Many deglaciated watersheds possess complex longitudinal profiles and spatially variable sediment sources derived from the last glaciation. Accordingly, downstream patterns in fluvial forms and characteristics of the channel and floodplain may diverge from conventional ‘graded’ watershed models where channel slope decreases downstream. Within a small, deglaciated watershed, five distinct fluvial forms were identified and it was found that the watershed is organized in a spatially variable, but generally inverted arrangement with stable, low-energy forms dominating the upper watershed and more dynamic, high-energy forms in the lower watershed. As a consequence of this inverted and variable downstream succession, and the spatially erratic organization of glacial sediment sources, downstream trends in channel and floodplain characteristics are poorly defined, and in many cases, deviate from expected trends. This is most true for sedimentological variables where multiple co-dominant controls exist, while morphological and hydrological variables better conform to expected downstream trends.

The issue of price deregulation in the downstream oil sector of Nigeria through gradual subsidy withdrawal has generated a heated debate in the country with the government claiming that it will guarantee long term stability in product, supply and price. This will translate into economic growth and development. Others, especially the organised labour, claim that deregulation will lead to higher product prices, higher cost of production, and cut of jobs and will bring about recession in the economy. Therefore, this thesis employs Vector Auto regression Model using Variance Decomposition, Impulse Response Function and Granger Causality tests to assess the effect of price deregulation through gradual subsidy withdrawal in the downstream oil sector of Nigeria on four macroeconomic variables which are; GDP, Inflation, Unemployment and Minimum wage. The research finds evidence that changes in oil price, as a result of subsidy withdrawal, is the major source of variation in GDP, Inflation and Unemployment, while it is not found to be a significant source of variation in minimum wages. The result also reveals that there is positive impact of oil price changes on GDP and Inflation but negative impact on Unemployment and Minimum wages at the beginning of the observation period which became positive in the later stage of the observation. Finally the Granger causality test indicates unidirectional causality running from Petroleum prices to GDP and from Inflation to Petroleum prices while there is no evidence of causality on Minimum wage and Unemployment. The result of the granger causality test is an indication that the positive effect of changes in petroleum prices on GDP is not as a result of increased economic activity but a result of increased government spending due to increased revenue available to it as a result of subsidy withdrawal. The study suggests that countries wishing to deregulate their downstream oil sectors should evolve ways that will reduce the impact of the policy on cost of production, protect jobs, control inflation and protect real wage. This will mitigate economic recession and promote growth.

A resource assessment of the hydrokinetic potential in Canada's rivers was completed. The main objectives of the study were to (1) quantify the potential hydrokinetic energy avail- able for development both nationally and regionally, and (2) develop geospatial datasets identifying streams or areas of high hydrokinetic potential. Flow estimates at ungauged locations were found using multiple linear regression coupled with Canonical correlation analysis (MLR-CCA). Total theoretical hydro power, equivalent to total theoretical hydroki- netic power was calculated using these ow estimates and hydraulic head estimates from DEMs. It is estimated that there are 710 GW of potential power in Canadian rivers, with 97.5% con dence that there is at least 433 GW. Downstream hydraulic geometry (DHG) relations were applied to ow estimates to nd cross section velocity and power at ungauged locations. Further testing was done on DHG relations, and were found to be most accurate when characterized by soil drainage characteristics.

Viruses have emerged as a new class of biotherapeutics used as vectors in gene and cell therapies, vaccines, and as oncolytic agents in novel cancer immunotherapies. While these new and potentially curative new therapies bring great promise for patients, the large-scale purification of viruses is hampered by complicated unit operations, poor overall yields, and high costs. Membrane chromatography (MC) is one of the most ideal options for the removal of host-cell impurities in virus manufacturing. Centred on developing and improving MC processes for virus purification, this thesis focuses on different aspects of downstream processes that are directly related to MC. It describes the development of the first hydrophobic interaction MC process for the purification of vesicular stomatitis virus as a scalable method for the removal of host-cell protein and DNA. It also describes the development of MC for adenovirus purification, and how device design and membrane type impact the resolution; here, the novel laterally-fed membrane chromatography (LFMC) was proven to provide higher resolution than conventional MC devices, and allowed for the first direct comparison between the most popularly used membranes in virus manufacturing – Sartobind Q and Mustang Q. Beyond MC, this thesis also addresses how other downstream unit operations contribute to the final purity. Through an integrated study optimizing clarification, DNA digestion, and MC simultaneously, significant improvement in adenovirus purity was obtained. Finally, the collection of experimental results was used to model complete adenovirus production processes using BioSolve Process and determine the cost-of-goods (COG) of manufacturing for clinical applications. Through simulations of multiple scenarios, critical process parameters were identified and can serve as a guide for future process development decisions. It is anticipated that the contributions herein described will help address critically outstanding questions related to virus purification and thus enable the development of the economical processes for various manufacturing scales. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Certain viruses can be used for human benefit and there are now more than a dozen approved therapies worldwide that use a virus as the main therapeutic agent or as the vector to instruct the patient’s cells to fight cancer and other diseases. The area keeps growing as thousands of other clinical trials continue to be conducted. One of the main challenges that can inhibit patient access to these ground-breaking new options is related to difficulties in producing and purifying enough virus. This study tackles the virus purification challenge by applying and improving membrane chromatography (MC), a promising and scalable technique where virus and impurities are separated based on how differently they interact with a membrane. Different experimental and modelling and simulation tools were applied to optimize MC and other directly-related steps of the production process. The findings in this study can contribute to the development of new virus-based therapeutics so they can reach patients in safe, effective, and affordable ways.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a class of cancer therapy that is currently undergoing clinical trials on its way to full regulatory approval. At present, the downstream processing of OVs relies on a combination of chromatography and membrane-based processes to remove process-related (e.g. host-cell proteins and nucleic acids) and product-related impurities (e.g. aggregated virus particles). This thesis explores various methods that can potentially be used to address the challenges associated with downstream processing during the production of OVs. To this end, the Rhabdoviral vector, which is currently undergoing clinical trials (phase I/II) for use in treating advanced or metastatic solid tumors, was selected as a promising oncolytic virus. One potential improvement in the downstream process that was investigated was the use of monolithic column chromatography for Rhabdovirus purification. Two monolithic anion-exchange columns (2 and 6 µm pore size) and one hydrophobic interaction column (6 µm pore size) were used to examine how column pore size affects virus recovery and contaminant removal. This investigation ultimately inspired the development of a purification process based on monolithic hydrophobic interaction column chromatography. Furthermore, this work is also the first to investigate how additives, namely glycerol, impact the hydrophobic interaction chromatography of virus particles. The developed process could be readily implemented for the scaled-up purification of the Rhabdoviral vector. Another challenge associated with the downstream processing of OVs is membrane fouling, which is characterized by a dramatic rise in transmembrane pressure (TMP) and low virus recovery. Indeed, membrane fouling poses a significant challenge, as some recent studies have reported that it can result in viral vector titer losses of over 80%. One critical use of membranes in downstream processing is for the sterile filtration of OVs, which is a required final step that is conducted right before vialing and involves passing the virus particles through a validated sterile filter. One of the main objectives of this thesis was to develop a fundamental understanding of the sterile filtration process and to optimize it in order to achieve higher throughput and lower losses, which are both essential to the large-scale production of OVs. To this end, a dead-end sterile filtration setup was designed, and various commercially available filters were evaluated to examine how membrane morphology affects fouling and product recovery. The results of these tests showed that double-layered composite filters enabled higher virus recovery and filtration capacity compared to single-layered sterile filters. Another cause of membrane fouling is the aggregation of virus particles, which is mediated by various interactions in the solution. To study this, the above-described setup was re-designed to create an effective procedure that utilizes minimal volumes of virus solution, while also enabling the rapid assessment of microscale filtration performance and a comprehensive understanding of virus-virus and virus-membrane interactions. This setup was used to study how different additives, including various proteins (bovine serum albumin and α-lactalbumin) and polymers (polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone), affect the microfiltration of the Rhabdoviral vector and, consequently, the TMP profile. Furthermore, the correlation between the membrane fouling rate (via TMP profiles) and virus recovery was also investigated. This investigation revealed that proteins significantly increase virus transmission and that polymers are incapable of mimicking the effects of the proteins. To explain this phenomenon, a theory based on the biophysical structure of proteins, mainly heterogenicity in charge distribution, was proposed. Moreover, membrane surface modification tests were conducted using bovine serum albumin, with the results indicating that this approach has considerable potential for enhancing virus transmission. Due to the similarities between the test setup and actual downstream processing unit operations, the results from this part of the thesis could be easily and accurately applied to process optimization. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / There is considerable interest in the development of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Indeed, at the time of this thesis’ writing, a Canadian team of researchers is conducting the world’s first clinical trial using a combination of two viruses to kill cancer cells and stimulate an immune response. The process of manufacturing oncolytic viruses is generally divided into two major steps: upstream processing and downstream processing. While upstream processing focuses on virus propagation, downstream processing aims at removing process-related and product-related impurities. However, research into downstream process design and optimization has largely been neglected in favour of a focus on upstream processing, aimed at increasing bioreactor yields and achieving high viral titers. Consequently, downstream processing has become the main bottleneck in virus manufacturing processes, accounting for as much as 70% production costs. This thesis aims to identify and develop a fundamental understanding of the main challenges associated with the downstream processing of oncolytic viruses and to investigate methods for addressing them. Specifically, the present work focuses on the purification and final sterile filtration steps in the manufacturing of oncolytic Rhabdoviral vectors.

No / The Nigerian economy depends on the petroleum industry for revenue and fuel to drive its growth. However, the petroleum industry has been associated with major issues of accidents and disasters which have contributed to vast safety and environmental problems. This is especially true for all sectors of the industry including the downstream. Against this back-drop, this paper critically examines the provisions in various environmental and petroleum laws and the institutional arrangements for monitoring and enforcement to evaluate their adequacy for ensuring safety and proper environmental management within the downstream sector. The review revealed the limitations of the framework such as incoherent laws, overlaps, duplications and conflicting regulatory functions. In addition, the paper looked beyond the regulatory framework to factors within wider socio-political and governance context that contribute to the lack of effectiveness of the regulatory framework. Poor governance, rent seeking culture and inadequate funding were also identified as the key contributing factors to implementation deficit. However, the paper did find that provisions in the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) (Draft) and National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) Amendment Bill offers some prospects that address some of the limitations within the reviewed framework.

[pt] O mercado brasileiro de combustíveis apresenta uma nova realidade com a mudança na política de preços praticados por sua principal empresa de petróleo, onde até o ano de 2016 foi caracterizado pelo monopólio devido aos preços artificiais impostos por esta de modo a controlar a inflação no país. Atualmente os preços dos produtos nas refinarias nacionais estão alinhados ao mercado internacional de commodities, viabilizando a entrada de novos competidores para atender a demanda do país. Com este cenário, surgem questões relativas a utilização do refino e níveis de preços a serem adotados no mercado interno de forma a trazer maior competitividade no mercado de forma duradoura e sustentável. Modelos de otimização são utilizados para suportar a tomada de decisão no planejamento da cadeia de downstream e definir a melhor utilização dos recursos disponíveis. Clientes e fornecedores possuem objetivos e custos diferentes, e a necessidade de integrar modelos que dialoguem entre as cadeias de abastecimento destes grupos faz-se necessária, onde os resultados da empresa são impactados de acordo com suas decisões de produção e participação no mercado. O experimento consistiu na construção uma modelagem de rede para a cadeia de distribuição de combustíveis no Brasil a partir de duas ferramentas de otimização existentes, uma delas utilizando-se SIG. Assim, esta modelagem traz uma aplicação eficaz para a empresa, pois a auxilia na quantificação de seus resultados em um cenário de competição em que a mesma se encontra inserida, considerando as singularidades do mercado e indústria no país. / [en] A recent change in the national Brazilian oil company price policy introduced a new market reality as the imposed artificial prices scheme used in order to control inflation was abandoned. Currently, refined products prices in the national territory are matched to the international commodities market, allowing the entry of new competitors to meet national demands. According to this scenario issues relating to infrastructure and a new set of prices to be adopted by the Brazilian domestic market aiming for increased competitiveness on the national market on a long-lasting and sustainable basis begin to appear. Optimization models are used to support the downstream supply chain planning decisionmaking and to ensure the best use of available production resources. Customers and suppliers have different objectives and costs, and it is necessary to integrate models which allow supply chain groups to dialogue among themselves, where the company s result are affected according to their production decisions and market share. The experiment described here consists of the building of a network modelling for the Brazilian fuel distribution chain starting from two optimization tools already available, one of them using GIS. Thus, this modelling brings an effective application to the company, as it assists in the quantification of its results in a competition scenario in which it is inserted, considering the singularities of the Brazilian market and industry.

Depuis le début de la microélectronique, l’industrie a développé sans arrêt des nouvelles technologies de gravure plasma pour diminuer la taille des dispositifs tout en réduisant le cout de fabrication et en augmentent les performances des circuits intégrés. Aujourd’hui, les transistors tel que le FDSOI 22nm ou FinFET 10 nm doivent être gravé avec une précision sub-nanométrique et sans endommager la sous-couche sur plus d’une couche atomique. Pour arriver à faire cela, de nouvelles technologie se développent, dont le Smart Etch. Cette technologie en deux étapes consiste à modifier la surface du matériau sous l’action d’un plasma, puis à retirer ce matériau modifié sélectivement par rapport au matériau non modifié. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier la faisabilité de remplacer les plasmas de He et H2 utilisé dans le Smart Etch par des plasmas d’O2. L’intérêt est l’oxydation du matériau est une réelle modification chimique, permettant l’élimination sélective de ce dernier en RPS. Par ailleurs, contrairement aux plasma de He/H2, le plasma de O2 ne grave pas les parois du réacteur et rejette beaucoup moins d’impuretés dans le plasma. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les mélanges gazeux NF3/H2 et NF3/NH3 utilisés dans l’étape de retrait RPS. Ces études ont été fait grâce à la spectroscopie d’absorption VUV et d’émission UV. Nous avons mis en évidence la création de HF dans les deux mélanges et nous avons mis en avant de manière indirecte la création de NH4F (cette espèce jouant un rôle clé dans la formation des sels) à partir de NH3 et HF. De plus nous avons observé la présence de F et H qui sont responsable de la gravure de SiO2 et SiN lorsque H2<NF3 et NH3<NF3. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié par XPS angulaire et ellipsométrie l’implantation des ions oxygène dans du SiN avec différent flux et énergie ionique. Cela a bien montré que le SiN initial est transformé en une couche SiOxNy avec une contribution SiO2 importante, sous réserve que l’état stationnaire soit atteint (il faut une dose d’ions significative pour cela). Le flux, l’énergie des ions et le temps de traitement sont donc les paramètres clés pour le contrôle de la couche modifié. Enfin, des tests préliminaires de gravure cyclique de SiN pleine plaque en mode « ALE » (c’est dire monocouche atomique par monocouche atomique) ainsi qu’en mode standard (retrait de quelques nanomètres / cycle) montrent que le principe de gravure est réaliste. Ce travail ouvre donc la voie au développement de ce nouveau type de procédé. / Since the beginning of microelectronics, the industry has continuously developed new plasma etching technologies to reduce the size of devices while reducing the cost of manufacturing and increase the performance of integrated circuits. Today, transistors such as 22nm FDSOI or 10nm FinFET must be engraved with sub-nanometric precision and without damaging the underlayment on more than one atomic layer. To achieve this, new technologies are developing, including the Smart Etch. This two-step technology involves modifying the surface of the material under the action of a plasma and then removing selectively the modified material from the unmodified material. The aim of this thesis is to study the feasibility of replacing the He and H2 plasmas used in the Smart Etch by O2 plasmas. The interest is the oxidation of the material, that it is a real chemical modification, allowing latter the selective elimination by RPS. Moreover, unlike He / H2 plasma, the O2 plasma does not damage the reactor walls and releases much less impurities into the plasma. Firstly, we studied the gaseous mixtures NF3 / H2 and NF3 / NH3 used in the step of RPS remove. Thouse studies were done through VUV absorption spectroscopy and UV emission. We have demonstrated the creation of HF in both mixtures and we have indirectly highlighted the creation of NH4F (this species plays a key role in the formation of salts) from NH3 and HF. In addition we observed the presence of F and H which are responsible for the etching of SiO2 and SiN when H2 <NF3 and NH3 <NF3. Secondly, we studied angular XPS and ellipsometry by implanting oxygen ions in SiN with different flux and ionic energy. This has shown that the initial SiN is transformed into a SiOxNy layer with a significant SiO2 contribution, provided that the stationary state is reached (a significant dose of ions is required for this). Flux, ion energy and processing time are therefore the key parameters for controlling the modified layer.Finally, preliminary tests of full-plate SiN cyclic etching in "ALE" mode (ie atomic monolayer by atomic monolayer) as well as in standard mode (removing a few nanometers / cycle) show that the etching principle is realistic. This work opens the way to the development of this new type of process.

Under hösten leker en inhemsk population av Atlantisk lax (Salmo salar) i Klarälven, Sverige, för att därefter vandra nedströms tillbaka till sjön Vänern. Vid älvens andra kraftverk sett från Vänerns mynning, Dejefors kraftverk, finns det planer på att ersätta ett av kraftverken mot ett nytt och det finns därför ett behov av att ta reda på hur laxens nedströmsvandring påverkas av det kraftverket som finns där i dag. Då alla kraftverk i Klarälven saknar fiskpassagelösningar är det extra viktigt att följa upp laxarnas passageöverlevnad under vandringen. Avsikten med denna studie var därför att ta reda på hur laxen rörde sig runt kraftverket, hur väl de klarade av att passera kraftverket beroende av vilken passageväg de tog och vilka faktorer som påverkade passageframgången. Under september 2020 fångades 40 laxindivider in när de var på väg uppströms inför leken. De mättes och märktes med telemetrisändare för att sedan transporteras uppströms och släppas ut nedanför kraftverket i Munkfors, varifrån deras nedströmsvandring förbi Dejefors kraftverk följdes och analyserades med hjälp av akustisk telemetri. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns någon signifikant skillnad mellan kön för när laxarna påbörjade sin nedströmsvandring. Kraftverket visade sig dock fördröja laxarnas nedströmsvandring då det tog längre tid för dem att passera kraftverket än vad det tagit dem att simma ner dit i den fritt strömmande delen av älven. Av de 31 laxar som anlände till Deje så passerade 27 av dem kraftverket, varav 13 individer överlevde (48 %). Överlevnaden var högre för individer som passerade via spillutskoven (10 av 12) än turbinerna (3 av 15). Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i mortalitet vid kraftverkspassage beroende på laxens längd och passageväg; långa individer hade en högre mortalitet (73 %) än kortare (25 %) och passagevägen hade en signifikant effekt på mortaliteten. Resultatet visar tydligt på ett behov av åtgärder för att förbättra överlevnaden hos lax vid passage av Dejefors kraftverk. Lösningar för att få fisken att helt undvika turbinerna och istället välja en annan passageväg vore troligen den bästa och effektivaste lösningen för att öka laxens överlevnad under nedströmsvandringen. / During autumn, the endemic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) migrate upstream to spawn in the river Klarälven, Sweden, after which they migrate downstream back to Lake Vänern. There are plans to remove one of the power houses in Deje, and replace it with a new power house, and before that happens it is important to study the downstream passage conditions at the site. As all power plants in Klarälven lack fish passage solutions, it is important to follow up the salmon passage survival during the migration. The purpose of this study was therefore to study how downstream migrating salmon negotiate the power plant, the route-specific passage survival and what factors that could affect their passage success. In September 2020, 40 upstream migrating salmon individuals were caught, measured and tagged after which they were transported and released below the power plant in Munkfors. Their downstream migration past Dejefors power plant was studied and analyzed using acoustic telemetry. The results showed that there was no significant difference between sexes in regards of downstream migration timing. However, the power plant turned out to delay downstream migrating salmon as it took longer time for them to pass the power plant than it took them to swim down the free-flowing part of the river. Of the 31 salmon that arrived in Deje, 27 passed the power plant, of which 13 individuals survived (48%). The survival rate was higher for individuals passing via spillways (10 of 12) than turbines (3 of 15). There was a significant difference in mortality rate at power plant passage depending on the length and passage route of the salmon. Large individuals suffered a higher mortality (11 of 15) than short (3 of 12) and a larger proportion of the salmon died when passing through the turbines than through spill gates. Based on the results, there was a clear need for improved survival rates for salmon passing the Dejefors power plant. The design of the turbines could be changed for increased survival, but at the same time other solutions that will make it possible for fish to avoid the turbines and instead choose another passageway would probably be a better and more efficient solution to increase the survival of the salmon during their downstream migration.

As the energy consumption is constantly increasing, the demand of renewable energy is increasing too. Thirtythree percent of the renewable energy production in Europe constitutes of hydropower. Hydropower is animportant energy source as it has stabilizing and storing functions, but it heavily affects biodiversity. This is mainlyby the dam constructions creating migration barriers for migrating species. This has severe impacts on the wholepopulations of fish, which are decreasing in number of individuals as the reproduction and growth is affected. Onesolution to enable downstream migration is fish friendly turbines. To assess the fish friendliness of these turbines,mathematical models can be used. They estimate the mortality of a fish during turbine passage, by calculating theprobability of a fish getting struck by a runner blade. The aim of this study is to investigate if passage through fishfriendly turbines could be an alternative for downstream migration of fish in hydropower plants, and examine theapplicability, especially for small-scale hydropower. To fulfill the aim, a literature review of fish friendly turbinesand two case studies were conducted. The fish friendly turbines included in the literature review were the MinimumGap Runner, Alden Turbine, Restoration Hydro Turbine (RHT), Archimedes’ Screw, Low Pressure Turbine andVery-low Head Turbine. The case studies were conducted on two small-scale hydropower plants owned byVattenfall Hydropower in the river Upperudsälven in the southwest of Sweden, using a turbine mortality modelmade by Johanna Stålered. The fish friendly turbines that were modeled in the case studies was the Alden Turbineand the RHT. After modeling and analyzing the results, conclusions regarding the applicability for the two powerplants and small-scale hydropower could be drawn. Modeling showed that for both Taxviken and Källsviken theAlden turbine gave the lowest mortality rate. However, the mortality of the Alden turbine was significantly lowerin Källsviken than in Taxviken, as it reached 58% for the largest fish in Taxviken and not even 3% for the largestfish in Källsviken. In Taxviken, both the RHT and the Alden turbine gave decreased mortality compared to theFrancis turbine. It was concluded that fish friendly turbines might not be the best option for small-scale powerplants, since in these power plants everything is of smaller size (turbine, guiding vanes etc.). That makes it difficultfor larger fish to fit, which increases the mortality, even if the turbine itself have fish friendly characteristics. Inaddition, what parameters should be included in decision-making regarding installation of fish friendly turbinesand areas for further investigation was suggested. / Med en ständigt ökande energiförbrukning ökar även efterfrågan på förnyelsebar energi. I Europa utgörs trettiotreprocent av den förnyelsebara energiproduktionen av vattenkraft. Vattenkraften är även en viktig energikälla avanledningen att den är stabiliserande och att det är möjligt att planera produktionen, men den har också storpåverkan på den biologiska mångfalden. Detta är främst genom att dammkonstruktionerna skaparmigrationsbarriärer för migrerande arter. Detta har allvarliga konsekvenser för fiskpopulationer, som minskar iantal individer. En lösning för att möjliggöra nedströms migration är fiskvänliga turbiner. För att bedöma hurfiskvänliga dessa turbiner är kan matematiska modeller användas. Dessa uppskattar dödligheten för en fisk underturbinpassage, genom att beräkna sannolikheten för att en fisk ska träffas av en löpskovel. Syftet med denna studieär att undersöka om passage genom fiskvänliga turbiner skulle kunna vara ett alternativ för nedströms vandring avfisk i vattenkraftverk, och undersöka tillämpbarheten, särskilt för småskalig vattenkraft. För att uppfylla syftetgenomfördes en litteraturgenomgång av fiskvänliga turbiner samt två fallstudier. De fiskvänliga turbinerna sominkluderades i litteraturgenomgången var Minimum Gap Runner, Alden Turbine, Restoration Hydro Turbine(RHT), Archimedes’ Screw, Low Pressure Turbine och Very-low Head Turbine. Fallstudierna genomfördes på tvåsmåskaliga vattenkraftverk ägda av Vattenfall Vattenkraft i Upperudsälven i sydvästra Sverige, med hjälp av enturbinmortalitetsmodell gjord av Johanna Stålered. De fiskvänliga turbinerna som modellerades i fallstudierna varAlden-turbinen och RHT. Efter modellering och analys av resultaten kunde slutsatser angående tillämpbarhetenför de två kraftverken och småskalig vattenkraft dras. Modellering visade att för både Taxviken och Källsvikengav Alden-turbinen den lägsta dödligheten. Dödligheten i Aldenturbinen var dock betydligt lägre i Källsviken äni Taxviken, då den nådde 58 % för de största storlekarna på fisk i Taxviken och inte ens 3 % för de störstastorlekarna på fisk i Källsviken. I Taxviken gav både RHT och Alden-turbinen minskad dödlighet jämfört medFrancisturbinen. Slutsatsen att fiskvänliga turbiner kanske inte är det mest fördelaktiga alternativet för småskaligakraftverk drogs, eftersom allt i dessa kraftverk är av mindre storlek (turbin, ledskenor, etcetera). Det gör det svårtför större fiskar att få plats, vilket ökar dödligheten, även om själva turbinen har fiskvänliga egenskaper. Dessutomföreslogs vilka parametrar som bör ingå i beslutsfattande om installation av fiskvänliga turbiner, samt områdensom bör undersökas vidare i framtiden.