La construction des garanties réelles dans le Code monétaire et financier s'est faite sans approche coordonnée. Le législateur s'est limité à produire des réponses pragmatiques aux besoins des praticiens, dotant ces garanties d'une souplesse et d'une sécurité renforcées. Or, seul le caractère dérogatoire des mesures qui visent à renforcer la sécurité, face aux procédures collectives notamment, caractérise ce que nous identifions comme des garanties réelles dérogatoires tant des garanties réelles de droit commun que des autres garanties sur actifs financiers. Il convient alors d'en tirer les conséquences pour proposer une construction rationnelle d'une garantie réelle financière unique mais protéiforme. C'est l'entrée en vigueur de la directive 2002/47/CE et sa transposition en droit français qui invitent à envisager un remodelage des garanties sur actifs financiers. Une approche commune et unitaire inspirée par cette directive paraît inévitable pour la cohérence de la matière.

This dissertation examines the discursive, political, and legal context of the European Union’s (EU) Working Time Directive, beginning with the history of its adoption and ending with its unsuccessful revision attempt in 2009. It also analyzes the Directive’s influence on the working-time regime in Poland, and considers whether or not it advances gender equality. A feminist, socio-legal perspective that is attentive to multiple levels of governance is used to analyze the Directive, the Polish Labour Code provisions, and their interaction. The dissertation illustrates how standard working-time norms both assumed and institutionalized an unequal allocation of paid and unpaid work between men and women, which either constrained women’s employment opportunities or, in Poland’s case, penalized women with a double burden of paid and unpaid work. It shows how a contextual analysis of the EU and Polish working-time instruments allows us to evaluate whether the norms they set embody and reproduce, or challenge and move beyond, these gendered assumptions. The focus is on changes in the political, economic, and social milieu, developments in policy discourses and institutional architecture, and the role of actors influencing the evolution of these instruments. Emphasis is given to Poland’s post-1989 transition and EU accession processes, the expansion of the EU competences, and the influence of broader transnational trends. The study reveals that the current regulatory approaches to standard work-time promoted in the EU and Poland are unlikely to facilitate equal re-distribution of work time between men and women because equality and work-family reconciliation have been either absent as potential regulatory rationales or subordinated to the dominant pursuit of labour market flexibility and efficiency. In the EU, this subordination stemmed from institutional, legal, and political constraints existing at the time of the Directive’s adoption and subsequent review. In Poland, domestic and external pressures also privileged economic discourses and the adoption of EU norms enabled progressive flexibilization of the Polish working-time regime, while preserving opportunities for long work-hours. Although recent policy emphasis on equality and the promotion of work-family reconciliation for all workers is promising, curbing long hours and better incorporation of care work are required for socially sustainable and equal working-time regimes. / Graduate

These days we all face with drinking water and not menace to human’s health water’s problem. There are the greater part of fresh water polluted in many countries of European Union (EU). Water is intensive use in energetic, in chemistry industry, in agriculture, and that’s why the flowing water of industrial establishment and agriculture mostly pollutes the rivers, lakes and the seas route of entry, unraveling natural biological cycle, natural environment of organisms, and they menace to human’s health and life. That’s why relevant and effective security of water resources protection is very important. Water protection policy has direct impact on human’s health and the quality of their life’s, thus, this sector falls among the priority fields in environmental protection policy. These days the main consideration is directed to the waist water’s treatment and to secure the quality of drinking water at the moment in Lithuania. The Republic of Lithuania has been participating in the EU waters protection policy. This is related to the important changes in water’s sector legal base, possibilities for funding the projects related to water����s pollution reduction, institutional structure and other aspects. In this master’s work the main attention was directed to the sponsorship analysis of the water sector because if it’s wanted to secure an effective waters’ resources, it’s needed sufficient sponsorship. While implementing one of the EU requests, its need to increase investments to... [to full text]

För att en maskin ska anses som säker för användning krävs det att den uppfyller maskindirektivet. Maskindirektivet är väldigt generellt och kortfattat. Därför finns det standarder som förklarar mer specifikt maskindirektivets olika delar. Uppfylls inte standarderna så uppfylls inte maskindirektivet för respektive område och därmed är maskinen inte redo för användning. Examensarbetet har utförts på Rapid Granulator AB. Företaget är idag en av världens största producenter av granuleringskvarnar. Granuleringskvarnarna maler ner plastavfall till en mer kompakt form, granulat. Granulatet kan sedan återanvändas i form av formsprutning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att finna ett smidigare verktyg för att dokumentera riskanalyser. Uppdragsgivarens önskemål är att verktyget ska erbjuda användaren en tydligare överblick av riskanalysens ingående delar. Den inmatade informationen i verktyget ska vara lätt att granska och redigera. För att uppnå syftet och på bästa sätt möta uppdragsgivarens behov har följande två frågeställningar tagits fram: Hur utför andra företag sina riskanalyser och vilka verktyg använder de sig av?   Vilket verktyg är bäst anpassat för Rapid Granulator AB och hur är det uppbyggt?   Utifrån en förstudie som har bestått av metoderna: intervjuer och observation, har ett verktyg valts ut. Intervjuerna utfördes tillsammans med fem medelstora företag och observationen skedde hos Rapid Granulator AB. Förstudiefasen följdes sedan upp av en genomförandefas, där metoden litteraturstudier togs till hjälp. Litteraturstudien skapade möjligheten till att få en klarare förståelse av verktyget och dess användning.   Förstudien har resulterat i att författarna fann fyra olika verktyg. Med tanke på behoven och bristerna i nuvarande verktyg föll valet på verktyget Microsoft Access. Utifrån företagets tidigare riskanalyser skapade författarna en databas i Access. I verktyget implementerades sedan funktioner som grundade sig på uppdragsgivarens önskemål. Funktioner så som rullgardinsmeny, färgkodning och modulbasering infördes. Detta resulterade i ett smidigare verktyg, jämfört med det som användes tidigare.                                                                    Slutsatsen är att företaget gynnas mer vid användning av Microsoft Access i fortsättningen. Rekommendationen till företaget är att fortsätta använda sig av Microsoft Access vid kommande riskanalyser och därmed bygga ut databasen ytterligare. / The Machinery Directive gives a general overview of legal safety regulations that machinery must align to. Further specific safety requirements and standards for each individual components or assembly of parts must also be met in order to achieve a low safety risk. This work has been carried out for Rapid Granulator, currently one of the world’s largest producers of granulators. Granulators grind down plastic waste into a compact form of granules that can then be reused in the form of injection moulding. The purpose of this report is to propose a flexible tool for documenting the risk analysis for the granulator machinery, either by building on an existing tool or developing an entirely new one. The priority is to create a database that offers the user a clear view of the risk analysis for each component and allows data to be easily edited. In order to achieve this purpose and fully understand the client's needs, the following two questions have been considered: How do others business perform their risk analysis and what tools do they use? Which tools are best suited for Rapid Granulator AB and how is it structured? A tool has been selected based on a pilot study that consisted of interviews and an observation. The interviews were conducted with five medium-sized enterprises and the observation took place at Rapid Granulator AB. The pre-study phase of the supporting method literature resulted in a clearer understanding of the tool and its use. Authours found four different tools that can be used for documentation of risk analysis. Microsoft Access was selected as the most suitable tool to overcome the deficiencies of the previous tool. The authors have implemented features to meet the client's wishes. Features such as dropdown menu, color-coding and modulation basing are key additions that have resulted in a more flexible tool. The conclusion suggests that the company should exploit this Microsoft Access risk analyses database that has been designed specifically for their machinery and should consider developing the tool further.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe yra tiriama, ar Lietuva į savo nacionalinius teisės aktus yra pilnai perkėlusi Priėmimo sąlygų direktyvos nuostatas, ir vertinama, ar yra daromi Priėmimo sąlygų direktyvos pažeidimai praktikoje. Dėl savo ypatingos svarbos detaliai analizuojamos prieglobsčio prašytojų teisė į materialines priėmimo sąlygas ir teisė į darbą. Prieglobsčio prašytojų materialinės priėmimo sąlygos ir užimtumas tiriami tarptautiniu, Europos regiono ir Lietuvos lygmenimis. Nustatyta, kad neatitinkančios Priėmimo sąlygų direktyvos standartų materialinės priėmimo sąlygos gali lemti EŽTK pažeidimus, pavyzdžiui, po EŽTT priimto pilotinio sprendimo M.S.S. prieš Belgiją ir Graikiją byloje valstybės, taikydamos Dublino II reglamentą, nesiunčia prieglobsčio prašytojų į tas šalis, kuriose jiems gresia netinkamas elgesys, prilyginamas kankinimui, nežmoniškam ar žeminančiam jų orumą elgesiui. Europos Komisija Lietuvos materialines priėmimo sąlygas gretina su Graikija ir pasisako, kad jos yra itin žemo lygio. Iš to kylančios praktinės problemos pažeidžia Priėmimo sąlygų direktyvą. Ištirtos literatūros ir teisės aktų pagrindu yra atskleidžiama prieglobsčio prašytojų užimtumo problematika. Europos Sąjungos valstybės narės Priėmimo sąlygų direktyvos nuostatas yra perkėlusios į savo nacionalinius teisės aktus teoriškai, bet savo įgyvendinimo praktikoje daro pažeidimus. Lietuva – vienintelė valstybė, kuri apskritai nėra jokiu teisės aktu reglamentavusi prieglobsčio prašytojų teisės į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work is to analyse if Lithuania has fully transposed the provisions of the Reception Conditions’ Directive into its national law and to assess whether any violations of the Directive occur in Lithuanian‘s practice. Due to its special importance the particular attention is given to the detailed analyses of the asylum seekers‘ right to material reception conditions and the right to work. The material reception conditions and employment are being examined from the international, European and Lithuanian perspective. The analysis shows that the provision of material reception conditions contradicting to the provisions of the Reception Conditions’ Directive can lead to the violations of ECHR. This could be illustrated by the final pilot ECHR decision in M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece case where Member States applying Dublin II Regulation do not send asylum seekers to such countries where there is a risk of them facing inappropriate behaviour comparable to torture, inhumane or degrading treatment. It is noted that with regard to the asylum seekers‘ material reception conditions the European Commission equates Lithuania to Greece and proclaims conditions as being of a very low level. The practical problems arising from this situation violate the Directive. By evaluating doctrinal works and the legislation the work reveals the problems regarding the asylum seekers’ access to the labour market. Even though Member States of the European Union are transposing the... [to full text]

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is about the design, simulation and measuring of ultra wide band antennas for use in the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). The SKA is a radio astronomy project with one of the aims of detecting hydrogen particles in deep space. Several thousand antennas over a wide band of frequencies are needed to receive the radiation from these particles. This motivates the need for a low-cost ultra wide band antenna with the focus on the low frequency part of the SKA. In this thesis we present two design strategies: The first design strategy is for a printed LPDA on a substrate and design curves are generated. A scale model was built and measurements did not correlate with simulation results. This is due to manufacturing tolerances and assembly of the pyramidal structure. The second design strategy is for a full scale zig-zag antenna and design curves were also generated. The aim here is to produce a low-cost prototype by using brazing rods for the wire structure and mount it on a wooden frame. A full scale model was built and measurements on the roof produced much interference for the radiation pattern, but the reflection coefficient was good. We suggest doing measurements in an interference free environment in order to achieve the needed results. To conclude we suggest using the zig-zag antenna for the SKA. Some issues do however need more attention as the transformer has some losses, the cross polarisation is probably not good enough and the beamwidth does not reach the specification. We demonstrated a low cost prototype and there is the possibility of low-cost large scale manufacturing but this needs to be addressed. This has however not been analysed as many factors for large scale manufacturing are very difficult to predict beforehand and lies outside the scope of this thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis gaan oor die ontwerp, simulasie en opmeting van ultrawyebandantennas vir gebruik in die SKA ("Square Kilometre Array"). Die SKA is ’n radioastronomie projek met die doel om waterstof partikels op te spoor in die ruimte. Duisende antennas wat oor ’n wye band van frekwensies strek is nodig om die energie van die partikels op te vang. Hieruit is daar ’n aanvraag vir lae-koste ultrawyebandantennas met die fokus op die lae frekwensie deel van die SKA. In hierdie tesis word twee ontwerpstrategieë voorgestel: Die eerste ontwerpstrategie is vir ’n gedrukte logaritmies periodiese dipool reeks (LPDR) op ’n substraat tesame met ontwerpskurwes wat gegenereer word. ’n Skaal model is gebou en die gemete resultate stem nie ooreen met die simulasie nie. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan vervaardigingstoleransies en die aanmekaar sit van die piramide struktuur. Die tweede ontwerpstrategie is vir ’n vol skaal sigsag ("zig-zag") antenna met ontwerpskurwes wat ook gegenereer word. Die doel is om ’n lae-koste prototipe te bou deur sweissoldeerdraad te gebruik vir die draadstruktuur en dan op ’n hout raam te plaas. ’n Vol skaal model is gebou en metings op die dak het baie interferensie veroorsaak vir die stralingsveld, maar tog was die weerkaatskoëffisient goed. Ons stel voor om die metings te herhaal in ’n steuringvrye omgewing om sodoende die korrekte resultate te verkry. Om af te sluit stel ons voor om die sigsag antenna vir die SKA te gebruik. Sekere kwessies soos die transformator wat verlieserig is, die kruispolarisasie wat moontlik nie goed genoeg is nie en die bundelwydte wat nie die spesifikasie haal nie moet nog aandag geniet. Ons het ’n lae-koste prototipe gedemonstreer en daar is die moontlikheid om dit op grootskaalse vervaardiging ook goedkoop te doen, maar dit moet nog uigesorteer word. Dit was wel nie geanaliseer nie, siende dat vele faktore ’n rol speel by grootskaalse vervaardiging wat uiters moeilik is om voor die tyd te voorspel en buite die omvang van die tesis lê.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5556.pdf: 2485382 bytes, checksum: 1c304b1c595f4ea61c08d9e86362a167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-10 / The study approached the pedagogic assumptions of current proposals of health graduation in Brazil, disclosed by the Health Ministry as innovative and as the only possibility, nowadays, of a competent, critical and progressive health graduation. The recommended assumptions are expressed by the quotations of learning to learn; the facilitating professor; signifying learning; teaching centered in the student s interest and problem based learning. Worked with the premise that the assumptions of innovative methodologies if historically situated they lose their inventiveness and originality not constituting themselves in something new. The research aimed systematizing the historical background of the changing movement in graduation of professionals connected to health in the last decades; to identify and analyze the suggestions of changes in health training in different historical moments by different actors. To apprehend from official documents the methodological assumptions divulged to health graduation in Brazil in the last years, aiming to identify the theoretical origins of the identified pedagogical assumptions. For carrying out the present study there were recurred to primary sources, official documents which explicit the reorientations of health professionals training; ordinances; resolutions; reports; recommendations and official discourses elaborated and divulged by institutions, organs and people, which one way or another, are connected to the discussion of professionals formation which act in health field in Brazil and in the world. The secondary sources used in the course of study are intellectual productions identified as disseminators of the movement which encouraged and still do the change in health graduation based in the adhesion of innovative and intellectual methodologies which analyze the limits of active and non-directive assumptions. Through the systematization and analysis of data it was possible to identify the burden that the international movements, mostly those connected to the discussion of medical education and the role of different international organisms as the OPAS and Kellog foundation had in the disclosure of theoretical-methodological change proposes in professional training in the health field. By analyzing the main initiatives of changes in the health training disclosed in Brazil there were explicit the theoretical and political influences which conducted the Health Ministry to induce the proposes of training backed by innovative/active methodologies, which started to divulge the pedagogical assumptions theoretically connected to the active and non-directive pedagogies. Starting from the assumption that not always what is referred as new is new itself, or brings in it a significant progress related to what has been already established, along to the study of the theoretical-methodological origins of the recommended pedagogical assumptions. We conclude that the pedagogical assumptions divulged may be considered innovations in the context in which they were produced, beginning of the last century, because they constitute answers to the problems faced in the field of education, mostly in the beginning of the last century and which had as main point basic education, notedly, children s education. In the field of health, is not something new, but it is strongly anchored in one of the most advanced movements concerning the field, Preventive Medicine, which since the last century has defended the necessity of change, the curricular readjustment and the incorporation of active methodologies in health training. Currently such assumptions are resignified, losing their original sense. / O estudo abordou os pressupostos pedagógicos das atuais propostas de formação em saúde no Brasil, divulgados pelo Ministério da Saúde como inovadores e como a única possibilidade, na atualidade, de uma formação em saúde competente, crítica e progressista. Os pressupostos recomendados são expressos pelas máximas do aprender a aprender; do professor facilitador; da aprendizagem significativa; do ensino centrado no interesse do aluno e da aprendizagem por problemas. Trabalhou-se com a premissa de que os pressupostos das metodologias inovadoras, se situados historicamente, perdem sua inventividade e originalidade não se constituindo em uma novidade. A pesquisa teve como objetivos sistematizar os antecedentes históricos do movimento de mudança na formação superior dos profissionais ligados à saúde nas últimas décadas; identificar e analisar as sugestões de mudanças na formação em saúde, nos diferentes momentos históricos, por diferentes atores; apreender dos documentos oficiais os pressupostos teóricos metodológicos divulgados para a formação em saúde no Brasil nos últimos anos, visando identificar as origens teóricas dos pressupostos pedagógicos identificados. Para realização do estudo recorreu-se a fontes primárias, documentos oficiais que explicitaram as reorientações da formação dos profissionais da saúde: portarias; resoluções; relatórios; recomendações e discursos oficiais elaborados e divulgados por instituições, órgãos e pessoas, que de um modo ou outro, estão ligados à discussão da formação dos profissionais que atuam na saúde no mundo e no Brasil. As fontes secundárias foram produções de intelectuais identificados como divulgadores do movimento que incentivaram e incentivam a mudança na formação em saúde embasada na adesão às metodologias inovadoras, e intelectuais que analisam os limites dos pressupostos das metodologias ativas e não diretivas. Pela sistematização e análise dos dados foi possível identificar o peso dos movimentos internacionais, principalmente aqueles ligados à discussão da educação médica, e o protagonismo de diferentes organismos internacionais como a OPAS e a Fundação Kellogg na divulgação de propostas de mudanças teórico-metodológicas na formação profissional em saúde. Ao analisar as principais iniciativas de mudança na formação em saúde divulgadas no Brasil, explicitaram-se as influências teóricas e políticas que levaram o Ministério da Saúde a induzir as propostas de formação respaldadas nas metodologias inovadoras/ativas, as quais passaram a divulgar os pressupostos pedagógicos vinculados teoricamente às pedagogias ativas e não diretivas. Partindo do pressuposto de que nem sempre aquilo que se denomina como novo é uma novidade, ou traz em si um progresso significativo em relação ao já estabelecido, assim como do estudo das origens teórico-metodológicas dos pressupostos pedagógicos recomendados, conclui-se que os princípios pedagógicos divulgados podem ser considerados inovações no contexto em que foram produzidos, no início do século passado, por se constituírem respostas dirigidas aos problemas daquele momento histórico, tendo como questão central a educação básica, notadamente a educação de crianças. No campo da saúde, também não se trata de uma novidade, pois sua proposição está fortemente ancorada em um dos movimentos considerados mais avançado na área, a Medicina Preventiva, que desde meados do século passado, tem defendido a necessidade de mudança, de readequação curricular e da incorporação de metodologias ativas na formação em saúde. Na atualidade tais pressupostos são ressignificados, perdendo seu sentido originário.

Les Bunjevci sont un petit groupe ethnolinguistique sud-slave qui réside dans la région de Bačka, au nord de la Province de Voïvodine en Serbie, ainsi qu'au sud de la Hongrie voisine. À travers une approche monographique et transdisciplinaire, nous tentons de contribuer à la compréhension des rapports complexes entre langue et identité (ethno)nationale en contexte minoritaire. Les Bunjevci peuvent être considérés, selon l'anthropologue serbe M. Prelić (2007), comme un groupe « à l'identité ethnique controversée ou contestée ». En effet, la question de leur appartenance ethnonationale – notamment leur catégorisation vis-à-vis des autres groupes sud-slaves de la région, Croates et Serbes – fait l'objet de débats depuis plusieurs siècles, dans les sphères politiques et scientifiques. Au cours de l'histoire, ils se sont trouvés en périphérie de divers mouvements d'intégration nationale (hongrois, serbe, croate, yougoslave) qui tendaient à les incorporer. À l'heure actuelle, bien qu'ils soient officiellement reconnus comme l'une des nombreuses « minorités nationales » de Serbie, ce statut leur est formellement dénié, de l'autre côté de la frontière, par les institutions hongroises. Leur existence en tant qu'entité ethnonationale particulière est également explicitement contestée par la Croatie voisine, tout comme par les institutions de la minorité nationale croate en Serbie, qui perçoivent les Bunjevci comme des Croates. Ayant obtenu le statut de « minorité nationale » au début des années 2000, les Bunjevci de Serbie – ou plutôt, les activistes nationaux qui les représentent – amorcent un véritable processus de (re)construction nationale dans lequel un rôle primordial est attribué à la langue. La « langue des Bunjevci » (bunjevački jezik), une variété štokavienne ikavienne (autrefois considérée comme un parler local de la langue serbo-croate), est aujourd'hui placée au centre des revendications de cette minorité et mise en avant comme un des éléments assurant l'individuation des Bunjevci vis-à-vis des Serbes et des Croates. / The Bunjevci are a small South Slavic ethnolinguistic group which lives in the Bačka region, in the north of the Province of Vojvodina in Serbia, as well as in the south of neighboring Hungary. Through a monographic and interdisciplinary approach, we try to contribute to the understanding of the complex relationship between language and (ethno)national identity in a minority context. According to the Serbian anthropologist M. Prelić (2007), the Bunjevci can be considered as a group "with controversial or disputed ethnic identity". Indeed, the question of their ethnonationality – especially their categorization vis-à-vis other South Slavic groups in the region, Croats and Serbs – has been the subject of debate for centuries, in political and scientific spheres. In the past, they were located on the periphery of various national integration movements (Hungarian, Serbian, Croatian, Yugoslavian) which tended to incorporate them. Today, although they are officially recognized as one of the many "national minorities" of Serbia, the Hungarian institutions formally deny them this status on the other side of the border. Their existence as a particular ethnonational entity is also explicitly contested by neighboring Croatia, as well as by the institutions of the Croatian national minority in Serbia, which perceive Bunjevci as Croats. Having obtained the status of "national minority" in the early 2000s, the Bunjevci of Serbia – or rather, the national activists representing them – begin a genuine process of national (re)construction in which a key role is assigned to the language. The "Bunjevac language" (bunjevački jezik), a štokavian ikavian variety (once considered as a local speech of the Serbo-Croatian language), is now placed at the center of the minority's claims and put forward as one of the elements ensuring the individuation of the Bunjevci from the Serbs and the Croats.

One of the deciding factors for successful church planting is the development of leadership structures. The New Testament demonstrates the care church planters must take with this issue, and delineates the requirements future leaders must meet in order to lead the church upon completion of the church planting stage. The history of the Brethren denomination in Germany does not provide direction for church planting because of its congregational leadership approach. Interviews with different church planting projects show a diverse range of structures and views of leadership which have a partly positive, but mainly negative effect on the establishment of a church. The integrative leadership style, which reflects the New Testament pattern,provides perspective for the future. The future successful establishment of churches within the framework of the Brethrenchurch requires profound changes in the traditional theology and practices of the denomination. / Christian Spirituality Church History and Missiology / (M.Th. (Missiology))

Traditional trade marks, such as words and figures, have for a long time constituted of visual signs. However, due to the evolution of modern technology and changing marketing methods, non-traditional trade marks have been increasing in todays highly competitive market.1 Consequently, the evolution created legal uncertainties in the European Union (EU) since in order to register a trade mark, it had to be represented graphically. This requirement was difficult to achieve for some non-traditional trade marks which were perceived through other sensed than the sight. On the 1 October 2017, requirement for graphical representation has been amended in the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/10012 by a technical neutral requirement which opens up possibilities for registration of European Union trade marks in a more suitable way, using generally available technology. The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse how the abolition of graphical representation and the new wider requirement will affect the registration of non-traditional trade marks in the EU. Signs which have been analysed in the frame of this thesis are: sound, olfactory, three-dimensional, colour, motion, multimedia, holograms, pattern, tactile and taste marks. Conclusively, I found that the technical neutral registration requirement has opened up possibilities for trade mark holders to register new types of marks like multimedia marks. Moreover, it has simplified the registration process for already accepted non-traditional trade marks such as hologram, motion and sound marks. However, the reform has hardly affected the registration process of colour, pattern and three-dimensional marks since their biggest challenge with the registration have been the requirement for distinctiveness. Furthermore, it is currently still not possible to register olfactory, tactile and taste marks. Though the new and flexible amendments indicate that those types of marks may be more easily registered in the future.