To obtain the purpose of this study, three following questions were asked:● How are three government agencies working with the transition to the increased amount of digital services?● What effects does digitalization have on the selected authorities?● How do they counteract the risk that some individuals will find it difficult to take advantage of the authorities services at a time when an increased amount of work is being transferred to digital forms?Since digitalization of the public sector first occurred around the year of 2010 in Europe, Sweden has been one of the frontrunners in the development of digitalizing their public sector. Despite Sweden’s good use of digitalization it is clear that a digital divide exists in the northern country within different public authorities. The main purpose of this study is to describe how the Swedish authorities; the Swedish Tax Agency, the Swedish social insurance agency and the Swedish pensions agency include the excluded target groups and individuals who are within the digital divide. This was formed following the increased digitalization of self-service services. The purpose is also to see the similarities and differences between the authorities linked to theories and strategies. The empirical material has been collected from interviews and previous research. The method used in this study is a qualitative and comparative approach to successfully investigate differences between the selected authorities. The main conclusion is that there is a clear digital divide, especially within the older target group. As for the effects of the digitalized public authorities, some of the advantages refer to cost-benefits and a more open, efficient and accessible authorities. Although there are also disadvantages such as risks to unsee/miss important details in individual cases and that the selected authorities indirectly fail their social responsibility: to include all citizens. The authorities combine personal meetings with digital services to minimize the digital divide.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to advance the understanding of what enablers and risks become evident in value co-creation and how they affect value proposition development. To fulfill this research purpose, the following research questions were derived: RQ1: What are the enablers that become evident during value co-creation in an IT context?, RQ2a: What are the risks that become evident during value co-creation in an IT context?, and RQ2b: How can IT service providers mitigate these risks during value proposition development? Method – The study is an exploratory inductive single case study of a specific business environment that revolves around related services in the IT industry. In total, six organizations and one expert, all of whom have knowledge of the situation of inquiry, participated in the study. The data collection was conducted in three different waves of semi-structured interviews. In total, 27 interviews were held, and results were derived using a combination of the Gioia analysis and thematic analysis. Findings – The findings from the study is a framework illustrating the enablers, risks, and mitigating actions in value co-creation during value proposition development. The most critical antecedent enablers are transparency, goal congruence, and customer involvement. The most prominent risks are organizational transformation, measuring instruments, and juridical. The most important actions are change management and continuous evaluation. Theoretical and practical implications – The study contributes with insights into the scarce literature on value co-creation and digital servitization by empirically clarifying the key aspects that orchestrate the value co-creation process. Our framework assists practitioners to better evaluate if they have the abilities required to conduct specific value co-creation activities. Limitations and future research – The study is limited by a single case study of a specific business environment by adopting a B2B perspective. Hence, future studies are recommended to extend and validate our findings in other industrial settings. / Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att utöka förståelsen för vilka möjliggörare och risker som blir centrala inom värdesamskapande och hur dessa påverkar framtagandet av värdeerbjudanden. För att uppfylla syftet härleddes följande forskningsfrågor: RQ1: Vilka är de möjliggörare som blir uppenbara vid gemensamt värdeskapande inom ett IT-sammanhang?, RQ2a: Vilka är de risker som blir centrala vid värdesamskapande inom ett IT-sammanhang?, och RQ2b: Hur kan IT-tjänsteleverantörer mitigera dessa risker vid framtagandet av värdeerbjudanden? Metod – Studien genomfördes som en explorativ induktiv enskild fallstudie inom en specifik affärsmiljö som kretsar kring relaterade tjänster inom IT-branschen. Totalt deltog sex organisationer och en ämnesexpert i studien, varav alla har kunskap inom det undersökta området. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i tre olika vågor av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt genomfördes 27 intervjuer och resultaten analyserades med en kombination av Gioia analys och tematisk analys. Resultat – Resultatet av studien är ett ramverk som illustrerar möjliggörare, risker och mitigerande åtgärder inom kontexten av värdesamskapande under utvecklingen av värdeerbjudanden. De mest kritiska möjliggörarna är transparens, målöverensstämmelse och kundinvolvering. De mest framträdande riskerna är organisatorisk transformation, mätinstrument och juridiska. De viktigaste åtgärderna är förändringsledning och kontinuerlig utvärdering. Teoretiska och praktiska implikationer – Denna studie bidrar med insikter till den bristande litteraturen inom domänerna värdesamskapande och digital tjänstefiering genom att empiriskt klargöra de viktigaste aspekterna som utgör den värdesamskapande processen. Vårt ramverk hjälper utövare av värdesamskapande samarbeten att utvärdera om de har de förmågor som krävs för att genomföra specifika värdesamskapande aktiviteter. Begränsningar och framtida forskning – Studien är begränsad till att undersöka en specifik affärsmiljö inom ett B2B-perspektiv genom en enskild fallstudie. Därför rekommenderas framtida studier att utvidga och validera resultaten inom andra industriella kontexter.

Despite the construction industry making up a large portion of the global economy, it struggles withlow productivity and limited growth, notably marked by a lack of digitization and automation.Research in construction has highlighted artificial intelligence (AI) as a potential solution, butimplementation is complicated by the need for extensive data collection and challenges associatedwith construction sites. Several studies have explored various aspects of AI in the construction industry, but not with a focuson the needs of site management. This thesis aims to study site management's decision-making toidentify their data and information needs in their daily operations. A case study was conducted attwo construction companies, one smaller and one larger, focusing on site management's decisionmaking during the implementation phase. Semi-structured interviews and observations were used tocollect data, which was then contextualized within the literature to understand site management'sdecision-making and thereby identify the needs for data and information. The results show that site management regularly faces situations in their daily operations wherethey need to make decisions for the project's progress, often quick decisions. In these decisionmaking situations, site management primarily relies on experience and intuition but also considersthe experiences of colleagues/stakeholders. In their daily operations, site management expressesuncertainty in their decision-making and shows a need for more real-time information to supporttheir decision-making processes. The conclusions from the study indicate that the data and information needs of site managementare broad, varying for different decision-making situations. These needs span several areas, includingthe management of deviations, technical and financial considerations, safety, planning, scheduling,communication, coordination, resource allocation, and construction sequencing. Information isrequested to support decision-making, including rules and regulations, previous experiences,visualization of project status, deviations and specifications, schedules and the sequence ofactivities, safety conditions, and access to information systems.

Digitalization has spread to affect many aspects of our lives but it has yet to fully engage equestrians. Many stables still extensively use the traditional whiteboard in combination with digital technologies. Is it because digital technologies are not designed with the unique needs of an equestrian? Since research in this area is lacking, this study describes the daily conventions around the traditional whiteboard and the complementary use of digital technology, while exploring equestrians’ attitudes toward digitalization. Ethnographic methods of participant observation and group interviews were conducted at two large equestrian centers in Sweden, and the informants were a mix of horse owners, stable owners, stable staff, and riding school students. The results show that whiteboards are used to communicate and collaborative planning, but there is a problem of not noticing new handwritten information. Informants are hesitant toward incorporating new digital technologies because they worry about limitations, and some are content with the current traditional conventions - even if they employ many workarounds to issues related to the traditional way. The study also contributes toward a broader understanding of how future digital technologies can be designed in the unique setting of a stable, and the importance of a thorough understanding of users.

Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att ge en fördjupad förståelse kring redovisares upplevelse av hur digitaliseringen påverkat redovisningsyrket. Frågeställning: Hur upplevs digitala redovisningssystems inverkan på effektiviteten inom redovisningsyrket? Metod: Studien är kvalitativ och semistrukturerade intervjuer utgör forskningsdesignen. Data har samlats in från sex redovisare som arbetar på små och medelstora företag i Dalarna. Empiri och slutsats: Studien visar att digitala redovisningssystem har en framför allt positiv påverkan på effektiviteten inom redovisningsyrket. Vidare har digitala system påverkat redovisningsyrket genom främst en stor tidsbesparing. Systemen möjliggör att arbetet kan gå snabbare och genomföras enklare genom automatiserade processer i det dagliga arbetet. Studiens bidrag: Med denna studie bidrar vi till att belysa kunskapsgapet som finns gällande redovisares upplevelse av redovisningssystems inverkan på effektiviteten. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Fortsatt forskning kan vara att studera detta inom revisionsyrket. Även att genomföra en liknande studie på en annan geografisk plats eller med fokus på stora företag. Till sist hade det varit bra att studera detta genom en kvantitativ studie för att bättre kunna generalisera resultaten. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of accountant´s experience of how digitalization has affected the accounting profession. Question: How is the impact of digital accounting systems perceived on efficiency within the accounting profession. Method: This study is qualitative and semi- structured interviews constitute the research design. Data has been collected from six accountants who work at small and medium- sized companies in Dalarna. Empirical evidence and conclusion: The study shows that digital accounting systems have a primarily positive impact on the efficiency of the accounting profession. Furthermore, digital systems have affected the accounting profession primarily through a large time saving. The systems make it possible for the work to go faster and be carried out easier through automated processes in the daily work. The study´s contribution: With this study we contribute to highlighting the knowledge gap that exists regarding accountant´s experience of accounting systems impact on efficiency. Suggestions for further research: Further research could be to study this within the auditing profession. Also to do a similar study in another geographical location or with a focus on large companies. Finally, it would have been good to study this through a quantitative study to better generalize the results.

Sammanfattning Denna studie undersöker användarnas upplevelser av en digital strategi och vilka värden somanvändarna upplever skapas av en digital strategi vid ett internationellt entreprenadföretag iSverige. Dessutom undersöker studien hur en digital strategi bidrar till hållbart byggande. För att samla data användes semi-strukturerade intervjuer som den primäraforskningsmetoden. Medarbetare inom produktionsfasen på företaget Skanska valdes ut för atterhålla kunskap och insikter om deras digitala strategi. Detta för att få en förståelse avanvändarnas upplevelse av att använda de digitala verktygen och de värden de ser attverktygen skapar. Valet av semi-strukturerade intervjuer gjordes för att möjliggöra flexibilitetatt ställa följdfrågor och uppnå en djupare förståelse för specifika aspekter. Resultaten av studien visade att en digital strategi vid ett internationellt entreprenadföretag kanutifrån användarnas upplevelser bidra till betydande mervärde genom att minska kostnader,öka effektivitet och förbättra kvalitet. För att maximera värdet av digitala verktyg är det avstor vikt att involvera medarbetarna, erbjuda adekvat stöd och utbildning samt skapaanvändarvänliga verktyg. Dessutom kan en digital strategi främja hållbart byggande utifrånrespondenternas upplevelser genom att integrera miljöaspekter i digitala verktyg och program.För att jobba mer mot ett hållbart byggande så bör en tydlig sammanbindning skapas mellanmiljö och digitala verktyg samt främja effektiv hantering av resurser och användning avförnybar energi. På detta sätt kan digitalisering bidra till att göra produktionen energieffektivoch nå nettonollutsläpp. / Abstract This study examines users' experiences of a digital strategy and the values that users perceiveto be created by a digital strategy at an international construction company in Sweden. Additionally, the study investigates how a digital strategy contributes to sustainableconstruction. Semi-structured interviews were used as the primary research method to gather data. Employees involved in the production phase at Skanska, the selected company, were chosen toobtain knowledge and insights about their digital strategy. This was done to gain anunderstanding of users' experiences in using the digital tools and the values they see the toolscreating. The choice of semi-structured interviews was made to allow flexibility in askingfollow-up questions and to achieve a deeper understanding of specific aspects. The results of the study showed that a digital strategy at an international construction companycan, based on users' experiences, contribute significant added value by reducing costs,increasing efficiency, and improving quality. To maximize the value of digital tools, it iscrucial to involve employees, provide adequate support and training, and create userfriendlytools. Furthermore, according to the respondents' experiences, a digital strategy can promotesustainable construction by integrating environmental aspects into digital tools and programs. To further advance sustainable construction, a clear connection should be established betweenthe environment and digital tools, while promoting efficient resource management and the useof renewable energy. In this way, digitalization can contribute to making production energyefficientand achieving net-zero emissions.

Background: IT has been reshaping competition and strategy for decades. However, the current wave of IT-driven competition is distinct from previous ones. As new digital technologies have a disruptive effect, organizations must adapt to remain competitive. Digital transformation particularly affects the automotive industry as digitalization has become the most important phenomenon since the creation of the industry. Managers in automotive companies need to thus become active in implementing strategic changes and utilize digital opportunities. For this, managers must apply their dynamic managerial capabilities to sense and seize digital opportunities and to transform the company. Research Problem: Despite the wide literature on dynamic capabilities, dynamic managerial capabilities, and digital transformation, research on these three concepts’ interlinkages is underdeveloped. There is furthermore little evidence on how the interaction of the underpinnings of dynamic managerial capabilities at an organizational level affect strategic change and performance in a changing environment. Research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of an automotive company’s development of dynamic managerial capabilities to facilitate its digital transformation. It aims at showcasing how managerial cognition, social capital, and human capital are relevant to sense, seize, and transform for digital transformation. A framework is developed to visualize the respective interlinkages. Research Question: How can dynamic managerial capabilities facilitate an automotive company’s digital transformation? Research Method: This study uses a qualitative approach. An in-depth case study aiming for theory-elaboration was conducted at Volvo Group. Data was purposefully collected through interviews, observations, and internal documents, and then analyzed through a thematic analysis. Conclusion: This paper’s main contribution lies in the application of dynamic managerial capabilities in the context of digital transformation. Our findings suggest that all dynamic managerial capabilities are important for sensing, seizing, and transforming for digital transformation. We find managerial cognition to be vital throughout all the dynamic capabilities steps, whereas managerial social capital has strong influence on the sensing stage. Managerial human capital in terms of industry experience plays a major role for the seizing and transforming stages of digital transformation. Our results indicate that it is important to build teams with complementing dynamic managerial capabilities to facilitate organizational digital transformation.

This thesis aims to examine how Covid-19 affected international business negotiations. This paper uses empirical data collected from four international companies from different industries. The respondents from the companies have different roles, in this case, procurement managers, sales manager, and marketing manager. The findings show that the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalization and the adoption of digital tools in international business negotiations. Furthermore, the increased digitalization as a result of Covid-19 normalized the use of digital tools in international business negotiations. Additionally, the findings show that the international business negotiation process is less divided and has a better flow with more frequent interactions as a result of the adoption of digital tools. The findings further show when conducting international business negotiations online the cultural differences are less evident due to the difficulties of body language and cultural customs in an online environment. According to the findings, maintaining international business relationships are now easier with the use of digital tools that allow more frequent meaningful communication. Lastly, the thesis concludes with the theoretical and practical implications as well as suggestions for future research.

In the last couple of decades internationalization of firms has increased all over the world, and banks are not an exception. Different factors are impacting the decision of entering a new market and digitalization is certainly one of the main factors contributing to the internationalization process. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate what the internationalization process looks like for banks originating from the Nordic region and the impact of digitalization on the process as well as how digitalization impacts the banks' effectiveness. The data were acquired using a qualitative multiple case study of five leading banks originating from the Nordic region through semi-structured interviews. Afterward, the collected data was discussed in the literature review chapter in the analysis chapter to detect similarities and differences.  The findings in this thesis revealed that the factors that are evaluated are both internal and external before entering a market and that the significance of each factor varies depending on what bank it is. Additionally, the role of digitalization has also played a big part in how the process of the banks looks and how the current process of internationalizing is done. Instead of expanding which has been the previous focus for these leading banks, the focus has the recent years switched to withdrawing from foreign markets with their physical presence to focusing on offering their services from their home markets and on digital investments. Along with how digitalization has affected Nordic banks' internationalization process, this thesis also presents how effectiveness and assessment are impacted by digitalization.

Background: The advent of digitalization has significantly impacted various aspects of society. Digitalization has aided in the growth of more ecologically friendly practices, and remote work hasreduced the usage of cars and lowered carbon emissions. However, existing literature has indicated that it also has resulted in new challenges such as privacy concerns, cybersecurity threats, and the need fordigital skills. The Covid-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst for digitalization, leading to an accelerated trend towards remote and flexible work. The financial sector has also undergone significant changes with the adoption of new technologies. Research on how digital transformation has changed the structural configuration in the banking industry is heavily undeveloped. Notwithstanding, digitalization continues to shape how society lives and interacts with each other. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the influence of digitalization in banking and to comprehend the alterations that have transpired in the structural configuration due to the growing utilization of technology. An evaluation from the standpoint of employees can provide valuable insights into how digitalization has influenced work in the banking industry. This research can offer significant assistance to decision-makers in the banking industry as they devise strategies to adapt to the digital ageand foster a favorable work atmosphere for their employees. Method: This qualitative, exploratory thesis, which was guided by an abductive approach, made use of amore comprehensive understanding of the topic at hand. A thematic analysis was utilized as a guide wheninterpreting and analyzing the data from 10 semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: Digitalization has revolutionized employees’ work, demanding more collaboration and knowledge sharing. The effect of Covid-19 as the driving catalyst toward digitalization accelerated thischange and urged adaptation to external events. To meet evolving customer behavior, investing in digitalsolutions with a human touch is crucial. Ongoing education is vital for enhancing digital skills. Job losses are a concern due to increased digital efficiency. The banking industry must invest in employees andembrace adaptability. The future holds both challenges and opportunities as technology continues toadvance.