming their impact for successful organizations. So, the work explores how companies deal with their innovation strategy, when and if diffusion of innovation concepts is considered in order to increase their new product success. The study checked the following durable goods diffusion response in Brazilian houses: TV sets, radios, refrigerators, freezers and water filters, complemented by how home water canalization diffusion happened. Researches previously made by IBGE - Statistic and Geography Brazilian Institute - as decennial census, PNADs, POF supported the work, in their printed or electronic forms, even in the original research data. SPSS was used to support data treatment. Diffusion curves of the above mentioned items were researched, in the following patterns: Brazil, split in rural and urban areas, and divided into five different incoming revenues. Frequencies and correlations among innovation groups, incoming revenues results were analyzed, as well as the adherences against the theorized distributions. The results afford to assume that richest people have an important point in innovation diffusion processes, and their behavior can be used as an indicator to the other incoming revenues categories. To support some thesis conclusions, home appliances prices were researched since 1960, in historical values, updated by IPC-FIPE - SP index and by minimum wage quantities at the time the price were published. The work has proposed two models: the first modeling the top wage incoming behavior in the diffusion of innovation process and the second model, supported by the first, representing how companies\' strategy should care about innovation diffusion. As a final conclusion it is possible to say the results should help organizations in the new product administration responses, by monitoring the tendencies and projecting them in the future product life cycle.

The European Union have since the signing of the Rome treaty in 1957, come to be a new superpower in the world, spreading the word of soft power through the economic and democratic cooperation in the pan-European continent. The theory of soft and hard power and the theory of diffusion of innovations illuminate how the European Union has been able to increase their influence and gain power in the world, as it has become the largest economy in the world. Through this soft power focus, the European Union has been able to grow and to act as a model for success as it attracts other parts of the world by the positive messages of cooperation and economic integration. This should be seen in a time when the US has increasingly acted unilateral in their foreign policy and experienced increasing legitimacy problems on the global scale. The understanding of the development of the European Union to its contemporary magnitude through the theory of soft and hard power and the diffusion of innovations, what I call cooptive enlargement, brings new light of how to understand its development and influence in the world. This theory could further be used to analyze and understand why and how other parts of the world create trade areas and Unions in their quest for future peace, democracy and economic development. The European Union has through this cooptive enlargement come to lay the foundation to a new world order, enabling all parts of the world to collide into a prosperous future of cooperation.

Syfte: Idag är intresset för digitalisering och effektivisering inom byggbranschen stort.Trots intresset har många aktörer inte helt övergått till digitalt arbetssätt, inte minstbesiktningsmän. Genom studien kan trösklarna för utebliven digitalisering analyseraspå individnivå. Då digitalt arbetssätt implementeras möts förändringen först av de erfarenheter och kompetenser som besiktningsmännen innehar. Vidare filtrerasarbetssättet genom innovationsteorins egenskaper och slutligen beslutar individernaifall förändringen accepteras eller avvisas. Syftet med studien var att öka förståelsenkring hur besiktningsmän upplever digitalt arbetssätt på individnivå med utgångspunktfrån olika arbetslivserfarenheter. Genom studien kunde även ekonomiska konsekvenseri samband med digitalt arbetssätt lyftas fram. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ inriktning. Inledningsvis genomfördesen litteraturstudie som låg till grund för undersökt problematik. Studiens kvalitativainriktning baserades på tolv intervjuer och två observationer. Intervjuernaresponderades av tolv besiktningsmän från WSP Sverige AB. Besiktningsmännen hadeolika arbetslivserfarenheter och arbetade på olika orter. De kvalitativa intervjuerna lågtill grund för att kunna besvara studiens tre frågeställningar på djupet. Resultat: Studiens resultat påvisar skillnader i användandet av digitalt arbetssätt medavseende på olika arbetslivserfarenheter, som ligger till grund för hur digitalt arbetssättmottags. Dock varierar skillnaderna mest mellan olika åldrar och kontor i Sverige. Föratt effektivisera besiktningsmäns arbetssätt måste digitaliseringen accepteras ochmottagandet måste förstås på individnivå. Med tydlig kursriktning, struktur ochutbildningsinsatser kan innovationen digitalt arbetssätt spridas. Genom insatser kringdigitaliseringen fördelar kan besiktningsmän som avvisat digitaliseringen kan kommaöver sina trösklar. Att arbeta med surfplattor har stark koppling till effektivarearbetsprocesser. Det är till förtagens fördel att vara digitaliserat för att vara attraktivaoch konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden.Studiens slutsatser landar i ett antal rekommendationer för att utveckla besiktningsmänsarbetssätt. Rekommendationerna omfattar utbildningsinsatser från interna och externaföreläsare, att låta mindre digitalt erfarna besiktningsmän följa med kollegor somarbetar helt digitalt samt att utveckla dagens affärsmodell för optimal ekonomisk vinstvid effektivare besiktningar. Konsekvenser: Digitalt arbetssätt bidrar till effektivare besiktningsprocesser som i sintur leder till snabbare återkoppling till kund. Effektiviseringen bidrar även till flerfrigjorda timmar. Det uppstår dock problematik att debitera per timme och sedan införaen innovation som frigör timmar. För att ta till vara på de frigjorda timmarna och skapastörre intäkter bör företaget utveckla dagens affärsmodell för besiktningar. / Purpose: Today, the interest in digitalizing and efficiency in the construction industryis increasing. Despite the interest, many actors have not completely switched to digitalworking methods, not least surveyors. Through the study, these thresholds forinadequate digitalization can be analyzed at an individual level. When implementingdigital work methods, the innovation first meets the experiences and competencies ofthe surveyors. Furthermore, the method is filtered through the characteristics ofinnovation theory and finally, individuals decide if the change is accepted or rejected.The aim of the study was to increase understanding of how surveyors experience digitalworking methods at an individual level based on different work experience. The studyalso highlighted the economic consequences in connection to digital working methods. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative focus. Initially, a literature studywas conducted which was the base of the investigated issue. The qualitative focus onthe study based on twelve interviews surveyors from WSP Sverige AB and twoobservations. The surveyors had different work experiences and worked in differentlocations in Sweden. The qualitative interviews formed the basis for answering thestudy’s three study questions. Findings: The study’s findings show differences in the use of digital working methodswith regard to different work experience, which underlie the way in which digital workmethods are received. However, the differences vary most between ages and offices inSweden. In order to make the surveyors working methods more efficient, digitalizationmust be accepted and the reception must be understood on an individual level. Withdistinct course orientation, structure and educational efforts, the innovation digital workmethods can be spread. Working with tablets has a strong connection to more efficientwork process. It is for the benefit of being digitized to be more attractive andcompetitive in the market.The conclusions of the study results in a number of recommendations to develop thesurveyor’s working methods. The recommendations includes education about thedigitalization by internal and external lecturers, allowing less digitally experiencedsurveyors to follow colleagues who work in a completely digital wat and to developtoday’s business model for optimal financial gain through more efficient inspections. Implications: Digital working methods contributes to a more efficient workingprocesses for surveyors, which leads to a quicker and more distinct feedback to theirclients. The efficient work also contributes to increased released working hours.However, the released working hours are chargeable. Furthermore, it creates problemswhile charge per hours and introduce an innovation that releases chargeable hours. Thecompanies should develop their business model, to make use of these hours.

O trabalho trata da difusão das inovações, explorando conceitos já discutidos pela literatura pertinente. A revisão dessa literatura foi feita tanto nos modelos qualitativos quanto nos quantitativos, o que permitiu verificar que o tema é bastante amplo e de grande importância para a sociedade e as empresas. Diferentes áreas como Sociologia, Antropologia, Marketing, Economia, Administração e Engenharia de Produção; foram analisadas para identificar como o fenômeno da difusão é estudado. A inovação é um tema presente em todas as corporações modernas, seja pela pressão mercadológica ou tecnológica, portanto, é considerada fundamental para o sucesso de uma organização. Assim, o trabalho explorou como as empresas tratam sua estratégia de inovar, quando e se incorporam conceitos sobre difusão das inovações na sociedade, de forma a aumentar as chances de sucesso de um novo produto. Foi estudado o comportamento da difusão dos seguintes bens duráveis nos domicílios brasileiros: televisores, rádios, geladeiras, freezer e filtros de água; e também a existência de canalização interna de água. Para suportar esse estudo, foram consultadas as diversas pesquisas realizadas periodicamente pelo IBGE, como Censos Decenais, PNADs, POF, seja na forma impressa ou em base eletrônica de dados, como na análise de microdados (resultados brutos das entrevistas), os quais foram processados com o auxílio de software estatístico SPSS. Foram identificadas as curvas de difusão dos itens citados, na seguinte seqüência: total do Brasil, segmentado em área urbana e rural e segmentando a população em cinco diferentes classes de renda. Em seguida os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística de freqüência, de eventuais correlações entre os grupos de inovações, nas classes de renda e entre classes de renda, assim como a adesão de algumas das curvas de difusão em relação às propostas dos modelos teóricos. Os resultados permitem assumir que a classe de renda mais alta desempenha um importante papel no processo de difusão das inovações, podendo seu comportamento servir de indicador para o processo que ocorrerá nas outras camadas de renda. Complementarmente, e para suportar algumas das afirmações feitas ao longo do trabalho também foram realizadas pesquisas de preços de diferentes eletrodomésticos desde 1960, em seus valores históricos, corrigidos pelo índice IPC-FIPE SP e pela quantidade de salários mínimos vigentes na época. O trabalho resultou na proposta de dois modelos: um representando o papel da classe de renda mais alta em relação ao processo de difusão das inovações e um segundo, com base no primeiro, representando como incorporar o processo de difusão das inovações na estratégia das empresas. Como conclusão final é possível afirmar que os resultados devem auxiliar as empresas na administração de uma inovação, permitindo monitorar as tendências que deverão se projetar no restante do ciclo de vida do produto. / The thesis is dealing with diffusion of innovations, exploring the subjects in many of their studies. The scope of this literature review has included both qualitative and quantitative models, allowing the perception of the enormous efforts already done in such area, as well as their importance. The research has included different areas, as Sociology, Anthropology, Marketing, Economy, Administration, Production Engineering, checking how they take care about this theme. Modern corporations assume innovation discussions as a result of nowadays technology and market pressure, assuming their impact for successful organizations. So, the work explores how companies deal with their innovation strategy, when and if diffusion of innovation concepts is considered in order to increase their new product success. The study checked the following durable goods diffusion response in Brazilian houses: TV sets, radios, refrigerators, freezers and water filters, complemented by how home water canalization diffusion happened. Researches previously made by IBGE - Statistic and Geography Brazilian Institute - as decennial census, PNADs, POF supported the work, in their printed or electronic forms, even in the original research data. SPSS was used to support data treatment. Diffusion curves of the above mentioned items were researched, in the following patterns: Brazil, split in rural and urban areas, and divided into five different incoming revenues. Frequencies and correlations among innovation groups, incoming revenues results were analyzed, as well as the adherences against the theorized distributions. The results afford to assume that richest people have an important point in innovation diffusion processes, and their behavior can be used as an indicator to the other incoming revenues categories. To support some thesis conclusions, home appliances prices were researched since 1960, in historical values, updated by IPC-FIPE - SP index and by minimum wage quantities at the time the price were published. The work has proposed two models: the first modeling the top wage incoming behavior in the diffusion of innovation process and the second model, supported by the first, representing how companies\' strategy should care about innovation diffusion. As a final conclusion it is possible to say the results should help organizations in the new product administration responses, by monitoring the tendencies and projecting them in the future product life cycle.

Text in English / Scrum is the most adopted and under-researched Agile methodology. The research conducted on Scrum adoption is mainly qualitative. Therefore, there was a need for a quantitative study to investigate Scrum adoption challenges. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors that have a significant relationship with Scrum adoption as perceived by Scrum practitioners working within South African organisations. To achieve this objective a narrative review to synthesise the existing challenges was conducted, followed by the use of these challenges in the development of a conceptual framework. After that, a survey questionnaire was used to test and evaluate the developed framework. The research findings indicate that relative advantage, complexity, and sprint management are factors that have a significant linear relationship with Scrum adoption. The findings are generalisable to the population, and the author recommends that organisations review the findings during their adoption phase of Scrum. / Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) / University of South Africa (UNISA) / School of Computing / M.Sc. (Computing)

Public and private incentive programs have encouraged conversions to high efficiency, low emissions wood heating systems as a strategy to promote renewable energy and support local economies in the Northeastern US. Despite these efforts, the adoption of these systems remains slow. The study that is the subject of this dissertation examines several social, economic, policy and environmental factors that affect the decisions of individuals and small-scale institutions (local business and community facilities) to transition to automated wood pellet boilers and furnaces (AWPH) utilizing local fuel sources. Due to the complexity and risk associated with conversion, the transition to these systems can help further both a practical and theoretical understanding of the global transition to non-fossil fuel technologies. Chapter One of this dissertation examines this notion in more detail, as well as spells out the research questions of this study. Chapter Two delves into the research methods and their implications for other studies of energy transitions. These methods include interviews with 60 consumers, technology and fuel suppliers, and NGO and state agency personnel. These provided in-depth qualitative data which are complemented by a four-state survey (New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and Maine) of adopters and informed non-adopters of AWPH systems (n=690; 38% response rate). Interview and survey questions, as well as subsequent coding, was developed through use of diffusion of innovation theory, the multi-level perspective on sociotechnical transitions, as well as through collaboration with industry experts and research partners. Chapters Three and Four offer a discussion of the results and their implications. Specifically, Chapter Three examines the complex system actors, elements, and interactions that are part of the transition from fossil fuel technology to AWPH. Chapter Four focuses on the data surrounding state and private programs that encourage the use of AWPH and the implications that this data has for effective climate mitigation and energy policy. Data show that AWPH consumers, who should be considered “early adopters” due to the small number of AWPH adopters in the region, are largely value-driven but are also concerned about upfront costs and lack of available technical support and fuel delivery options. Both environmental values (e.g. desire to find alternative to fossil fuels, concern for air quality and belief in climate change) and social values (e.g. support for the local economy and wood products industry) influenced consumer decisions, especially when fuel oil prices were low. Financial incentives, which are offered by all four states in the study region, were highly influential, but additional decision support offered by a non-profit (e.g. site visits, informational workshops, local print media) were rated highly by consumers where they were available. These additional supports, as well as the community-based nature of the non-profit program, enabled a broader range of people (lower income, more risk averse) to choose AWPH as well as created more efficiency in the supply chain. This approach created a reinforcing feedback loop between broader early adopters of AWPH, normalization of AWPH technology and its associated infrastructure, and increased levels of technical support and fuel availability. These findings suggest that efforts to increase adoption of renewable technologies that use locally harvest fuels take a community-based and system-wide approach, targeting both consumer and supplier motivations and barriers.

Consumption is a major contributor to environmental harm, and also one area where the Swedish performance is in urgent need of improvement. While it is well known that changes are needed on all societal levels for sustainability to be realized, it is unclear whether the population is aware of which changes that refers to, since the impacts from individual consumption remain high. Previous research has identified psychological, cultural, social, and economic determinants as barriers to change, however, removing those barriers will not be sufficient if it results in changes entailing only marginal environmental benefits. The question that initiated this research is whether common people in Sweden can identify which changes are efficient enough to provide visible results, or if the current environmental discourse generates misperceptions, hindering concrete change. Meeting the objective to contribute to the identification of obstacles to sustainability by studying the perception of pro-environmental consumption among potential adopters, a qualitative interview-based case study was conducted on students at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Sweden. The research followed an abductive approach, whereby primarily the Diffusion of Innovations theory was used for structure and interpretation. The findings reveal several barriers to sustainability associated with individual perceptions, including perceptions of the concept of pro-environmental consumption as complex, a perceived lack of trustworthy information from authorities, a perceived abundance of misleading information from profit-driven actors, as well as some controversy on where to place responsibility. Alongside this, misperceptions of environmental impacts from consumption were revealed, whereby accurate perceptions and environmental education were somewhat correlated. While highlighting an unrecognized but concrete issue, this research involves a small sample, suggesting that further research is required.

As a disruptive innovation, IoT has been creating a high impact over organizations’ current strategies and business models. This continuous process of change will have an increasing influence on how organizations and industries as a whole conduct their businesses, and is set to have an active role towards the development of entirely new business models and markets. With the development of IoT technologies, and its predicted exponential spread across all sectors of society, one can conclude that the future holds many opportunities for organizations looking to explore new ways of capturing and creating value, but at the same time there are also plenty of challenges to be addressed. While the diffusion and adoption process of IoT has been an ongoing phenomenon over the past decade, there is still not much certitude as to how organizations ought to adjust in order to successfully integrate IoT technologies in their structure and operations. In parallel fashion, there have also been many difficulties in ensuring that different smart, connected devices and ecosystems are able to effectively communicate between each other, as achieving interoperability has become one of the major concerns associated with IoT. The main focus of this study is to analyze the process of how organizations are currently integrating IoT within their businesses, while also investigating causes that hinder interoperability, and evaluating the future potential deployment of the Open IoT ecosystems in companies. For our research we have followed a case-study approach where we conducted semi-structured interviews with managers and project leaders from two organizations conducting pilot studies on Green IoT and Open IoT, and where one has been adopting IoT technologies in its business. Theoretically, we draw on a framework by combining Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations theory and Christensen’s theory of Disruptive Innovations in order to analyze the integration of IoT into businesses’ core structure. The research goes through a functional framework that outlines the process of IoT adoption while also presenting the present challenges that are faced by the actors in the industry and the key enablers for successful IoT integration.

Carbon emissions are one of the primary drivers of climate change and the transport sector accounts for 24% of the global carbon emissions. A shift within the automobile industry towards more eco-friendly modes of transportation is hence needed. Vehicles powered by hydrogen are a carbon emissions-free mode of transportation and have been identified as a viable approach to de-carbonize the transport sector, yet, the number of hydrogen-powered vehicles on the roads in Sweden as of 2022 is relatively low compared to the rest of the world. The aim of this study was both to identify factors that are important for actors to invest in hydrogen technology within the transport sector, and to identify how the collaboration between different actors was formed during the adoption process. The study uses a multiple-case study research design where the five cases of Storuman, Mariestad, Sandviken, Trelleborg and Ljungby were selected. Data was collected through eleven semi-structured interviews over video calls. The study has examined the diffusion process of hydrogen technology within the transport sector of each case according to the diffusion of innovations theory. An analysis of the diffusion of hydrogen technology has not, to the best of my knowledge, been conducted in the examined cases. Gaining an understanding of these processes can provide guidance for other municipalities or actors who aims to reduce their emissions and can play an important role in achieving Sweden´s objective of becoming the world´s first fossil-free welfare nation. The findings of the study were that investments in hydrogen technology within the transport sector are currently not economically profitable. However, investments in the innovation were still motivated in terms of a relative environmental advantage, reception of financial funding, the will to take a leading role in the energy transition, geographical location, long-term economic benefits and indirect economic benefits which mainly include that the municipality can market themselves as green and progressive in order to attract competent workforce and business opportunities. The study also concluded that local political support is an important pre-condition for a successful adoption of the innovation.

A progressive shift from cash and card –based in-store payments, towards contactless mobile payments, is currently in the making on the European market. This shift would imply payments in stores to be performed in a fast, simple, secure and preferably less costly manner, between a consumer´s mobile phone and a merchant´s payment terminal. Technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) and the use of Quick Response (QR) -codes, both facilitate such contactless payments, and have already built momentum in many European countries. This implies an undoubtedly very tempting new payment experience by the use of mobile phones. However, this shift entails several uncertainties and issues regarding the crystallization of the new “industry” that is forming. These issues regard social, organizational as well as market –related aspects, and adhere to stakeholders on both the provider- and user- side of contactless mobile payment products and services. It has been found that there is a great need for new research on this matter, from a more holistic perspective, where theories on industrial dynamics, developments and user adoption could be used to guide and explain these new industry-impeding issues as well as reveal new ones. This master thesis aims to answer this call – by using such theories in conjunction with a multi-stakeholder perspective from a wide base of empirically gathered data – in order to find, interpret and shed new light on key issues that impede the development and adoption of contactless mobile payments on the European market. It was deemed necessary to first conduct a thorough literature review on the current mobile payments landscape in Europe, in order to find out which key issues seem to be existent on the European market (adhering to both providers and users of mobile payment solution), with the intention to presuppose from those issues for further guidance of choices in theories and construction of empirical data gathering methodology. The theoretical framework was in such way built upon five different but highly interconnected theoretical concepts on new industry evolvement, strategy and adoption. The empirical data was gathered from a two-day conference on mobile payments in Europe, as well as from 10 in-depth interviews with different key stakeholders on the Swedish and European market. The theoretical framework and the empirical data was later merged for analysis purpose, in order to find, interpret and shed new light on these and other issues on contactless mobile payment development and adoption on the European market. This has led to some key findings or conclusions. Firstly, the literature review on the current mobile payments market in Europe revealed some key issues. On the provider-side of the stakeholder spectra; issues mainly revolve around collaboration and competition, where business models are hard to standardize due to the unevenly distributed control and power over the users. This was seen to relate heavily to the NFC Secure Element (SE) -placement, holding the consumers´ payment credentials, since different stakeholders prefer different SE -placements (on the SIM –card or integrated in the mobile phone). Some big actors have also created their own – more of end-to-end - contactless payment solutions, complicating the evolvement even further. This might further lead to issues related primarily to; early and late movers among providers, alternative mobile payment solutions, as well as issues related to interoperability between solutions/technologies as well as across borders. Security concerns have also been highlighted in the literature as a prioritized matter. Among the user-side of the stakeholder spectra; key issues relate to the adoption of in-store contactless mobile payments, such as investment costs for merchants to implement new hardware and/or software (terminals, mainly NFC -compatible), security concerns, reluctance in behavioral change among consumers´ payment habits, and uncertainties in the perceived added value through these new types of payments compared to foremost card payments. Secondly, after merging the theoretical framework with the empirical data for analysis purpose, it was revealed that the uncertain role of mobile network operators creates tensions in the ecosystem on various levels and to various extents. Secondly, preemption strategies utilized by indigenous firms in European countries shows the possibility of hampering payment interoperability, and first-movers risk hurting not only themselves, but the entire mobile payment ecosystem, if security breaches are discovered due to technological uncertainties. This is one strong reason for banks to move slower, but they mightcontradictively risk losing some of their high trustworthiness towards other stakeholders if being too passive. Moreover, two additional trade-off issues were discovered (technology/business model standardization versus innovation, and too many features in the provided offering versus too few features in the provided offering). The first of these trade-offs is further damaging for the ecosystem since there are strong differences in opinions on the matter, as well as what might increase adoption speed. The second trade-off is important to take into consideration where payment card penetration-rate is high. An additional factor carrying issues was the explicit focus of providers on only one side (consumers) in a two-sided market (consumers and merchants). Also, merchants can not be seen as a homogenous group. Finally, the “chicken and egg” –problem seem do not seem to be such a big of a problem after all.