INTRODUÇÃO: Quimiorradioterapia (QRT) concomitante adjuvante aumenta a sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) em pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (CECCP) de alto risco operados com intenção curativa, porém está associada a toxicidade não desprezível e seu impacto na sobrevida global (SG) é incerto. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1) é uma proteína com função crítica no reparo de DNA por excisão de nucleotídeos (NER) e está envolvido na resistência à quimio- e radioterapia. Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivos determinar a expressão da proteína ERCC1, a expressão do RNA mensageiro (mRNA) de ERCC1 e a ocorrência do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único T19007C de ERCC1 em pacientes portadores de CECCP de alto risco, operados e tratados com QRT adjuvante, bem como o valor prognóstico destes marcadores. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo em pacientes portadores de CEC de cavidade oral, orofaringe, hipofaringe ou laringe, operados com intenção curativa e portadores de doença de risco alto ou intermediário. Pacientes elegíveis haviam sido tratados com QRT adjuvante: 60-70 Gy e cisplatina concomitante (100 mg/m2, dias 1, 22 e 43), não apresentavam metástases a distância e nem sinais de recidiva após cirurgia. A expressão da proteína ERCC1 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, através de um escore H semiquantitativo, obtido pelo produto da intensidade da coloração nuclear (0-3) pelo escore proporcional atribuído à porcentagem estimada de núcleos corados (0;0,1;0,5;1). O método da transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real quantitativo foi utilizado para determinação da expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 em tecido de tumor primário, normalizada em relação à expressão da fração 18S do RNA ribossomal. Genotipagem de ERCC1 (códon 118) foi realizada por PCR - polimorfismo do tamanho do fragmento de restrição a partir de DNA genômico extraído de linfonodos normais destes pacientes, após digestão com BsrDI. RESULTADOS: 69 pacientes com idade mediana de 56a, sendo 81% homens, foram estudados. Em relação à neoplasia, os sítios primários observados foram: cavidade oral (41%), laringe (32%), hipofaringe (16%) e orofaringe (12%), com estadio III 14% e estadio IV 86%, sendo pT3-pT4 78% e pN2-pN3 58%. Quarenta e três pacientes apresentaram-se com pelo menos dois linfonodos positivos, 27 com extravazamento extracapsular da metástase linfonodal e 18 com margens positivas. Achados de alto risco foram detectados em 40 pacientes (58%). No seguimento mediano de 47 meses, observou-se 11 recidivas loco-regionais, sete recidivas a distância, 10 casos com segundo tumor primário (sendo quatro com primário em pulmão e quatro em esôfago) e 30 óbitos (22 pela doença). A taxa de SG em 5 anos foi 40% e a taxa de SLD em 5 anos foi 31%. Escore H superior a 1,5 foi encontrado em 32 pacientes (54%), os quais apresentaram melhor taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos (50% versus 18%, HR 0,43, 95%CI 0,20-0,90, p=0,026). Quinze pacientes (33%), dos 45 analisados, apresentaram elevada expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 (> 3,1) e estes pacientes tiveram melhor taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos em comparação com aqueles com baixa expressão (86% versus 31%, HR 0,26, 95%CI 0,14-1,01, p=0,052). A distribuição dos genótipos de ERCC1 no códon 118 em 49 pacientes foi 39% C/T, 37% C/C, e 24% T/T. Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre idade, sexo, estadiamento e achados anatomopatológicos de risco, e os polimorfismos genéticos no códon 118 de ERCC1 ou a expressão do mRNA de ERCC1. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos C/C, C/T e T/T seja em termos taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos (45%, 46%, 46%; p=0,808), seja em termos de taxa de sobrevida livre de doença em 5 anos (31%, 34%, 20%, p=0,770, respectivamente). O escore H (> 1,5 versus 1,5; HR ajustado 0,20, 95%CI 0,07-0,57, p=0,003) e a expressão normalizada do mRNA de ERCC1 (> 3,1 versus 3,1; HR ajustado 0,12, 95%CI 0,03-0,59, p=0,009), permaneceram significantes do ponto de vista estatístico, como fatores prognósticos na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÕES: Alta expressão imunohistoquímica da proteína ERCC1 e alta expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 conferem melhor prognóstico em pacientes portadores de CECCP operados de alto risco tratados com QRT adjuvante baseada em cisplatina. O polimorfismo genético T19007C de ERCC1 não apresentou valor prognóstico nestes pacientes. / BACKGROUND: Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) improves diseasefree survival (DFS) in patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presenting with high-risk features treated with surgery with curative intent, but treatment-related toxicity is not negligible and its impact on overall survival (OS) is uncertain. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1) is a protein with a critical role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, associated with resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. We aimed here to study ERCC1 protein expression, ERCC1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and the single nucleotide polymorphism T19007C of ERCC1 as prognostic markers in HNSCC patients presenting with high-risk features treated with surgery and adjuvant CRT. METHODS: It is a retrospective study in patients with oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx SCC submitted to radical surgery with curative intent and presenting with pathologic features of high- or intermediate-risk. Eligible patients were treated with adjuvant CRT: 60-70 Gy and concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m2, days 1, 22 and 43), with no distant metastasis and no relapsed disease after surgery. ERCC1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using a semi-quantitative H-score, calculated by multiplying the nuclear staining intensity (0-3) by the proportion score attributed to the percentage of positive tumor nuclei (0;0,1;0,5;1). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed to determine ERCC1 mRNA expression in primary tumors tissue specimens. The ERCC1 mRNA expression was normalized using 18S fraction of ribosomal RNA expression as internal reference. ERCC1 (codon 118) genotypes were detected using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method carried out in genomic DNA extracted from normal lymph nodes. The PCR products were digested with BsrDI. RESULTS: 69 patients (median age 56 y, 81% male) were studied. Regarding tumor characteristics, primary sites were: oral cavity 41%, larynx 32%, hypopharynx 16%, oropharynx 12%, stage III 14%, stage IV 86%, pT3- pT4 78% and pN2-pN3 58%. Forty-three patients presented with two or more positive lymph nodes, 27 with extracapsular spread of nodal disease and 18 with positive margins. High-risk pathologic features were detected in 40 patients (58%). During the median follow-up of 47 months, we observed 11 locoregional relapses, seven distant relapses, 10 patients were diagnosed with secondary primary tumors (four in lungs and four in esophagus) and 30 deaths (22 disease-related). The 5-year overall survival rate was 40% and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 31%. High H-score (> 1.5) was seen in 32 patients (54%), who presented better 5-year overall survival rate in comparison to those with lower H-scores (50% versus 18%, HR 0.43, 95%CI 0.20-0.90, p=0.026). Fifteen patients (out of 45, 33%) whose tumors presented normalized ERCC1 expression > 3.1 were classified as having high ERCC1 mRNA expression, and these patients presented better 5-year overall survival rate in comparison to those with lower ERCC1 mRNA expression (86% versus 30%, HR 0.26, 95%CI 0.14-1.01, p=0.052). Genotype distribution at ERCC1 codon 118 in 49 patients was 39% C/T, 37% C/C, and 24% T/T. No significant association was found between age, gender, stage, grading and pathological risk features and ERCC1 codon 118 genotypes or ERCC1 mRNA expression. No difference was detected among C/C, C/T and T/T genotypes, either in terms of 5-year overall survival rates (45%, 46%, 46%; p=0.808), or 5-year diseasefree survival rate (31%, 34%, 20%, p=0.770, respectively). H-score (> 1.5 versus 1.5; adjusted HR 0.20, 95%CI 0.07-0.57, p=0.003) and ERCC1 mRNA normalized expression (> 3.1 versus 3.1; adjusted HR 0.12, 95%CI 0.03-0.59, p=0.009), remained significant as favorable prognostic factors after adjusting for prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: High immunohistochemical expression of ERCC1 protein and high ERCC1 mRNA expression, but not the T19007 single nucleotide polymorphism, were associated with better prognosis in HNSCC patients submitted to surgery and adjuvant cisplatin-based chemoradiation.

by Wong Kin Kwan Kelvin. / Thesis submitted in: September 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-101). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Abbreviations --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Intorduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer，s disease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Histopathological features --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Tau protein pathology and AD --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Tau protein kinase I (TPKI)- GSK-3β --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Tau protein kinase II (TPKII)- Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Available treatment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Screening for GSK-3p inhibitors from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Phosphorylation of tau in AD --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Gsk-3p inhibitors --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Screening of GSK-3β inhibitor from TCM --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- Material and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of extracts and fractions (AOF1-5) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- General cell culture techniques --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "3-(4,5-dimethyltiazoI-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay of AOF" --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Recombinant DNA techniques --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Transfection of GSK-3β and tau cDNA into COS7 cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Extraction of total proteins from culture cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Quantitation of protein by the Bradford method --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Protein separation by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Western blot analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- GSK-3β kinase assay --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Determination of lithium content by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Establishment of a co-transfected cell model for GSK-3β induced tau hyperphosphorylation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preliminary screening results of aqueous and ethanol extracts (AOF1 and AOF2) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Ethanol extract of AOF inhibits GSK-3p induced tau phosphorylation in COS-7 cells --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Effect of the essential oils of AOF on GSK-3P induced tau phosphorylation --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- The effect of AOF essential oil on GSK-3P activity in COS7 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Lithium content of AOF extracts --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of cryptotenshinone (CT) in Morris Water Maze Task (WMT) --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Involvement of Cholinergic system in cognitive dysfunction in AD --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Animal model for Alzheimer's disease --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Morris Watermaze Task (WMT) --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- MATERIAL AND METHODS --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Morris Water maze setup --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Animal model --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Drug preparation --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Toxicity test of CT --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Water maze task (WMT) --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Visual acuity test --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- RESULTS --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Chronic crytotanshinone treatment does not cause hepatic damages to the mice --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Training Session --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Discussion and Future Directions --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1 --- "AOF, the potential GSK-3 inhibitor" --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2 --- CT´ؤthe AChEI --- p.88 / References --- p.91 / Appendix --- p.102 / Chapter A1 --- Reagents for SDS-PAGE --- p.103 / Chapter A3 --- Solution components provided by QIAGEN Plasmid Maxipreps kit --- p.108 / Chapter A4 --- Reagents and medium for cell culture --- p.109 / Chapter A5 --- Reagents for kinase assay --- p.110 / Chapter A6 --- Raw data of figures --- p.112 / Chapter A7 --- Plasmid map of PCI-neo --- p.119

Chan Siu-Wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-200). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix in Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.i / Abstract --- p.v / 論文摘要 --- p.ix / Acknowledgments --- p.xii / Table of Figures --- p.xiii / Table of Tables --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)： Overview --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Diagnosis and Diagnostic Criteria --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Classifications of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Diabetes Mellitus Complications： Overview --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Microvascular Complications --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Macrovascular Complications --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Rising Global Burden --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hong Kong --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Mortality and Morbidity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hong Kong --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Under-explored Area in Hong Kong and Asia --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the USA --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Europe --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Asia-Pacific --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- Hong Kong Healthcare System --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Hospital Authority in Hong Kong (Public Healthcare Sector) --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Hong Kong Healthcare Financing System --- p.73 / Chapter 2.6 --- New Emerging Drug Treatment for Type 2 DM in Hong Kong Chinese - Rosiglitazone --- p.77 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Rosiglitazone --- p.77 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Cost-effectiveness of Rosiglitazone --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Hypothesis and Objectives --- p.81 / Chapter 3.1 --- Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hong Kong Chinese --- p.81 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Hypothesis --- p.81 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Objectives --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Metformin + Rosiglitazone vs. Metformin + Glibenclamide for Type 2 DM Patient Whose Diabetes is not Adequately Controlled by Metformin Alone from a Payer's Perspective --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Hypothesis --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Objectives --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hong Kong Chinese --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Subjects --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Methods --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Validity and Reliability of the Chinese Questionnaire --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Subjects' Characteristics --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comorbidity --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Complications --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Costs of Type 2 DM --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussions --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Metformin + Rosiglitazone vs. Metformin + Glibenclamide for Type 2 DM Patient Whose Diabetes is not Adequately Controlled by Metformin Alone from a Payer's Perspective --- p.134 / Chapter 5.1 --- Methods --- p.134 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Model Overview --- p.134 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Success, Failure and Discontinuation Rates" --- p.138 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Resources Use and Costs --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Base Case Analysis --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- Sensitivity Analyses --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Base Case Model - CE Analysis: cost per controlled Type 2 DM patient --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Sensitivity Analysis- CE Analysis: cost per controlled Type 2 DM patient --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Base Case Model - CE Analysis: cost per EQ5D utility score --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Sensitivity Analysis- CE Analysis: cost per EQ5D utility score --- p.155 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussions --- p.158 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.163 / Appendix --- p.165 / References

Sea Man Mei. / "September 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 194-218). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third commonest cancer worldwide. However HCC is considered to be highly resistant to chemotherapy. Gene therapies aimed to regulate Bd-2 proteins may sensitize HCC cells to chemotherapy. Studies have demonstrated that Bid/tBid are crucial in hepatocyte apoptosis. Bid also plays important roles in the development and chemotherapeutic sensitivity of HCC. The objective of this study is to test effect of Ad/AFPtBid and chemotherapeutic agents in combination on an orthotopic HCC model. / In conclusion, (1) Ad/AFPtBid can specifically target and effectively suppress the AFP-producing HCC. (2) Ad/AFPtBid can significantly sensitize HCC to 5-FU, their combination can significantly increase the anti-tumor effectiveness. (3) Ad/AFPtBid shows little toxicity in vivo. (4) The complementary effect of tBid and 5-FU on different phases of the cell cycle may explain the better therapeutic result if both are used to treat HCC. (5) The elucidation of phase specific effect of tBid points to a possible therapeutic option that combines tBid with different phase specific agents to treat HCC. / It is well established that many apoptosis inducers act in a cell cycle-specific fashion. This leads us to hypothesize that tBid might have phase specific effect. So, we tested the susceptibility of Hep3B cells at 00/01, S or G2/M phases to tBid. The results revealed that tBid significantly reduced Hep3B cells in G0/G1 phase, increased cells in G2/M phase. On the contrary, 5-FU arrested Hep3B cells in G0/G1 phase, and significantly reduced cells in G2/M phase. The levels of cell cycle-related proteins were altered in line with the result of the cell cycle. This suggests Hep3B cells in G0/G1 phase may be more susceptible to tBid. The complementary effects tBid and 5-FU on different phases of the cell cycle may explain the better therapeutic result if both are used to treat HCC. / The mice bearing orthotopic HCC tumors were treated with Ad/AFPtBid alone or in combination with 5-FU/Dox. Serum AFP levels were measured to mornitor tumor progression. The mice were killed four weeks after treatment. Liver tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL staining. Another batch of mice was observed for survival rate over a six month period. In addition, possible side effects of Ad/AFPtBid were tested in BALB/c mice. Results demonstrated that Ad/AFPtBid significantly inhibited Hep3B tumor growth. The combination of Ad/AFPtBid with 5-FU was more effective in tumor regression than either agent alone. However, the combination of Ad/AFPtBid with Dox treatment failed to demonstrated better effect than Dox treatment alone because the mice that received Dox exhibited serious weight loss. Tumor tissues from Ad/AFPtBid alone or combination treatment groups showed a decrease in cells positive for PCNA, and an increase in apoptosis by TUNEL staining, indicating that Ad/AFPtBid induced tumor regression through its pro-apoptotic effect. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also increased. Furthermore, Ad/AFPtBid did not suppress the hepatic tumor formed by non-AFP producing SK-HEP-1 or DLD-1. Finally, Ad/AFPtBid and 5-FU in combination results in better survival rate. No acute toxic effect of Ad/AFPtBid was observed. / Ma, Shihong. / "December 2009." / Adviser: CHEN Gong George. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-138). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Os doentes transplantados renais têm alto risco para desenvolver queratoses actínicas e câncer de pele. Para verificar o efeito quimioprofilático da acitretina estudamos a evolução de 13 doentes transplantados renais com queratoses actínicas múltiplas e história de carcinomas cutâneos submetidos a tratamento por 12 meses (20mg/dia). Fez-se a avaliação clínica e laboratorial regularmente em todo o período do estudo. Realizou-se exame histopatológico, demonstração imuno-histoquímica de sub-populações de linfócitos T (CD4, CD8), células natural killer e células de Langerhans, sua quantificação e comparação em biopsias de pele, sem lesão, de área exposta e protegida do sol antes, após seis e 12 meses de tratamento. Observou-se melhora das lesões cutâneas e ausência de aparecimento de novos tumores em 12 dos 13 pacientes. Não ocorreram alterações laboratoriais relacionadas a função renal, hepatotoxicicidade e hiperlipidemia. Não houve diferenças significativas histopatológicas e da população de linfócitos T e células natural killer da pele exposta e protegida do sol com o tratamento. Verificou-se aumento numérico de células de Langerhans epidérmicas aos 12 meses quando comparado aos da pele antes e após seis meses de tratamento (p = 0,002 e p = 0,003). Em nossa casuística o uso de acitretina em doses baixas foi útil para melhorar o aspecto cutâneo e prevenir lesões cutâneas pré-cancerosas e carcinomas. O aumento das células de Langerhans epidérmicas estaria relacionado ao efeito imunomodular da acitretina. / Renal transplant recipients have an increased incidence of actinic keratosis and skin cancer. In order to examine the chemoprophylatic effects of low-dose acitretin on skin cancer development we submitted 13 renal transplanted patients to acitretin therapy (20 mg/day) for 12 month. The patients were assessed at monthly intervals during the first 6 months and every two months until the 12th month for new skin lesions and for acitretin toxicity. Normal skin biopsies of sun exposed and sun protected area were taken for histopathological exam and submitted to immunohistochemistry technique to demonstrate CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, natural killer cells and Langerhans cells wich were counted and compared in the beginning, after 6th month and 12th month of the treatment. There was an improvement of actinic keratosis and all patients but one did not develop new skin cancer. Side-effects were well-tolerated and no significant biochemical effects were observed. Although there were no differences in the microscopic aspects of the skin and in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, there was a significant increase in the number of epidermal Langerhans cells after 12 months of acitretin therapy. The data obtained permit us to conclude that low dose acitretin therapy is safe, well-tolerated and partially effective in chemoprophylaxis of skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. The increase in epidermal Langerhans cells observed may be an expression of the immunomodulatory effect of acitretin.

INTRODUÇÃO: Quimiorradioterapia (QRT) concomitante adjuvante aumenta a sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) em pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (CECCP) de alto risco operados com intenção curativa, porém está associada a toxicidade não desprezível e seu impacto na sobrevida global (SG) é incerto. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1) é uma proteína com função crítica no reparo de DNA por excisão de nucleotídeos (NER) e está envolvido na resistência à quimio- e radioterapia. Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivos determinar a expressão da proteína ERCC1, a expressão do RNA mensageiro (mRNA) de ERCC1 e a ocorrência do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único T19007C de ERCC1 em pacientes portadores de CECCP de alto risco, operados e tratados com QRT adjuvante, bem como o valor prognóstico destes marcadores. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo em pacientes portadores de CEC de cavidade oral, orofaringe, hipofaringe ou laringe, operados com intenção curativa e portadores de doença de risco alto ou intermediário. Pacientes elegíveis haviam sido tratados com QRT adjuvante: 60-70 Gy e cisplatina concomitante (100 mg/m2, dias 1, 22 e 43), não apresentavam metástases a distância e nem sinais de recidiva após cirurgia. A expressão da proteína ERCC1 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, através de um escore H semiquantitativo, obtido pelo produto da intensidade da coloração nuclear (0-3) pelo escore proporcional atribuído à porcentagem estimada de núcleos corados (0;0,1;0,5;1). O método da transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real quantitativo foi utilizado para determinação da expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 em tecido de tumor primário, normalizada em relação à expressão da fração 18S do RNA ribossomal. Genotipagem de ERCC1 (códon 118) foi realizada por PCR - polimorfismo do tamanho do fragmento de restrição a partir de DNA genômico extraído de linfonodos normais destes pacientes, após digestão com BsrDI. RESULTADOS: 69 pacientes com idade mediana de 56a, sendo 81% homens, foram estudados. Em relação à neoplasia, os sítios primários observados foram: cavidade oral (41%), laringe (32%), hipofaringe (16%) e orofaringe (12%), com estadio III 14% e estadio IV 86%, sendo pT3-pT4 78% e pN2-pN3 58%. Quarenta e três pacientes apresentaram-se com pelo menos dois linfonodos positivos, 27 com extravazamento extracapsular da metástase linfonodal e 18 com margens positivas. Achados de alto risco foram detectados em 40 pacientes (58%). No seguimento mediano de 47 meses, observou-se 11 recidivas loco-regionais, sete recidivas a distância, 10 casos com segundo tumor primário (sendo quatro com primário em pulmão e quatro em esôfago) e 30 óbitos (22 pela doença). A taxa de SG em 5 anos foi 40% e a taxa de SLD em 5 anos foi 31%. Escore H superior a 1,5 foi encontrado em 32 pacientes (54%), os quais apresentaram melhor taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos (50% versus 18%, HR 0,43, 95%CI 0,20-0,90, p=0,026). Quinze pacientes (33%), dos 45 analisados, apresentaram elevada expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 (> 3,1) e estes pacientes tiveram melhor taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos em comparação com aqueles com baixa expressão (86% versus 31%, HR 0,26, 95%CI 0,14-1,01, p=0,052). A distribuição dos genótipos de ERCC1 no códon 118 em 49 pacientes foi 39% C/T, 37% C/C, e 24% T/T. Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre idade, sexo, estadiamento e achados anatomopatológicos de risco, e os polimorfismos genéticos no códon 118 de ERCC1 ou a expressão do mRNA de ERCC1. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos C/C, C/T e T/T seja em termos taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos (45%, 46%, 46%; p=0,808), seja em termos de taxa de sobrevida livre de doença em 5 anos (31%, 34%, 20%, p=0,770, respectivamente). O escore H (> 1,5 versus 1,5; HR ajustado 0,20, 95%CI 0,07-0,57, p=0,003) e a expressão normalizada do mRNA de ERCC1 (> 3,1 versus 3,1; HR ajustado 0,12, 95%CI 0,03-0,59, p=0,009), permaneceram significantes do ponto de vista estatístico, como fatores prognósticos na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÕES: Alta expressão imunohistoquímica da proteína ERCC1 e alta expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 conferem melhor prognóstico em pacientes portadores de CECCP operados de alto risco tratados com QRT adjuvante baseada em cisplatina. O polimorfismo genético T19007C de ERCC1 não apresentou valor prognóstico nestes pacientes. / BACKGROUND: Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) improves diseasefree survival (DFS) in patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presenting with high-risk features treated with surgery with curative intent, but treatment-related toxicity is not negligible and its impact on overall survival (OS) is uncertain. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1) is a protein with a critical role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, associated with resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. We aimed here to study ERCC1 protein expression, ERCC1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and the single nucleotide polymorphism T19007C of ERCC1 as prognostic markers in HNSCC patients presenting with high-risk features treated with surgery and adjuvant CRT. METHODS: It is a retrospective study in patients with oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx SCC submitted to radical surgery with curative intent and presenting with pathologic features of high- or intermediate-risk. Eligible patients were treated with adjuvant CRT: 60-70 Gy and concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m2, days 1, 22 and 43), with no distant metastasis and no relapsed disease after surgery. ERCC1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using a semi-quantitative H-score, calculated by multiplying the nuclear staining intensity (0-3) by the proportion score attributed to the percentage of positive tumor nuclei (0;0,1;0,5;1). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed to determine ERCC1 mRNA expression in primary tumors tissue specimens. The ERCC1 mRNA expression was normalized using 18S fraction of ribosomal RNA expression as internal reference. ERCC1 (codon 118) genotypes were detected using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method carried out in genomic DNA extracted from normal lymph nodes. The PCR products were digested with BsrDI. RESULTS: 69 patients (median age 56 y, 81% male) were studied. Regarding tumor characteristics, primary sites were: oral cavity 41%, larynx 32%, hypopharynx 16%, oropharynx 12%, stage III 14%, stage IV 86%, pT3- pT4 78% and pN2-pN3 58%. Forty-three patients presented with two or more positive lymph nodes, 27 with extracapsular spread of nodal disease and 18 with positive margins. High-risk pathologic features were detected in 40 patients (58%). During the median follow-up of 47 months, we observed 11 locoregional relapses, seven distant relapses, 10 patients were diagnosed with secondary primary tumors (four in lungs and four in esophagus) and 30 deaths (22 disease-related). The 5-year overall survival rate was 40% and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 31%. High H-score (> 1.5) was seen in 32 patients (54%), who presented better 5-year overall survival rate in comparison to those with lower H-scores (50% versus 18%, HR 0.43, 95%CI 0.20-0.90, p=0.026). Fifteen patients (out of 45, 33%) whose tumors presented normalized ERCC1 expression > 3.1 were classified as having high ERCC1 mRNA expression, and these patients presented better 5-year overall survival rate in comparison to those with lower ERCC1 mRNA expression (86% versus 30%, HR 0.26, 95%CI 0.14-1.01, p=0.052). Genotype distribution at ERCC1 codon 118 in 49 patients was 39% C/T, 37% C/C, and 24% T/T. No significant association was found between age, gender, stage, grading and pathological risk features and ERCC1 codon 118 genotypes or ERCC1 mRNA expression. No difference was detected among C/C, C/T and T/T genotypes, either in terms of 5-year overall survival rates (45%, 46%, 46%; p=0.808), or 5-year diseasefree survival rate (31%, 34%, 20%, p=0.770, respectively). H-score (> 1.5 versus 1.5; adjusted HR 0.20, 95%CI 0.07-0.57, p=0.003) and ERCC1 mRNA normalized expression (> 3.1 versus 3.1; adjusted HR 0.12, 95%CI 0.03-0.59, p=0.009), remained significant as favorable prognostic factors after adjusting for prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: High immunohistochemical expression of ERCC1 protein and high ERCC1 mRNA expression, but not the T19007 single nucleotide polymorphism, were associated with better prognosis in HNSCC patients submitted to surgery and adjuvant cisplatin-based chemoradiation.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder majorly responsible for disability and mortality worldwide. With a lifetime prevalence of 15-20%, it is the main cause of functional impairment in Western societies as well as the fourth most debilitating illness in the world. Although the pathophysiology of MDD is not yet fully understood, some evidence that suggest the presence of a neuroanatomical deficiency have given rise to the theory of a specific imbalance in the monoamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline (NA) and/or serotonin (5-HT) levels in the brain. Overall, the various classes of antidepressant agents that have been developed to increase monoamine levels on the basis of this proposal have been successful. However, facts relating to prevalent escalation in the illness and recurring episodes of depression point towards a need to enhance clinical treatment. Most conventional antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and selective serotonin and noradrenaline inhibitors (SNRI) pose problems in symptomatic improvement. These include therapeutic lag, safety and tolerability issues, making more than 30% patients with MDD unable to reach adequate relief. In this respect, the action mechanism has moved beyond conventional SSRI and lead to the introduction of vilazodone, a novel antidepressant with an additional 5-HT1A partial agonist profile argued to be of potential benefit for a greater efficacy, faster onset of action and better tolerability. Using secondary data, this project aimed to evaluate the role of vilazodone as a SPARI-drug in the overall clinical treatment of MDD as well as its potential in addressing some of the most common obstacles in antidepressant treatment. Study results proved vilazodone’s efficacy to be superior to placebo. Patients across all studies showed significant improvement in depressive symptoms measured in MADRS and HAMD17. Vilazodone was also shown to be generally safe and tolerable but was not positively distinguished from placebo with regards to adverse effects. An overall, meaningful improvement in depressive symptoms was demonstrated in vilazodone, which reinforces its merit as an important treatment option for patients with MDD.

Breast cancer, as the most prevalent cancer in women, is responsible for more than 15% of new cancer cases and about 6.9% of all cancer-related death in the US. A major cause of therapeutic failure in breast cancer is the development of resistance to chemotherapy, especially for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Therefore, how to overcome chemoresistance is the major challenge to improve the life expectancy of breast cancer patients. Our studies demonstrate that TNBC cells surviving the chronic treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs show significantly higher expression of the dual serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinase (DSTYK) than non-treated parental cells. In our in vitro cellular models, DSTYK knockout via the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated technique results in apoptotic cell death of chemoresistant cells upon drug treatment. Moreover, DSTYK knockout promotes chemotherapeutic drug-induced tumor cell death in an orthotopic mouse model. These findings suggest that DSTYK exerts an important and previously unknown role in promoting chemoresistance. Our studies provide fundamental insight into the role of DSTYK in chemoresistance in TNBC cells and lay the foundation for the development of new strategies targeting DSTYK for improving TNBC therapy.

No / AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We previously demonstrated that animals fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 10 weeks developed insulin resistance and behavioural inflexibility. We hypothesised that intervention with metformin would diminish the HF-feeding-evoked cognitive deficit by improving insulin sensitivity. METHODS: Rats were trained in an operant-based matching and non-matching to position task (MTP/NMTP). Animals received an HF (45% of kJ as lard; n = 24), standard chow (SC; n = 16), HF + metformin (144 mg/kg in diet; n = 20) or SC + metformin (144 mg/kg in diet; n = 16) diet for 10 weeks before retesting. Body weight and plasma glucose, insulin and leptin were measured. Protein lysates from various brain areas were analysed for alterations in intracellular signalling or production of synaptic proteins. RESULTS: HF-fed animals developed insulin resistance and an impairment in switching task contingency from matching to non-matching paradigm. Metformin attenuated the insulin resistance and weight gain associated with HF feeding, but had no effect on performance in either MTP or NMTP tasks. No major alteration in proteins associated with insulin signalling or synaptic function was detected in response to HF diet in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum or cortex. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Metformin prevented the metabolic but not cognitive alterations associated with HF feeding. The HF diet protocol did not change basal insulin signalling in the brain, suggesting that the brain did not develop insulin resistance. These findings indicate that HF diet has deleterious effects on neuronal function over and above those related to insulin resistance and suggest that weight loss may not be sufficient to reverse some damaging effects of poor diet.