Um estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de uma fitase e duas fontes de Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu) e Manganês (Mn) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte. Um total de 528 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos com um dia (d) de idade foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 12 repetições de 11 aves cada. Um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 foi utilizado, sendo duas suplementações de fitase (com ou sem) e duas fontes minerais (inorgânica ou orgânica). A suplementação de fitase foi de 500 unidades de fitase (FTU)/kg, enquanto Zn-Cu-Mn foram suplementados em concentrações de 32-30-32 ou 100-120-100 ppm para as formas orgânica e inorgânica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar de duas fases: inicial (1 a 12 d) e crescimento (12 a 25 d). As dietas foram formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais de acordo com a idade, exceto para Fósforo (P) disponível (Pd) e Cálcio (Ca), que tiveram níveis reduzidos (0,32% e 0,77 % na dieta inicial e 0,23% e 0,71 % na dieta crescimento para Pd e Ca, respectivamente). Os níveis de metionina nas dietas foram reduzidos conforme a adição de minerais orgânicos, que tinham como agente quelante metionina hidróxi-análoga (HMTBA). As tíbias das aves foram coletadas aos 12 e aos 25 dias de idade para determinação do teor de cinzas, Ca e P Aos 25 dias, também, foi coletado conteúdo ileal para determinação da digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca (MS), Ca e P. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) dos frangos dos 12 aos 25 dias e também no período acumulado (1 a 25 d). Foi observada interação entre fontes minerais e as fitases para digestibilidade de MS e P (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca foi maior nos frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase, e também naqueles que receberam fontes inorgânicas de Zn-Cu-Mn. Os frangos que receberam dietas com fitase tiveram melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade de Ca e P (P<0,05). A fonte orgânica de microminerais resultou em maior o conteúdo de tíbia em percentual aos 12 dias. A suplementação de 500 FTU/kg de fitase nas dietas à base de milho e soja também levou a um aumento no conteúdo de cinzas das tíbias aos 12 e 25 dias, mas não houveram diferenças entre o conteúdo de Ca e P entre os animais alimentados com e sem fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade ileal de Ca e P e a mineralização óssea, e que concentrações mais baixas de minerais, através do uso de fontes orgânicas, podem ser utilizadas sem prejuízos ao desempenho animal. / A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of phytase and mineral sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. A total of 528 Cobb x Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 11 birds each. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used with two enzyme supplementation (with or without) and two mineral sources (inorganic or organic). Phytase supplementation were 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg whereas Zn-Cu-Mn were supplemented in a concentration of 32-30-32 or 100-120-100 ppm in organic and inorganic forms, respectively. A two-phase feeding program was used, from 1 to 12 (starter) and from 12 to 25 d (grower). Diets were formulated to meet bird’s nutritional requirements according to age, except for Available Phosphorus (Av.P) and Calcium (Ca), that were formulated at 0,32% and 0,77% in starter and 0,23% and 0,71% in grower, to Av P and Ca, respectively. Methionine levels were reduced according to organic minerals supplementation, that had hydroxy-analogue methionine (HMTBA) as the chelating agent. Tibiae were collected at 12 and 25 d to measure ash, Ca and P content Also, at 25 d, ileal contents were collected to determine apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), Ca and P. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher with phytase supplementation from 12 to 25 d and 1 to 25 d. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in animals fed diets with phytase and also in those receiving inorganic minerals. Ca and P digestibility were improved by phytase. Interactions between mineral sources and enzyme were observed to DM and P digestibility. Treatment consisting of inorganic minerals and phytase was associated with higher values of P and DM digestibility. Organic mineral source improved ash content in percentage at 12 d. Supplementing phytase to the diets led to an increase in the percentage of ash content at 12 and 25 d, but there were no statistical differences in Ca and P content between animals receiving diets with or without the enzyme. In conclusion, phytase has benefitial impacts on performance, digestibility and bone mineralisation, and lower concentrations of minerals, with organic source, can be supplied without losses to animal performance.

Dietas exclusivas com ração tornam elevado o custo da criação de coelhos. O coelho tem capacidade de aproveitar a fibra mais eficientemente que outros monogástricos devido a cecotrofia. O uso de forrageira conservada como complemento alimentar pode ser uma alternativa na criação, porém faltam estudos no tema. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso de silagem de girassol ou silagem de milho na alimentação de coelhos cruzados em crescimento. O experimento foi realizado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciênica e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul – Campus Ibirubá. Os coelhos foram desmamados em média aos 31 dias e abatido aos 100 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram: dieta basal, dieta basal e silagem de girassol e dieta basal e silagem de milho. Houve diferença no consumo diário de ração, tratamento dieta basal e silagem de milho consumiu 20 % menos ração que o dieta basal. O consumo de silagem diário foi diferente entre os tipos de silagem fornecidas. O consumo de água não foi afetado pelos tratamentos com silagem. O ganho médio diário não diferiu entre os tratamentos, foi de 33 g, 38 g e 34 g, respectivos dieta basal, dieta basal e silagem de girassol e dieta basal e silagem de milho. Ocorreu redução no custo da alimentação utilizando silagem na dieta de coelhos. A adição de silagem na dieta não alterou as características de carcaça Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta obtidos com dieta basal e silagem de girassol e dieta basal e silagem de milho foram menores que aqueles determinados utilizando apenas a dieta basal. Não houve diferença para os coeficientes de digestibilidade das cinzas, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. O coeficiente da digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido variou entre os tratamentos. Não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis comportamentais analisadas: ócio, cecotrofia, ingestão de água, saltando e autolimpeza. Houve diferença significativa na ingestão de ração, ingestão de silagem, tempo total de alimentação e outros comportamentos. Não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis sanguíneas glicose, colesterol e triglicerídeos. Os níveis sanguíneos de vitamina C e E foram superiores nos tratamentos dieta basal e silagem de girassol e dieta basal e silagem de milho. A análise da mucosa intestinal demonstrou que a alimentação adicionada de silagem não alteraram a largura e a altura dos vilos intestinais. Os coelhos que foram alimentados com dieta basal mais silagem de milho apresentaram o melhor resultado de viabilidade econômica. / Exclusive diets with feed make the cost of raising rabbits high. The rabbit has the ability to utilize the fiber more efficiently than other monogastrics due to cecotrophy. The use of forage preserved as a food supplement may be an alternative in breeding, but there is a lack of studies on the subject. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of sunflower silage or corn silage in the feeding of growing cross rabbits. The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul - Ibirubá Campus. Rabbits were weaned on average at 31 days and slaughtered at 100 days of age. The treatments were: basal diet, basal diet and sunflower silage and basal diet and corn silage. There was a difference in daily feed intake, basal diet and corn silage consumed 20% less feed than basal diet. Daily silage consumption was different among the types of silage provided. Water consumption was not affected by silage treatments. The average daily gain did not differ between treatments, it was 33 g, 38 g and 34 g, respectively basal diet, basal diet and sunflower silage and basal diet and corn silage. There was a reduction in feed cost using silage in the diet of rabbits. The addition of silage in the diet did not alter the carcass characteristics The dry matter and gross energy coefficient of digestibility obtained with the basal diet and sunflower silage or basal diet and corn silage were smaller than those determined using only the basal diet. There was no difference for the coefficient of digestibility of the ashes, crude protein and neutral detergente fiber. The acid detergent fiber coefficient of digestibility varied between treatments. There was no significant difference for the behavioral variables analyzed: idleness, cecotrophy, water intake, jumping and self-cleaning. There was a significant difference in feed intake, silage intake, total feeding time and other behaviors. There was no significant difference for the blood variables glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. Blood levels of vitamin C and E were higher in basal diet and sunflower silage and basal diet and corn silage. Analysis of the intestinal mucosa showed that the added feed of silage did not alter the width and height of the intestinal villi. Rabbits that were fed a basal diet plus corn silage presented the best economic viability result.

Foram objetivos do presente experimento estudar os efeitos da administração da enramicina, em comparação com a monensina sódica, sobre a fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade total em bovinos. Doze fêmeas bovinas não-gestantes e não-lactantes (675 kg ± 63 de PV) foram distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso aos três tratamentos formados por um grupo controle (ausência de antibiótico), um grupo tratado com enramicina (antibiótico não-ionóforo) e outro tratado com monensina (antibiótico ionóforo). A enramicina foi administrada na dose de 20 mg/animal/dia e a monensina na dose de 300 mg/animal/dia. O experimento teve duração total de 21 dias, sendo os 10 últimos destinados à aplicação do marcador (15 g de óxido crômico/animal/dia) e os últimos 5 dias destinados à coleta de fezes e amostragem dos alimentos. O 21º dia foi utilizado para colheitas de líquido ruminal realizadas às 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 horas após a 1a refeição para determinação dos AGVs, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. A monensina aumentou a concentração total de AGVs no tempo 12 horas após a alimentação e diminuiu a relação acético:propiônico nos tempo 0 e 6 h, em relação à enramicina, mas não em relação ao controle. Nenhum dos antibióticos testados alterou a proporção molar dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico, bem como o pH ou a concentração ruminal de nitrogênio amoniacal. Também não alterou o comportamento de consumo, avaliado em atividades de alimentação, ruminação e ócio. Nenhum dos antibióticos testados alterou a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, extrativo não nitrogenado, fibra bruta, fibra em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro, amido, energia bruta ou os nutrientes digestíveis totais / The objective of this trial was to study the effects of enramycin administration, compared to sodium monensin, on ruminal fermentation and on total digestibility of diet nutrients in bovine. Twelve non-pregnant and non-lactating cows (675 ± 63 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to three treatments: control group (non-antibiotic), enramycin-treated group (non-ionophore antibiotic) and monensin-treated group (ionophore antibiotic). Treatments were 20 mg/animal/day of enramycin or 300 mg/animal/day of monensin. Trial lasted 21 days, the last 10 used for external marker administration (15 g of chromic oxide/animal/day) and the last 5 for feces collection and feed sampling. The 21st day was used for ruminal fluid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after 1st meal to determine VFA, pH and ammoniacal nitrogen. Monensin increased total VFA concentration 12 h after feeding and decreased the acetic:propionic ratio at times 0 and 6 h, in relation to enramycin, but not when compared to control. The two antibiotics tested did not influence the molar proportion of acetic, propionic or butiric acids, pH, ammoniacal-N concentration, or dry matter intake and intake behavior, evaluated during activities of feeding, rumination and idleness. The two antibiotics tested did not alter the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, starch, gross energy and total digestible nutrients (TDN), or the intake of digestible dry matter or TDN

Avaliou-se a relação lisina digestível: energia metabolizável em dietas de machos castrados e marras dos 24 aos 50 kg. O delineamento experimental usado foi blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, oito repetições, um animal por unidade experimental no ensaio de desempenho e quarto repetições e um animal por unidade experimental no de metabolismo. Nos parâmetros sanguineos, foi usado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, quarto repetições por sexo e um animal por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram 0,80; 0,90; 1,00; 1,10 e 1,20% de lisina digestível. Avaliaram-se as características de desempenho, digestibilidade e metabolismo e os parâmetros sanguineos. Houve efeito quadrático do nível de lisina digestível no peso dos suínos e na conversão alimentar das fêmeas. O ganho de peso relativo, a eficiência de proteína bruta e a conversão alimentar melhoraram linearmente para machos castrados. Constatou-se efeito quadrático do aminoácido na excreção e retenção do nitrogênio urinário, efeito também observado na energia excretada na urina e energia digestível. No perfil de neutrófilos de machos castrados e na relação neutrófilo x linfócito de ambos os sexos houve resposta quadrática do teor dietético de lisina. Comparado ao grupo controle, constatou-se efeito positivo da segregação sanitária. O máximo desempenho de machos castrados e fêmeas dos 24 aos 50 kg, do genótipo estudado, foi obtido com 1,08% de lisina digestível, no entanto o valor médio corrigido pelo ensaio de digestibilidade e metabolismo sugere 0,910% ou 17,1 g do aminoácido por dia ou 2,72 g/Mcal de EM. Quanto à segregação sanitária, as fêmeas apresentaram maior resistência à exposição de patógenos, caracterizando menor susceptibilidade a esse tipo de estresse. / It was studied the relationship between digestible lysine and metabolizable energy in barrows and gilts diets 24 at 50 kg body weight. The design used was randomized blocks, five treatments, eight replications, an animal for experimental unit in performance assay and four replications and an animal for experimental unit in metabolism. In blood profile assay were used design completely randomized, four replications for sex and one animal for experimental unit. The treatments were 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10 and 1.20% of digestible lysine. Performance caracteristics, digestibility and metabolism and the blood profile was studied. Quadratic effect of digesltible lysine levels was observed in body weight in swine and in feed conversion in gilts. The relative body gain, crudo protein eficience and feed conversion make better linearly for barrows. There was quadratic effect of amino acid in nitrogen excretion and retention, this effect was observed too in urine excreted energy and digestible energy. In barrows neutrophil profile and in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio for both sexes, were quadratic response by lysine dietary. Compared with control group, there was positive effect of segregation health. The maximum barrows and gilts performance from 24 to 50 kg, by studied genotype, was obtained with 1.08% lysine digestible, but the average value corrected for digestibility and metabolism suggests 0,910% or 17.1 g amino acid per day or 2.72 g/Mcal of ME. About sanitary segregation, gilts showed greater patogens resistence with less susceptibility to stress.

Beef products represent the fourth largest agricultural commodity in the state of California, valuing more than $3 billion from 2013 to 2015 (CDFA, 2016) and procure 90% of the income for the range livestock industry (FRAP, 2003). Forages found on California’s coastal, desert, foothill, and mountain ranges are the basis of the state’s beef cattle industry. Understanding their nutritional quality of these forages is important for their effective use (George et al., 2001a; Waterman et al., 2014). The objectives of this research were to investigate the nutritional characteristics, and in situ digestbilities in Angus beef cattle, of common California annual and perennial grasses: wild oats (Avena barbata and Avena fatua), soft chess (Bromus hordeaceous), filaree (Erodium botrys), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus), creeping wildrye (Leymus tritichoides), melic (Melica californica, Melica imperfecta, Melica torreyana), foothill needlegrass (Nasella lepida), purple needlegrass (Nasella pulchra). Nutritional composition as a percentage of dry matter (crude protein, CP; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF; and acid detergent lignin, ADL) and digestibilities were compared at four growth stages: late vegetative (LV), early reproductive (ER), late reproductive (LR), and dry (D). Plant samples were collected in San Luis Obispo County, CA. Crude protein concentrations decreased, and fiber concentrations increased, with maturity (P ≤ 0.05). Perennial grasses contained more NDF and ADF than annual grasses, across all growth stages (P ≤ 0.05). Annual grasses were significantly higher than perennials in dry matter digestibility (%DMD) at the 48 h incubation, when averaged across all growth stages (P ≤ 0.05); and at the LR and D stages, when averaged across all incubation periods (P ≤ 0.05). Within the annual grasses, %DMD was similar between ER, LR, and D stages. Within the perennial grasses, %DMD was similar between the LR and D stages (P ≤ 0.05).

Sheep with esophageal fistulas were used to determine the daily intake, nutritive content and digestibility of forage at three periods and two stocking intensities during the spring of 1972 on a typical foothill range in northern Utah. Heavy grazing under a season-long regime did not influence the concentrations of dietary chemical components when compared to moderate grazing; however, it did depress the digestibility of cellulose and organic matter. There was a significant decline in the dietary chemical components due to forage maturation. Digestibility of organic matter and cellulose were significantly higher in the early spring as compared to late spring. Daily intake was depressed as a result of the heavy grazing only in early spring. Heavy grazing intensities on short-term pastures influenced the content of lignin, cellulose and protein in the diet. Digestibility of cellulose and organic matter was depressed during early and late spring as a result of the heavy grazing intensities while protein digestibility was depressed throughout the season. Intake was significantly lower under heavy grazing in the intermediate period than it was under moderate grazing.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18659号 / 農博第2088号 / 新制||農||1027(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4882(農学部図書室) / 31573 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20434号 / 農博第2219号 / 新制||農||1049(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5055(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Researchers have investigated several factors that could alter fetal growth, including nutrient restriction (Valiente et al., 2021), hair shedding (Gray et al., 2011), and extreme hot and cold temperatures (Davidson et al., 2022). Hot temperatures and increased humidity percentages in the southeast United States caused researchers to investigate the hair coats of Angus cattle in the commercial production setting. An improvement in fiber digestibility and calf birth and weaning weights has been observed in Angus dams that shed 50% of the winter hair coat by May (Gray et al., 2011; Burnett et al., 2021). Our objective of this experiment was to investigate the nutrient digestibility of Angus calves born to cows that on average, shed early compared to calves from cows that shed later. Newly weaned, purebred Angus bull calves (early; n = 6, late; n = 6) were housed in metabolism crates for 10 d. Prior to the trial, calves had a 14 d adaption period to a 14% CP textured feed (CPC 14% Developer, CPC Commodities, Fountain Run, KY) and offered ad libitum Cynodon dactlyon hay and water. After 3 d crate acclimation period, urine, feces, orts, and hay samples were collected for 7 d. Concentrate was offered at 0.25% of average BW. Approximately 5% samples were taken of feces, and urine samples had 1-1.5% of 25% metaphosphoric acid added to prevent ammonia volatilization, and both collections were composited by animal. Orts were collected at 0600 h daily, dried, and composited by animal. Laboratory analysis included dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), Ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Kjeldahl N (CP), and fat. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 in a completely randomized design with calf as the experimental unit. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) means were separated using Fischer’s protected LSD. The model for intake included average daily DM and OM (kg) and adjusted by body weight (BW%). For digestibility analysis, the model included: DM, OM, ash, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose (HC), CP, and fat. The N retention model included: N retained (g/d), N retained/consumed (%), and N retained/DM intake (%). There were no differences between early or late calves for DM intake (5.502 ± 0.2774 kg/d; 2.251 ± 0.1247 %BW), or OM intake (5.199 ± 0.2591 kg/d; 2.128 ± 0.1166 %BW). There were no differences in digestibility for either group for DM, OM, Ash, NDF, ADF, HC, CP, or fat (Table 1.). There were also no differences in N retention in either group of calves (3.686 ± 2.0242 g/d; 4.366 ± 2.3964 %; 0.064 ± 0.0355 %). Replication and further research are needed in this area to adequately understand factors influencing nutrient digestibility in calves born from early and late shedding dams.

Research has shown Spirulina to be a viable feedstuff in poultry production. Other species of microalgae are being studied to determine their effects on poultry production. This project compared four microalgaes: Hydrodictyon, Vaucheria, Uronema, and Spirulina and was broken down into three trials. The first experiment investigated the digestibility of an algae species, Spirulina, in broiler chicken diets. Eighty, 25-day-old Ross 708 broiler chicks were sorted into 20 metabolism cages and received one of two diets: Control Diet or Test Diet (75% basal diet + 25% Spirulina). The apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, isoleucine, valine and arginine in Spirulina was 94.5%, 91.3%, 56.1%, 71.4%, 76.8%, 69.8% and 90.4% respectively. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of Spirulina was 2279 kcal/kg. The second experiment focused on digestibility of Spirulina and novel algae species in laying hens. Sixty, 80-week-old Lohman LSL-Lite laying hens were randomly assigned to Control Diet, Hydrodictyon Test Diet (87.5% basal diet + 12.5% hydrodictyon), 12.5% or one of three other test diets (75% basal diet + 25% Spirulina, Uronema, and Vaucheria). Spirulina diets contained the highest crude protein (25.5%) and methionine levels (0.68%). Uronema had the highest gross energy content of 3880.5 kcal/kg and lysine levels (1.12%). Hydrodictyon diet was the most nutritionally similar to the control. Crude protein was at 15.3% and 16.6% for control and Hydrodictyon respectively. Gross energy was 3429.6 kcal/g in control versus 3316.1 kcal/kg in Hydrodictyon. Lastly, crude fat was 2.7% compared to Hydrodictyon at 2.4%. The last trial was to determine the effects of the addition of microalgae in the diet on laying hen production. Seventy-eight, 23-month-old laying hens were assigned to 1 of 3 of the following experimental diets: control, control + 1% microalgae, or control + 2% microalgae. Microalgae, regardless of inclusion level, had no significant effect on egg weight in this study. Increasing level of inclusion of Spirulina, Hydrodictyon, and Uronema from 0 to 2 % significantly increased yolk color. Vaucheria influenced yolk color at the 2% level. No significance differences shown from any of the algae species regardless of inclusion level for egg weight, egg mass, shell thickness, shell strength, shell weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, and albumen height. In addition, there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio, feed intake, body weight, or tibial strength between the treatments. However, as these are novel algaes, further studies are required to determine the true usability in poultry production.