This study is a qualitative ethnographic investigation of how teenagers in Kampala, Uganda, who read the HIV/AIDS publication aimed at adolescents, Straight Talk, negotiate HIV/AIDS messages. It seeks to establish to what extent these secondary school teenagers accept the key messages (known as ABC; Abstain, Be faithful or use a Condom) and understand the factual aspects of the messages about HIV/AIDS, its process of transmission and prevention. It also seeks to probe how the lived realities of the teenagers affect their particular negotiations of the HIV/AIDS messages. It includes a focus on how proximity to HIV/AIDS, gender and family economic disposition might affect teenagers, negotiation of the HIV/AIDS meanings. To investigate the respondents’ reception of HIV/AIDS messages, the study employed focus groups that consisted of two stages, namely the ‘news game’ and group discussions. In the ‘news game’ stage (Philo, 1990; Kitzinger, 1993) the teenage participants were required to produce a version of a one-page copy of an HIV/AIDS newspaper targeting teenagers. In the second stage of the focus group a structured discussion probed the teenagers’ negotiation of the HIV/AIDS media messages. In the news game, the teenagers on the whole reproduced the key Straight Talk HIV/AIDS messages ‘Abstain, Be faithful or use a Condom’ and also images showing the effects of HIV/AIDS but featured fewer images depicting the factual aspects of HIV/AIDS process of transmission and risky behaviour. In the structured discussion that followed the news game, it was evident that not all the teenagers necessarily believed the messages they produced. In spite of producing the ABC Straight Talk messages, some of them were uncertain and confused about the absolute safety of the condom because of fears that they were either porous, expired or would interfere with sexual pleasure. Secondly, though many of the teenagers in the study reproduced images that showed that they consider marriage as desirable and talked about their desire to abstain from sex till marriage, a considerable number think abstinence is not achievable due to competing values. Thirdly, the participant teenagers could differentiate between HIV and AIDS but many did not realise that with the advent of anti-retroviral drugs even people who have AIDS can look normal. In spite of repeating the Straight Talk message that “no one was safe” and being aware of the risky behaviour that their fellow teenagers get involved in, the teenagers seemed to think that their age cohort is safe from HIV and it is the adults who are likely to infect them. The study findings further indicate that the teenagers’ lived experience at times influence their negotiation of HIV/AIDS media messages. This was probed in terms of economic standing, gender and proximity to HIV/AIDS. In relation to gender one surprising discovery was that certain girls in the study feared getting pregnant more than getting HIV/AIDS. The study finally suggests that these findings are of significance for designing future media initiatives in relation to HIV/AIDS.

The study investigated the role of churches in HIV prevention among young adults in the Polokwane Municipality of the Limpopo Province. Qualitative research method was followed. Data was obtained and tape-recorded during the in-depth face-to-face interviews. Fourteen churches are affiliated with the Limpopo South African Council of Churches, seven of which run HIV/AIDS programmes and services. They were the target of this study, which investigated how churches could give more support to people infected with HIV. Results show that churches are determined to assist in the prevention of HIV. They have already contributed to supporting those with HIV and those affected by HIV and AIDS. The findings / Sociology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4902.pdf: 1687901 bytes, checksum: 884057c536a8157ba6c0445defdeb8bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Postural variations are common in childhood / adolescence and are corrected spontaneously. When maintained can cause overload. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the prevalence of postural variations in children / adolescents and to identify factors that explain these variations among age, gender, manual preference, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity, through multiple logistic regression analysis. 288 students were evaluated through postural observation. They were 59.4% female, mean age 10.6 (2.4) years, body mass 38.6 (12.7) kg and height 1.5 (0.1) m. Results show high prevalence of postural changes and their association with factors: age (forward head posture, shoulders and iliac crests asymmetry winged scapula), sex (winged scapula), BMI (forward head, iliac crest asymmetry, valgus knees and winged scapula) and not perform physical activity (valgus knees). Among the factors evaluated, obesity is a modifiable factor. Therefore, its association with the changes must be explored to facilitate the planning of preventive measures and more effective treatment. So, the objectives of the second study were to describe the prevalence of overweight in adolescents and identify differences in posture, (evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively) and the reporting of musculoskeletal pain (assessed by an adaptation of the Nordic Questionnaire) among normal weight and overweight in a large sample of students. 420 students were evaluated, 60% female, with mean age 11.1 (2.3) years, height 1.5 (0.1) m. body mass 44.5 (14.1) kg. Findings indicate that the prevalence of overweight was 36.2%. There was a higher prevalence of thoracic kyphosis, lumbar hyperlordosis and valgus knees with overweight students. There was no association between the presence of pain and weight excess. In childhood and adolescence, the posture lies in the development process. Therefore, any functional change to poor posture will reflect negatively in the future. So, the objective of the third study was to evaluate the effects of an exercise program of stretching and strengthening exercises in relation to posture, mobility of the spine and musculoskeletal pain in primary school children. Qualitative and quantitative postural evaluation of the trunk, pain and spine mobility (Whistance method) were collected before and after the intervention. The subjects were randomly assigned to groups. The exercise program was applied in groups, at school, twice weekly for eight weeks, for 50 minutes. The analysis included 78 subjects in the intervention group and 93 in the control, with mean age 11.6 (1.7) years, 1.5 (0.1) meters of height, 46.3 (14.1) kg of mass. It was also comprised of 67.3% female. The control group showed greater worsening percentage than intervention group to the posture of the shoulders. For the pain, the intervention group showed greater improvement percentage. These results show that the exercise program as described is effective in pain and posture of the shoulders. For other variables, adjustments in the duration of the program and individualized care may be recommended. / Variações posturais são frequentes na infância/adolescência e são corrigidas espontaneamente. Quando mantidas podem causar sobrecarga. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de variações posturais em crianças/adolescentes e identificar fatores explicativos para estas variações, dentre: idade, sexo, dominância manual, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e atividade física, por meio da análise de regressão logística múltipla. Foram avaliados por meio de observação postural 288 escolares, sendo 59,4% do sexo feminino; idade média de 10,6 (2,4) anos, massa corporal 38,6 (12,7) kg e altura 1,5 (0,1) metros. Os resultados mostram altas prevalências de alterações posturais e sua associação com os fatores avaliados: idade (anteriorização da cabeça, assimetria entre os ombros e cristas ilíacas e escápulas aladas), sexo (escápulas aladas), IMC (anteriorização da cabeça, elevação da crista, joelhos valgos e escápulas aladas) e não realização de atividade física (joelhos valgos). Dentre os fatores avaliados, a obesidade é um fator modificável. Portanto, sua associação com as alterações deve ser explorada para propiciar o planejamento de medidas preventivas e de tratamento mais eficazes. Nesse sentido, os objetivos do segundo estudo foram: descrever a prevalência de excesso de peso em escolares, e identificar diferenças na postura, avaliada de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, e no relato de dor musculoesquelética (avaliada por uma adaptação do Questionário Nórdico) entre sujeitos eutróficos e com excesso de peso em uma ampla amostra de escolares. Foram avaliados 420 escolares, sendo 60% do sexo feminino, com médias de idade 11,1(2,3) anos; altura 1,5(0,1) metros e massa corporal 44,5(14,1) kg. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi 36,2%. Houve maior prevalência de hipercifose torácica, hiperlordose lombar e joelhos valgos entre os estudantes com excesso de peso. Não houve associação entre a presença de dor e o excesso de peso. Como na infância e adolescência a postura encontra-se em processo de desenvolvimento, qualquer alteração funcional conseguinte à má postura irá repercutir negativamente no futuro. Portanto, o objetivo do terceiro estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios de alongamento e fortalecimento muscular em relação à postura do tronco, mobilidade da coluna vertebral e dor musculoesquelética em estudantes do ensino fundamental. Avaliação postural qualitativa e quantitativa (SAPo), dor e mobilidade da coluna (método de Whistance) foram coletados antes e após a intervenção. Os sujeitos foram aleatoriamente alocados nos grupos. O programa de exercícios foi aplicado em grupo, no ambiente escolar, duas vezes por semana por oito semanas, durante 50 minutos. A análise contou com 78 sujeitos no grupo intervenção e 93 no controle, com médias de idade 11,6(1,7) anos, 1,5(0,1) metros de altura, 46,3(14,1) quilogramas de massa. Era também constituída de 67,3% do sexo feminino. O grupo controle apresentou porcentagem de piora maior que o grupo intervenção para a postura dos ombros. Para a presença de dor, o grupo intervenção apresentou maior porcentagem de melhora. Esses resultados mostram que o programa de exercícios como descrito tem efeito na a dor e na postura dos ombros. Para as outras variáveis, ajustes na duração do programa e atendimento individualizado podem ser recomendados.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa demorbimortalidade nacional. Nesse sentido realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de caracterizar o perfil para riscos cardiovasculares em motoristas profissionais de transporte de cargas que trafegam pela Br-116. Casuística e Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório com 258 motoristas profissionais de transporte de cargas com obtenção de informações socioeconômicas; avaliações antropométricas: índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal e medida da pressão arterial; realização de exames laboratoriais: triglicérides, colesterol total e frações, proteína C reativa e creatinina. Analisou-se o risco para doenças cardiovasculares pelo Escore de Risco de Framingham, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelo Alcohol Use Disorders Identification-AUDIT, distúrbios psiquiátricos comuns pelo Self Report Questionnaire-SRQ-20, Síndrome Metabólica e angina pectoris pelo Teste de Rose. Os dados foram processados no sistema SPSS v.7.5. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05, utilizou-se análise univariada e multivariada. Resultados: A caracterização os motoristas estudados mostrou idade 37,5±10,1 anos, 91% de etnia branca, renda mensal 1.431,3±644,4 reais, 19% tabagistas, 55% referiram ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, 74% não realizavam atividade físicas, 14% relataram uso de medicamentos inibidores do sono, tempo profissão de 14±10 anos e percorriam 782,9±229,6 km/dia, dirigiam 10 horas por dia e repousavam 06 horas diárias. Verificou-se pelos dados antropométricos que 46% tinham sobrepeso, 36% obesidade e 58% circunferência abdominal alterada (_94 cm). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram 33% com nível de colesterol total _ 200mg/dL, 10% LDL-c _ 160 mg/dL; HDL-c < 40 mg/dL 23%, triglicérides acima de 150 mg/dL 38%, glicemia _ 110mg/dL 7% e proteína C reativa > 0,5 mg/dL 19%, creatinina >1,5 mg/dL 1%. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi de 37% e da Síndrome metabólica 24%. O Questionnaire Rose foi positivo em 8,0% dos motoristas, Escore de Risco de Framingham médio/alto em 9%, presença de distúrbios psiquiátricos comuns em 33% e AUDIT 16% no escore que sugere intervenção e aconselhamento. A análise de regressão logística indicou associação independente para as seguintes variáveis (OD Odds ratio, IC intervalo de confiança a 95%): 1-Síndrome Metabólica: IMC (OR=1,40 IC 1,192-1,661); hábito de verificar o colesterol total (OR= 0,102 IC 0,017-0,589); e escore de risco de Framingham médio/alto (OR= 26,389 IC 2,520-276,374). 2-Hipertensão arterial: IMC (OR=1,183 IC 1,065-1,314); glicemia (OR=1,039 IC 1,004-1,076); e hábito de ingerir medicamento para inibir o sono (OR= 0,322 IC 0,129-0,801). 3- Colesterol Total (_ 200 mg/dL): LDL-c (OR=1,157 IC 1,100-1,216);triglicérides (OR=1,012 IC 1,004-1,021) 4- Glicemia (_ 110 mg/dL): IMC (OR=1,153 IC 1,024-1,298); maior tempo de profissão (OR=1,154 IC 1,057-1,259) 5-Proteína C reativa (>0,5 mg/dL): escore de risco de Framingham médio/alto (OR=4,692 IC 1,912-11,515). Conclusão: Verificou-se presença expressiva de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, nesse sentido os profissionais de saúde devem implementar estratégias para estimular mudanças de estilos de vida nos motoristas de transporte de cargas, visando a prevenção primária e secundária / Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Therefore, a study aiming at characterizing the cardiovascular risk profile observed in professional truck drivers who work on Highway Br-116 was carried out. Population and Method: An exploring, descriptive and transversal study with 258 professional truck drivers, social economical information, both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference evaluations, blood pressure measurement, as well as laboratory test performance: triglycerides, total and fraction cholesterol, and C reactive protein. The risk for cardiovascular diseases was assessed by Framingham scores; alcohol intake by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification-AUDIT; common psychiatric disorders by Self Report Questionnaire-SRQ-20; and angine pectoris by Rose´s test Data were processed in the SPSS system v.7.5, considering that the significance level adopted was 0,05, and univaried and multivaried analyses were used. Results: The characterization of the drivers studied revealed age of 37.5±10.1 years, 91% of them were white, monthly income 1.431,3 ± 644,4 reais (Brazilian currency), 19% were smokers, 55% referred alcohol intake, 74% did not make physical exercises, 14% referred using sleeping inhibitor drugs, professional time 14±10 years and used to drive 782,9±229,6 Km/day. It was observed that 46% of them were overweight and 36% were obese and 58% had altered waist circumference (_ 94 cm) by the anthropometric data. The lab tests showed 33% with total cholesterol level _200 mg/dL, 10% LDLc _160 mg/dL, HDL-c <40 mg/dL 23%, triglycerides over 150 mg/dL 38%, glycemy _110mg/dL 7%, and C reactive protein >0.5 mg/dL 19%. The prevalence of hypertension was 37% and of Metabolic Syndrome, 24%. Rose’s test was positive for 8% of the drivers, Medium/High Framingham scores for 9%, presence of common psychiatric disturbs in 33% and 16% with AUDIT score suggesting intervention and advisory. The logistical regression analysis indicated independent association for the following variables: (OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval at 95%): 1- Metabolic Syndrome: BMI (OR=1,40 CI 1,192-1,661); the habit of checking the total cholesterol (0,102 IC 0,017-0,589); Medium/high Framingham score (OR=26,389 IC 2,520-276,374); 2-Hypertension: BMI (OR=1,183 IC 1,065-1,314); glycemy (OR=1,039 IC 1,004-1,076); the habit of taking sleeping pills (OR=0,322 IC 0,129-0,801). 3- Total Cholesterol (_ 200 mg/dL): LDL-c (OR=1,157 IC 1,100-1,216); triglycerides (OR=1,012 IC 1,004-1,021). 4- Glycemy (_ 110 mg/dL): BMI (OR=1,153 IC 1,024-1,298); professional time (OR=1,154 IC 1,057-1,259). 5- C reactive protein (>0,5 mg/dL): Medium/high Framingham score (OR=4,692 IC 1,912-11,515). Conclusion: It was observed an expressive presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore health professionals should implement strategies to stimulate changes in truck drivers’ lifestyle, aiming at primary and secondary prevention

Introdução: Apesar da abordagem farmacológica multimodal profilática, as náuseas e os vômitos pós-operatórios (NVPO) correspondem a uma das principais queixas dos pacientes após procedimentos laparoscópicos. Em pacientes considerados de alto risco pelo critério de Apfel, a incidência de tais eventos pode chegar a 80%. Neste contexto, os antagonistas dos receptores de NK-1 têm sido recomendados para adultos em adição a outras estratégias antieméticas na tentativa de reduzir essa incidência. Entretanto, o efeito da associação do aprepitanto ao regime dexametasona, ondansetrona e propofol permanece indefinido. Nesta pesquisa, como desfecho principal, estudou-se o efeito da associação do aprepitanto em regime antiemético profilático multimodal para redução de risco de NVPO nas primeiras 24 horas do período pós-operatório em pacientes de alto risco pelo critério de Apfel. Como desfechos secundários, foram estudadas intensidade dos eventos de náuseas, incidência dos eventos de vômitos intensos e ocorrência de consumo de antieméticos de resgate nas primeiras 24 horas do período pós-operatório. Métodos: pacientes adultos, estratificados como alto risco pelo critério de Apfel, submetidos a procedimentos laparoscópicos oncológicos, foram alocados aleatoriamente para receber profilaticamente aprepitanto 80 mg (grupo de tratamento) ou amido (grupo controle) associados à dexametasona (4 mg ou 8 mg), ondansetrona (4 mg ou 8 mg) e anestesia venosa alvo-controlada com propofol. A análise estatística do desfecho principal foi realizada utilizando o Teste Exato de Fisher, e a hipótese nula foi descartada se p < 0,05. Resultados: Sessenta e seis pacientes concluíram o estudo. NVPO ocorreram em 13 (40,6%) pacientes nas primeiras 24 horas após emergência da anestesia no grupo controle. No grupo tratamento, ocorreram náusea em 5 pacientes (14,7%, p = 0,03) e vômito em 1 paciente (2,9%, p = 0,0002). A redução de risco relativo foi de 63,8% (IC 95% 9,9% - 86%) para náusea e de 92,7% (IC 95% 61,2% - 98,8%) para vômito. Episódios de náusea intensa ocorreram em 2 (6,3%) pacientes e de vômitos intensos, em 4 (12,5%) pacientes, no grupo controle. Um paciente apresentou vômito intenso no grupo tratamento. Em relação ao consumo de antieméticos, 9 (28,1%) pacientes solicitaram medicamentos antieméticos de resgate no grupo controle e 3 (8,8%) pacientes, no grupo tratamento, nas primeiras 24 horas pós-operatórias (p = 0,02). Conclusão: O aprepitanto (80 mg), como uma quarta estratégia antiemética profilática, pode contribuir para a redução significativa de NVPO e de consumo de antieméticos de resgate em pacientes de alto risco / Background: Despite the use of multimodal pharmacological approach, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most important causes of patients discomfort after laparoscopic surgeries. NK-1 receptor antagonists have recently being recommended for prophylaxis of PONV in adults, but the combination with serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists such as ondansetron, corticosteroids such as dexamethasone and propofol, are not yet well established. The primary aim of this randomized and double-blind study was to assess whether the addition of aprepitant to a multimodal management strategy for PONV prophylaxis in a high-risk patient population would further decrease the incidence of PONV in the first 24 postoperative hours. The secondary aims were the quantification of nausea intensity, number of episodes of vomiting and rescue antiemetic consumption in the same period. Methods: patients classified as Apfel Score 3 or 4, scheduled to laparoscopic surgeries to treat cancer, were randomized to receive either oral aprepitant 80mg (treatment group) or matching placebo (control group) before induction of anesthesia. All patients received intravenous dexamethasone 4 mg or 8 mg at induction of anesthesia, ondansetron 4 mg or 8 mg at the end of the surgery and a standardized total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) technique. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher\'s Exact Test and the null hypothesis was ruled out if p < 0.05. Results: Sixty-six patients completed the study. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 13 (40.6%) patients during the first 24 hours in the control group (all patients who presented nausea also vomited). In the treatment group, nausea occurred in 5 patients (14.7%, P = 0.03) and vomiting occurred in 1 patient (2.9%, P = 0.0002). The reduction in the relative risk was 63.8% (95%CI 9.9% - 86%) for nausea and 92.7% (95%CI 61.2% - 98.8%) for vomiting. Severe nausea occurred in 2 (6.3%) patients, and severe vomiting occurred in 4 (12.5%) patients in the control group. One patient presented with severe vomiting in the treatment group in the first 24 postoperative hours. The administration of rescue antiemetics occurred in 9 (28.1%) patients in the control group and in 3 (8.8%) patients in the treatment group in the first 24 postoperative hours (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Eighty milligrams of aprepitant added to a three-drug multimodal prophylaxis strategy can bring benefits to a high-risk population by reducing PONV episodes and rescue antiemetic requirements

Introdução: No contexto do envelhecimento populacional, uma questão fundamental é avaliar se as estratégias de prevenção de doenças crônicas poderiam contribuir para o aumento dos anos vividos em boas condições de saúde, pela população idosa. Objetivo: Avaliar se a eliminação de determinadas doenças crônicas é capaz de levar à compressão da morbidade em indivíduos idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal analítico, de base populacional, utilizando dados oficiais secundários para o Município de São Paulo, em 2000, e dados obtidos a partir do estudo SABE. O método de Sullivan foi utilizado para o cálculo de expectativas de vida livre de incapacidade (E.V.L.I.). O impacto da eliminação de uma doença na prevalência de incapacidade foi estimado com um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Tábuas de vida de eliminação de causas foram utilizadas para calcular as probabilidades de morte com a eliminação de doenças. O efeito da eliminação das doenças crônicas foi avaliado, considerando a teoria de riscos competitivos e a abordagem proposta por Nusselder e colaboradores. Resultados: Os maiores ganhos em E.V.L.I., com a eliminação de doenças crônicas, ocorreram no sexo feminino, levando a um processo de compressão absoluta da morbidade. Nos indivíduos de idade mais avançada, os ganhos em E.V.L.I., ocorreram em função de um processo de compressão relativa da morbidade. Nos homens com idade de 75 anos, todas as doenças estudadas, com exceção da doença cardíaca e da hipertensão arterial sistêmica, levaram a um processo de expansão absoluta da morbidade, mas simultaneamente a um processo de compressão relativa da morbidade, ao serem eliminadas. A doença cardíaca apresentou-se como aquela que mais promoveria a compressão da morbidade, caso fosse eliminada, em ambos os sexos. Conclusão: A eliminação de doenças crônicas na população idosa poderia levar a uma compressão da morbidade em homens e mulheres, tanto na idade de 60 anos, quanto na de 75 anos / Introduction: In the context of the aging process, a key issue is to assess whether strategies to prevent chronic diseases may contribute to the increase in years lived in good health among elderly individuals. Objective: To evaluate whether elimination of certain chronic diseases can lead to the compression of morbidity, in the elderly. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional survey, based on official data for the city of São Paulo, in 2000, and data obtained from the SABE study. Sullivans method was used for the calculation of disability-free life expectancy (DFLE). Cause-deleted disability prevalence was estimated using multiple logistic regression model. Cause-deleted probabilities of dying were derived with the cause-elimination life-table technique, considering the independence of the causes of based on the approach proposed by Nusselder and co-workers. Results: The greatest gains in DFLE, with the elimination of chronic diseases, occurred in women, leading to a process of absolute compression of morbidity. Among individuals of a more advanced age, gains in DFLE occurred due to a relative compression of morbidity process. Among men aged 75 years, all diseases eliminated, except heart disease and hypertension, led to a process of absolute expansion of morbidity, but simultaneously, to a relative compression of morbidity. If eliminated, heart disease was the condition that would most lead to the compression of morbidity in both genders. Conclusion: The elimination of chronic diseases in the elderly population could lead to the compression of morbidity in men and women at both 60 years of age and in 75 years of age or older

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-10-11T18:33:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Gomes dos Santos.pdf: 4451935 bytes, checksum: 2777cc14dcb4f83b13ede8fbb0ba9899 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T18:33:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Gomes dos Santos.pdf: 4451935 bytes, checksum: 2777cc14dcb4f83b13ede8fbb0ba9899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / Os agravos decorrentes de DCNT têm sido as principais causas de óbito em idosos, seguindo uma tendência mundial. Nesta população algumas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, tem apresentado um crescimento alarmante, em especial a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e os seus agravos, têm recebido atenção especial dos serviços de saúde. O Sistema de Informação em Saúde (SIS) - HIPERDIA, é uma importante tecnologia que, juntamente com a técnica de mapeamento em saúde, permite a coleta, processamento e análise dos serviços de saúde, bem como processos de vigilância e planejamento do cuidado. Nesta perspectiva, as ações de gerência do cuidado realizadas pelo enfermeiro na atenção básica têm caráter expressivo e instrumental de cuidado direto e indireto voltadas à promoção da saúde e prevenção de agravos. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo utilizou-se como questão de pesquisa: O mapeamento em saúde é uma ferramenta do gerenciamento do cuidado que possibilita determinar a relação entre o perfil epidemiológico e os determinantes sociais em saúde na prevalência dos fatores de risco relacionados à hipertensão arterial sistêmica? Hipótese: Existe correlação entre os determinantes sociais de saúde (DSS) e o perfil epidemiológico dos idosos no aumento da prevalência dos fatores de risco relacionados à hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico da população cadastrada no Hiperdia; Mapear a distribuição dos fatores de risco relacionados aos agravos a saúde dos clientes cadastrados no programa Hiperdia da PRLB; e correlacionar os DSS e o perfil epidemiológico na prevalência dos fatores de risco da HAS. Quanto aos aspectos metodológicos foi desenvolvido um estudo do tipo epidemiológico descritivo, seccional, de abordagem quantitativa, aplicando-se o método de mapeamento em saúde. O cenário de pesquisa foi a PRLB; como fontes de dados foram utilizados os SIS: Hiperdia e Gil com corte temporal de 2009 à 2013; além de dados do IBGE, Censo Demográfico de 2000 e 2010, e do Plano Urbanístico da Região de Pendotiba, 2015, realizado pela Secretaria de Urbanismo e Mobilidade, da Prefeitura Municipal de Niterói. Após análises e com o objetivo de processar as informações obtidas de modo a simplificá-las e sintetizá-las, houve o cruzamento de múltiplas informações e dados, ou variáveis, no modelo de tabulação cruzada (cross - tables). Tendo como critérios de inclusão/exclusão: pacientes com idade superior ou igual a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, cadastrados no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2013, moradores do bairro do Largo da Batalha, com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Foram excluídos do estudo os idosos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus, tipo 1 ou tipo 2. Resultados/Discussão: foram cadastrados 725 pacientes no programa Hiperdia da PRLB, sendo 93 selecionados para o estudo. Predominância do sexo feminino; da cor branca; e da idade entre 66 e 71 anos; 40,9% dos sujeitos informaram ter antecedentes familiares; o tabagismo foi um fator de risco confirmado por 59,1%; já o sedentarismo foi negado por 40,9%. Nesta população, a baixa escolaridade, associada à baixa renda mensal, são aspectos sociodemográficos relevantes, existindo correlação direta entre os DSS e o perfil epidemiológico dos idosos no aumento da prevalência dos fatores de risco relacionados à HAS. Neste cenário o desenvolvimento do mapeamento em saúde na atenção básica, torna-se uma ferramenta capaz de fornecer juntamente com as informações do perfil sociodemográfico e epidemiológico de sua população, subsídios para a construção de um plano de ações e de cuidado de enfermagem, mais próximo a realidade e as necessidades de seu público, devendo este ser compreendido pelo enfermeiro como uma estratégia da gerência do cuidado. O estudo encontra-se inserido em um projeto de pesquisa maior aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense encontra-se sob nº CAAE: 2866.0.000.258-10. / Disorders resulting from NCDs have been the main causes of death in the elderly, following a worldwide trend. In this population some chronic diseases have shown an alarming increase, particularly systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and its subsequent conditions which have received special attention of health services. The Health Information System (SIS) - HIPERDIA is an important technology that, with the health mapping technique, allows the collection, processing and analysis of health services, monitoring procedures and care measures planning. In this perspective, the care management actions carried out by nurses in primary care services have expressive and instrumental character of direct and indirect care, aimed at health promotion and disease prevention. For the development of this study we used as the research question: Is the health mapping a care management tool that lets us determine the relationship between the epidemiology and social determinants of health in the prevalence of risk factors related to hypertension? Hypothesis: There is a correlation between social determinants of health (SDH) and the epidemiological profile of the elderly in the increased prevalence of risk factors related to high blood pressure (hypertension). Objectives: To characterize the epidemiological profile of the population registered in HIPERDIA; to map the distribution of risk factors related to health harms of patients registered in HIPERDIA program of PRLB; and to correlate the SDH and epidemiological profile of the population in the prevalence of risk factors of hypertension. In the methodological aspects we developed a descriptive epidemiological sectional study, with quantitative approach, applying the health mapping method. The research scenario was the PRLB, and the data sources used were HIPERDIA and Gil from period between 2009 and 2013, both from SIS; in addition to data from IBGE, Census 2000 and 2010, and the Urban Plan of Pendotiba Region, from 2015, developed by the Department of Urban Planning and Mobility, of the City of Niterói. After analysis and in order to process the information obtained to simplify and synthesize them, we performed the crossing of multiple information and data and/or variables in the cross-table model. The following inclusion/exclusion criteria were used: patients aged 60 years or older, of both genders, registered in the period between 2009 and 2013, residents in the neighborhood of Largoda Batalha, with a diagnosis of hypertension. The elderly with diabetes mellitus, type 1 or type 2 were excluded from the study. Results / Discussion: Of the 725 patients registered in the HIPERDIA PRLB program, 93 were selected for the study. Of these, we could verify a predominance of women, of white color, aged between 66 and 71 years. 40.9% of the subjects reported having a family history of the disease; smoking was a risk factor confirmed by 59.1% of the patients; 40.9% of the sample denied having a sedentary lifestyle. In this population, a low education level, associated with a low monthly income, are relevant sociodemographic characteristics demonstrating direct correlation between the SDH and the epidemiological profile of the elderly in the increased prevalence of risk factors related to hypertension. In this scenario, the development of health mapping in primary care, as a tool able to provide information about the socio-demographic and epidemiological profile of the population, subsidizing the construction of an action plan as well as a nursing health care plan, closer to the reality and the needs of their targets, and which must be understood by the nursing teams as a care management strategy. This study is part of a larger research project approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Medical College of Fluminense Federal University, under CAAE register number: 2866.0.000.258-10.

M.Cur. / Statistics prove that the monster called HIV/AIDS invades our country. More women are said to be HIV positive in comparison to men. The midwives are the frontline health workers who have to care for these pregnant HIV positive women and therefore are at occupational risk of HIV infection because of their caring role. The experience of midwives regarding the delivery of the babies of HIV positive women was not well addressed before as limited studies have been undertaken about the experiences of midwives, therefore inspiring the researcher to undertake this study. The purpose of this study was to: • Explore and describe how midwives experienced the delivery of the babies of HIV positive women. • Describe the guidelines for health professionals to support midwives in order for them to render good midwifery care. The paradigmatic perspective of this study was guided by the Theory for Health Promotion in Nursing (Rand Afrikaans University, Department of Nursing Science, 1992:2-15), which reflects the focus on the whole person.

Typhoid disease, caused by infection with S. Typhi, is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in resource–poor countries. Efforts have been made to generate a new generation of vaccines that are efficacious and can be given to infants, but have been hindered by a poor understanding of the protective immune response to S. Typhi infection, and in particular by the absence of a correlate of protection. Controlled human infection studies (‘challenge studies’) provide a model for investigating infectious diseases and appraising novel vaccines, including in typhoid disease. This DPhil described the development of a human challenge model of typhoid fever using <en>S. Typhi Quailes strain administered to healthy adults in a sodium bicarbonate buffer. The careful characterisation and manufactured of the strain is described. Following ingestion of 10³ CFU of S. Typhi 55% of participants developed typhoid disease, whilst ingestion of 10⁴ CFU gave a higher attack rate of 65%. At this attack rate vaccine efficacy against human challenge should be demonstrable with a modest sample size. Validity of the model in the appraisal of vaccines was demonstrated using Ty21a, a live, oral, attenuated vaccine. Protective efficacy of Ty21a compared to placebo against challenge was 35%, comparable to that observed in some endemic settings, and the estimated protection in the first year after vaccination in Cochrane meta-analysis. Clinical, microbiological and humoral immune responses were investigated in participants challenged during model development. Typhoid disease was associated with a high fever in most, but not all participants, and a range of symptoms. Severity of disease was variable, and included asymptomatic bacteraemia, as well as fever and symptoms in participants in whom bacteraemia could not be demonstrated. Typhoid disease was associated with a strong humoral immune response to the flagellin and lipopolysaccharide antigens of S. Typhi but not the Vi polysaccharide capsule. Humoral immune responses were not demonstrated in participants without typhoid fever. There was a dose-response relationship to the clinical, microbiological and humoral responses with participants challenged with 10⁴ CFU having more marked responses than those challenged with 10³ CFU. Future success of challenge studies relies on the willing participation of healthy adult volunteers. The motivations for participation, and experiences of participants, were appraised by questionnaire. Whilst financial compensation was an important motivator, it was not the sole motivator. Participants were positive about their experiences, and most would participate again.

Magister Public Health - MPH / The negative effect of poor oral health on quality of life and financial implication of work days lost as a result of dental pain can be accepted as a rationale for inclusion of oral health in the primary health care (PHC) package for South Africa. The norms of the PHC package for oral health services are to expose at least 50% of primary schools to organized school preventive programmes and to ensure basic coverage of everybody in the catchment areas. Currently these norms are not adequately fulfilled in Randfontein. The purpose of this study was to gather information that can be used to improve oral health services in Randfontein. The aim of the study was to gain an understanding of the factors that influence the choice of oral health care seeking behaviour as perceived by residents in different contexts and to use these perceptions to inform appropriate health planning strategies and implementation of measures that can improve health promotion in Randfontein. This qualitative study explored oral health care seeking behaviour. The study population comprised all residents of Randfontein above seventeen years old who had visited the oral health section in the Randfontein Primary Health Care (PHC) Facility. There were two focus group discussions (FGDs) from each of three separate residential areas namely Mohlakeng with mainly black residents, Toekomsrus with mainly coloured race residents and from town which is a predominantly Caucasian race area. Data collected was analysed during the data collection stage and thereafter until they made sense to the researcher. To strengthen validity, the accuracy of the interpretation of what respondents said was confirmed with them. Analysed themes were coded and categorized to enable the key researcher to interpret them for final reporting. Appropriate ethical procedures were followed. The findings were that although all focus groups preferred allopathic oral health care seeking, various barriers existed. The study concluded that there should be adequate oral health education and promotion, effectivecommunication and an expansion of these services to Toekomsrus, where they do not exist. Perceptions on factors influencing oral health seeking by Randfontein residents. / South Africa