O presente trabalho objetiva identificar as potencialidades e os constrangimentos existentes ao desenvolvimento da democracia digital no Brasil. Por democracia digital entende-se o emprego de ferramentas de participação eletrônica no ciclo de políticas públicas com a finalidade de promover a democratização e o controle social da gestão pública. O método empregado é o estudo de caso de três experiências de democracia digital que abrangem os níveis federal, estadual e municipal: as consultas públicas eletrônicas, o Gabinete Digital e o OP Digital, respectivamente. A análise dessas iniciativas aponta para as possibilidades de: i) adoção da e-participação em diferentes etapas do ciclo de políticas públicas, e ii) ampliação significativa do número de participantes quando comparado a experiências presenciais. Contudo, percebe-se ainda um subaproveitamento das tecnologias, bem como um padrão insuficiente de resposta da administração pública às contribuições da sociedade, encaminhadas dessas ferramentas. Além dos problemas relacionados à exclusão digital, fatores políticos, organizacionais e institucionais limitam o impacto da e-participação, dos quais se destacam o papel da burocracia e a carência de arranjos institucionais que sustentem a operação da democracia digital. / This paper intends to identify the potentialities and the constraints of the development of digital democracy in Brazil. Digital democracy consists of enacting electronic participation tools throughout the public policy cycle, aiming at enhancing social control and democratization of public management. This research employs the case study method for analyzing three digital democracy experiences in Brazil at the federal, state, and local levels: respectively, public e-consultations; Digital Cabinet; and Digital Participatory Budgeting. These initiatives indicate that it is possible to apply e-Participation tools for i) the democratization of each stage of the public policy cycle and ii) increasing the number of participants in comparison to in-person experiences. Nonetheless, one can observe the underutilization of the ICT‘s potential and an unsatisfactory pattern of feedback from the public management about the inputs of society delivered by these tools. Besides the problems related to digital divide, some political, organizational, and institutional issues limit the impact and the adoption of e-participation, out of which is worth underscoring the role of civil servants‘ bureaucracy and the lack of institutional arrangements to sustain the digital democracy operation. / Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar las potencialidades y los factores limitadores existentes en el desarrollo de la democracia digital en Brasil. La democracia digital consiste en el empleo de herramientas de participación electrónica en el ciclo de políticas públicas con la finalidad de promover la democratización y el control social de la gestión pública. El método empleado fue el estudio de caso de tres experiencias de democracia digital que abarcan los niveles federal, regional y municipal: las consultas públicas electrónicas, el Gabinete Digital y el Presupuesto Participativo Digital, respectivamente. El análisis de las iniciativas apunta a la posibilidad de: i) adopción de la e-participación en diferentes etapas del ciclo de políticas públicas, y ii) la significativa ampliación del número de participantes en comparación con las experiencias presenciales. Sin embargo, todavía se percibe un escaso aprovechamiento de las tecnologías y un patrón insuficiente de respuesta de la administración pública a las contribuciones de la sociedad encaminadas a través de esas herramientas. Además de los problemas relacionados con la exclusión digital, factores políticos, organizativos e institucionales limitan el impacto de la e-participación, de los cuales se destacan el papel de la burocracia y la carencia de arreglos institucionales que sustenten la operación de la democracia digital.

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La démocratie représentative reste un régime essentiellement représentatif qui a été conçu précisément pour exclure la participation directe de l’universalité des citoyens à la prise de décisions politiques. L’introduction d’instruments de la participation directe, en forme de l’e-démocratie, crée un conflit au sein de ce régime, conflit qui ne sera résolu que par un aménagement de la notion de démocratie représentative, voire sa substitution par une autre notion, ayant vocation à concilier les exigences de la participation et de la représentation. Cette thèse se propose de réfléchir à un modèle de régime politique-type susceptible de permettre l'intégration de l'e-démocratie.Une telle intégration met en lumière l’interdépendance entre la démocratie et les droits fondamentaux qui sont menacés de manière inédite à l’ère numérique. La possibilité d’introduire l’e-démocratie est donc conditionnée à la protection renforcée des droits essentiels : la liberté d’expression, le droit au respect de la vie privée, ainsi qu’à la reconnaissance de nouveaux droits fondés sur l’autodétermination personnelle. L’introduction de l’e-démocratie peut également remettre en cause certains concepts bien établis, tels que le principe majoritaire, ou exiger leur reconsidération, comme dans le cas de la bonne gouvernance. / Representative democracy remains essentially a representative government that was created precisely to avoid all the citizens to participate directly in political decision-making. Implementation of direct participation’s instruments in form of e-democracy creates a conflict within this government, a conflict which can be solved only by a renewal of representative democracy concept, even its substitution by another idea committed to reconciling representation and participation. This thesis aims a reflection on a concept of government capable of integrating e-democracy.Such an integration highlights the interdependent character of the link between democracy and human rights that are exposed to totally new threats in the digital era. The possibility to introduce e-democracy is conditional upon the reinforced protection of such essential rights and freedoms: as freedom of expression and right to respect for private and family life in the digital environment, as well as recognition of new rights based on personal self-determination. Implementation of e-democracy can also challenge well-established concepts such as majority principle or require their reconsideration, as in the case of good governance.

The diploma thesis examines new phenomena of electronic democracy which is becoming more popular with the internet expansion. The thesis summarizes existing research in the field of electronic democracy from a view of forms that could be or are taken. The aim of this summarization is to show that new transformational changes affecting our society do not automatically implicate a shift towards direct democracy. Using theoretical summarization a state of the art of electronic democracy in the Czech Republic is described. Importance is given to an analysis of contemporary evolving tools and initiatives which were developed from two directions - top-down and a bottom up. A part of this analysis is an assessment of important factors that are stimulating a development of electronic participation - freedom of information right, internet penetration and computer literacy.