The employment issue of drug users in the Czech Republic is still in addiction to current research topics. Partly describe the situation in the Czech Republic as the study "Analysis of the needs of treated drug users in terms of their employability" (Miovský, 2006), or documents "Comparative analysis" and "Getting and keeping a job." Support in entering the labor market ", which arose in the context of the international project" Prague - Vienna, issue of employment and work integration of people at risk of drug addiction "(Ambrož, 2012). These studies performed SANANIM, that the drug has long worked and served primarily as a feedback for the development of services. Among the jobseekers who are registered at the Labour Office, we find a group of drug users for which it is difficult to find suitable employment and the labor market. These clients often have limited information about how they could Labour Office job search assistance. The research group, were drug users who are in the register of job seekers to contact the workplace Labour Office in Prague 10 and who voluntarily agreed to participate in research. The basic method was analysis of the needs of drug users and analysis of active employment policy measures. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interview, adding data was...

Polisutbildningen i Sverige formas delvis utifrån ett ideal av polisyrket där den även är tänkt att förebygga ett alltför autonomt perspektiv på yrkesrollen. I föreliggande studie lades fokus på vilka faktorer polisstudenter anser ha störst inverkan på mötet mellan polis och narkotikabrukare samt vilket utfall mötet kan tänkas ha. Även deras syn på hur Polisens roll i det narkotikaförebyggande arbetet ser ut. Detta eftersom tidigare forskning visat att synen på yrkesrollen drastiskt förändras till ett mer autonomt perspektiv när polisstudenter kommer ut i yrkeslivet. Den stämplande effekt som kan ske vid mötet mellan narkotikabrukare och polis kan enbart inte ses som en konsekvens av det polisiära arbetet, utan främst som ett symtom av den avskräckande lagstiftning som Polisen är tänkt att upprätthålla. Resultatet i innevarande studie visade på att respondenterna ansåg att där fanns ett gemensamt ansvar över utfallet av mötet mellan polis och narkotikabrukare. Det framkom även att polisstudenterna såg Polisens roll som främst avskräckande, medan det mer förebyggande arbetet föll på övriga samhällsaktörer. / Previous research has shown that the meeting between police and drug users may induce a negative labeling effect for the drug user. The Police training program in Sweden is partially formed by an ideal perspective on the police profession, which is also supposed to prevent an all too autonomous perspective on the police profession. In this study, focus remained on police students' view on which factors played the biggest role in the interaction between drug users and police. Furthermore, there was a focus on which consequences may come from the meeting. Also, the students’ view on the role of the police profession was . This is because previous research has shown that police students' view of the role was examined. The reason for this being that previous research has shown that the role drastically changes to a more autonomous perspective once the student starts working as a police officer. The labeling effect that may occur in encounters between drug users and police officers cannot be seen solely because of the police work, but primarily as an unintended consequence of the deterrent laws that the Swedish Police are legally obliged to uphold. The results showed that the respondents deemed there to be a mutual responsibility for the outcome of the meeting between drug users and police. Additionally, the respondents viewed the Police as an organization whose main responsibility is deterrence, while the more preventive work falls upon other social organizations.

The diploma thesis is aimed to improvement work of outreach drug workers who works with drug addicted people from foregin countries in Prague. The theoretical part od diploma thesis briefly describes legislative framework linked with use of illicted drugs in the Czech Republic, Drug Strategy of the Czech Republic and definiton of therm street work in the Social Services Act. Next part of the thesis focused to information from lately situation on the open drug market in Prague a nd describes period, since when has been in touch outreach workers and drug addicted people from foregin countries. Thesis further comparing approaches to drug policy in countries of orign drug of drug addicted foreginers at Prague. As well deliberately select in each country important topics for outreach work. The methods used to obtain the necessary information included document analysis, observation, structured interviews and focus group. Information was collected to help in face to face work with drug users. To better understand the environment from which drug users - foreigners come from. Which services can they know from their home country, what services drug users - foreigners can use in the Czech Republic and how to work better with this target group. And also what measures can help Czech outreach workers. Based on...

Den svenska narkotikapolitiken kännetecknas av stränga förbudslagar som har mött motstånd de senaste åren. Detta eftersom dess effektivitet har blivit ifrågasatt. Målet med denna undersökningen är att undersöka svenska socialarbetares åsikter om den svenska narkotikapolitiken och hur den påverkar deras arbete. Vidare vill vi även se hur socialarbetare ställer sig till en eventuell avkriminalisering av cannabis för eget bruk och hur det hade kunnat påverka deras arbete. Undersökningen består av åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personer som stöter på klienter med missbruk på olika sätt. Resultatet visar att intervjupersonerna anser att narkotikapolitiken bör utvärderas. De anser att den nuvarande narkotikapolitiken är repressiv och straffar mer än den hjälper. Vidare påpekar de att en eventuell avkriminalisering kan gynna brukare- och missbrukare även om det är en komplex policyfråga som måste utvärderas noggrant innan det implementeras. Intervjupersonerna nämner en rädsla för att en avkriminalisering av cannabis för eget bruk hade normaliserat drogen och ökat användningen. Den svenska narkotikapolitiken bidrar även till stigmatisering av brukare- eller missbrukare, något som gör att de ses som avvikare och kriminella och förhindrar dem från att söka hjälp. Vår slutsats är att den svenska narkotikapolitiken i sin nuvarande form måste förändras. Huruvida detta är genom en avkriminalisering av cannabis för eget bruk eller genom att förbättra och göra den nuvarande missbruksvården mer lättillgänglig är något som måste övervägas. / The Swedish drug policy is characterized by strict prohibitionist laws which has seen some resistance in recent years due to questioning of its effectiveness. The aim of this essay is to examine Swedish social workers views regarding the Swedish drug policy and how it affects their work with drug users and drug dependent clients. Furthermore we wanted to see what social workers feel about decriminalization of cannabis for personal use and how it could affect their line of work. The study consists of eight semi-structured interviews with social workers who come across clients with addictions in different ways. The results show that the interviewees believe that the drug policy needs to be evaluated. They believe that it’s currently repressive and punishes more than it helps. Furthermore, they point out that decriminalization can benefit users and drug dependent clients even though it’s a complex policy that must be properly evaluated before implementing. The interviewees mention a fear that decriminalization of cannabis for personal use would normalize the drug and in turn lead to an increased use. The Swedish drug policy is also considered to contribute to the stigmatization of users or drug dependent clients. This in turn leads them to be seen as deviants and criminals, something that prevents them from seeking help. Our conclusion is that Sweden's drug policy, in its current form, needs to change. Whether this is through decriminalization of own use or through improving the accessibility and quality of current drug treatment care is something that needs to be considered.

The drug treatment staff attitude towards needle exchange is what investigates in this study. The aim of this study is to see what’s affecting the standpoints in the needle exchange issue and also to investigate if the needle exchange is compatible with Swedish drug policy. The study has a qualitative approach and it’s based on eight semi-structured interviews with drug treatment staff. To analyze the empirical material we’ve used Berger and Luckmanns social construction theory, the theoretical concept profession socialization and the four ethical principles: autonomy principle, goodness maximization principle, harm minimization principle and the principle of justice. The result of this study shows that drug treatment staffs are negative to needle exchange efficacy. They don’t believe that needle exchange is compatible with Swedish drug policy which strives for a drug free society. The drug treatment staffs are worried about that harm reduction interventions, such as needle exchange, will lead to a liberalized drug policy and that drug use will be legitimized. They fear that the drug policy will be weakened with harm reduction. The results illustrate that there are numerous factors that influence staff attitudes towards needle exchange, these are profession socialization, workplace, organization, context, the current drug policy as well as knowledgeable of the needle exchange. Keywords: Needle exchange, Injection drug users, Drug treatment staff, Harm reduction and Swedish drug policy.

<p>The drug treatment staff attitude towards needle exchange is what investigates in this study. The aim of this study is to see what’s affecting the standpoints in the needle exchange issue and also to investigate if the needle exchange is compatible with Swedish drug policy. The study has a qualitative approach and it’s based on eight semi-structured interviews with drug treatment staff. To analyze the empirical material we’ve used Berger and Luckmanns social construction theory, the theoretical concept profession socialization and the four ethical principles: autonomy principle, goodness maximization principle, harm minimization principle and the principle of justice.</p><p>The result of this study shows that drug treatment staffs are negative to needle exchange efficacy. They don’t believe that needle exchange is compatible with Swedish drug policy which strives for a drug free society. The drug treatment staffs are worried about that harm reduction interventions, such as needle exchange, will lead to a liberalized drug policy and that drug use will be legitimized. They fear that the drug policy will be weakened with harm reduction. The results illustrate that there are numerous factors that influence staff attitudes towards needle exchange, these are profession socialization, workplace, organization, context, the current drug policy as well as knowledgeable of the needle exchange.</p><p>Keywords: Needle exchange, Injection drug users, Drug treatment staff, Harm reduction and Swedish drug policy.</p>

New synthetic drugs are a new phenomenon that is expanding in many countries. NSD mimic the effects of traditional drugs phenomenological, but retain the hallmark of legal substances. NSD legal status is due to the fact that theses new substances are controlled by the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 or the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971. To the Czech Republic this trend came somewhat later than in neighboring countries, and especially in 2010, when sales NSD was mainly in shops. This sale was completed in April 2011 becouse of entering 33th NSD to the list of psychotropic and narcotic substances and moved mostly to the internet. NSD composition is often changing, due to disabling preparatory material, it follows that the risks associated with the use of NSD are unpredictable. The research objective of this study is to determine the acquisition and distribution of NSD between problem drug users and also to map the most widely used NSD among this population.The main purpose of the research is to bring knowledge (as it's called, how it look, what it contains, where and from whom it receives, how much it costs). The survey was made up of semi-structures interviews (qualitative part) and structured questionnaires (quantitative part). Respondents were selected...

BACKGROUND: The needle exchange programme (NEP) started in Sweden in 1986 in Lund and shortly after in Malmo. The first NEP in Stockholm opened in spring 2013. The NEP is a service aimed at intravenous drug users (IDU) from 18 years old, with a goal of preventing the blood borne diseases, such as HIV, Hepatitis B (HBV), and Hepatitis C (HCV). With the on going HIV and Hepatitis epidemics, numerous countries around the world have adopted control strategies, such as the NEP to halt the spread of HIV, HBV, and HCV. The objective of this study was to examine if the needle exchange programme has decreased the incidence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in Sweden over a six-year period.  METHODS: Data for incidence and prevalence was extracted from the yearly reports of the Stockholm’s needle exchange programme from 2013 to 2018 and the yearly reports of the public health agency in Sweden from 2013 to 2018. The data was collected for Stockholm, and compared to Västra Götaland, and the whole of Sweden. RESULTS: The incidence of HIV was zero in 2013 and 2015 in the NEP. The incidence of HBV decreased to zero in 2013 in the NEP. There is an increased incidence of HCV in the NEP. CONCLUSION: The NEP has a protective effect through its combination of needle exchange, opiate substitute therapy, counselling, and vaccinations in reducing and stabilising incidences of the infections, in some instances to zero, as well as providing surveillance and treating infections.

Introdução: No Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) brasileiro, o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de Álcool e Drogas de nível III (CAPSad III) protagoniza o cuidado em saúde mental oferecido para pessoas com necessidades decorrentes do uso de álcool, crack e outras drogas. A compreensão deste cuidado pode favorecer o desenvolvimento da autonomia e cidadania desta população. Objetivo: Descrever e interpretar o cuidado em saúde mental em um serviço público de saúde para pessoas com necessidades decorrentes do uso de álcool, crack e outras drogas. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa crítica, da qual participaram profissionais, usuários do serviço e respectivos familiares, diretamente envolvidos em um CAPSad III localizado na capital de um Estado situado na região Norte do Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante do cuidado em saúde desenvolvido, estudos de casos de usuários atendidos, bem como por entrevistas em grupo com profissionais e entrevistas individuais com usuários e respectivos familiares. Os dados foram analisados abordando a dimensão ética da relação de cuidado. Todos os aspectos éticos foram resguardados. Resultados e Discussão: O cuidado em saúde foi explorado a partir de três aspectos nele implicados: 1) A compreensão do relacionamento entre profissionais de saúde, usuários e respectivos familiares com respeito à perspectiva da redução de danos; 2) O uso do conceito de autonomia relacional na compreensão do exercício de autonomia de usuários; e 3) A compreensão do manejo do conhecimento por uma equipe interdisciplinar de profissionais de saúde na relação de cuidado estabelecida com usuários no tocante às dimensões éticas de confiança e autonomia relacional deste cuidado. Conclusões: Apontamos a necessidade de se avançar em uma abordagem mais relacional da autonomia de pessoas com necessidades decorrentes do uso de álcool, crack e outras drogas, considerando, principalmente, as estruturas sociopolíticas, culturais e programáticas que limitam o exercício da capacidade pessoal de autonomia destes sujeitos. Evidenciamos que o reconhecimento das tensões e potencialidades envolvendo a confiança e a mobilização de conhecimento nesta relação de cuidado são elementos que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um cuidado em saúde mental promotor de autonomia, abordando suas dimensões relacionais. / Introduction: The Psychosocial Care Center (CAPSad III) is the main service providing care in mental health for people seeking care in substance use in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). The understanding of mental health care can foster the development of autonomy and citizenship for people in substance use. Goals: To describe and interpret health care in a mental health service for people seeking care in substance use. Methods: This is a qualitative research, using a critical approach. Participated in this research professionals, service users and their families directly involved in a CAPSad III located in the capital of a State situated in the North of Brazil. Data were collected through participant observation of the health care developed, cases studies of assisted users as well as group interviews with professionals and individual interviews with users and their families. Data were analyzed addressing the ethical dimension of the relationship of care. All ethical aspects were respected. Results and Discussion: The health care was explored from three aspects involved in it: 1) understanding of the relationship between health care providers, users, and their relatives with respect to the perspective of harm reduction; 2) the use of the concept of relational autonomy in understanding the exercise of users autonomy; and 3) the understanding of the knowledge management by an interdisciplinary team of health care providers in the relationship of care with service users in relation to the ethical concepts of trust and relational autonomy. Conclusions: We point out the need to move forward in a more relational approach to autonomy of people seeking care in substance use, considering mainly the socio-political, cultural and programmatic structures which limit the exercise of personal autonomy ability of these subjects. We showed that the recognition of the tensions and potential involving trust and mobilization of knowledge in the care relationship are elements that can assist in the development of a mental health care that promotes autonomy, addressing its relational dimensions.

Introdução: O objeto desta investigação são os materiais educativos de apoio a atividades educativas, com jovens. Historicamente as políticas públicas no campo das drogas estão alicerçadas no paradigma proibicionista, o que tem conduzido práticas educativas prescritivas e de caráter amedrontador. Parte expressiva dos materiais educativos e de divulgação sobre drogas apresenta conteúdo e forma questionáveis, uma vez que o jovem é tomado como vulnerável ou em risco para a dependência de drogas, e que as mensagens falseiam a verdade sobre o consumo, sendo baseadas em perspectiva moralista e funcionalista. O presente estudo parte da perspectiva da Saúde Coletiva que compreende o consumo de drogas como questão social e a juventude como categoria referida à história e à condição de classe, o que significa dizer que os indivíduos que compõem as classes sociais relacionam-se de maneiras particulares com as drogas, apresentando também problemas diferentes em função dessa relação. Objetivo: construir material educativo de apoio sobre drogas para trabalhadores de saúde, educação, serviço social, entre outros, que lidam com jovens, a partir dos fundamentos da Saúde Coletiva e da educação emancipatória. Método: trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida com a metodologia da pesquisa-ação na modalidade emancipatória, com a participação de pesquisadores integrantes do grupo de pesquisa Fortalecimento e desgaste no trabalho e na vida: bases para a intervenção em Saúde Coletiva, da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, com interesse e experiência na área. O processo de elaboração foi realizado através de oficinas emancipatórias, que foram sendo pautadas de acordo com o desenvolvimento da discussão do grupo. Resultados: O material foi construído em 14 oficinas, que versaram sobre os seguintes temas: sociedade capitalista e estrutura de classes; valores sociais e ideologia; juventude; consumo problemático de drogas; processo saúde-doença e reprodução social; e educação emancipatória. Construiu-se o Caderno de educação sobre drogas: como trabalhar com jovens, organizado em 03 eixos: 1) dimensão estrutural, que discute a estrutura da sociedade atual; dimensão superestrutural, que discute ideologia e valores na sociedade contemporânea e relação com o consumo de drogas, e 3) respostas sociais da juventude frente às contradições sociais, com discussão sobre o fortalecimento dos jovens em suas possibilidades de organização política. Os eixos são compostos pelos seguintes elementos: um texto base; para saber mais, com indicação de filmes e outros textos; questões para discussão, com perguntas norteadoras que podem apoiar pedagogicamente o processo de discussão do texto com jovens; estratégias pedagógicas, com sugestões de atividades educativas, a serem realizadas com os jovens. Conclusão: O material educativo elaborado partiu de conhecimentos científicos e críticos sobre o consumo de drogas na atualidade e nesse sentido apresenta potencial para desmistificar esse consumo e expor suas contradições; o material seguiu os princípios da educação emancipatória, o que o coloca em situação favorável à aproximação com os jovens em diferentes áreas de atuação e ao encaminhamento de discussão crítica sobre o tema. / Introduction: The object/subject matter of this research is the educational material to support educational activities related to drugs and carried out with young people. Historically, the public policies in the field of drug consumption are grounded in the prohibitionist paradigm, which has led to prescriptive and frightening educational practices. A significant portion of educational and media materials on drugs present questionable contents and forms as youth is taken as vulnerable or at risk for drug addiction, and the messages distort the truth about the consume, as they are based on moralistic and functionalist perspectives. This study is grounded on the Collective Health perspective, which posits that drug consume is a social issue and youth is a category referred to history and social class. This means that individuals who compose the social classes develop particular relationships with drugs and present different problems due to this relationship. Objective: based on the Collective Health and Emancipatory Education underpinnings, the aim of this investigation is to build an educational support material about drugs for workers dealing with young people in the health, education, and social service, among others fields. Method: it a qualitative research developed from an emancipatory approach to action research. Participants were researchers and health workers, with interest and experience in this field, and members of the research group \"Strengthening and weakening in work and life: basis for intervention in collective health from The School of Nursing of The University of São Paulo. The drafting process was conducted through emancipatory workshops, and therefore the themes were selected according to the development of the discussions. Results: The material was built in 14 workshops, involving discussions mainly about the following topics: capitalist society and class structure; social reproduction; social values and ideology; emancipatory education; youth and contemporary problems; problematic drug consumption and health-disease process. We created the Drug education workbook: how to working with young people, organized in three axes: 1) structural dimension which discusses the capitalist structure of current society, 2) superstructural dimension which discusses ideology and values in contemporary society and its relationship with drug consumption, 3) social responses of youth to social contradictions which discusses how to strengthen young people for political organization. The axes are made up as follows: a supporting text about the central subject of the axe; a to learn more section, indicating films and other supporting texts; a guiding questions section, to didactically support the process of discussion with young people; a pedagogical strategy section, with suggestions of activities to be developed with young people during educational processes. Conclusion: The educational material was elaborated based on scientific and critical knowledge of existing forms of drug consumption which permit to demystify the problematic consumption of drugs and expose its social contradictions; the material followed the principles of emancipatory education, which places it in a favorable situation to approaching young people in different areas and addressing critical discussion on the topic.