Mäklarbranschen har varit omskriven i media de senaste åren och förra året presenterades det nya lagförslaget på en ny fastighetsmäklarlag. I dag finns det ingen lag som reglerar mäklarens skyldighet att uppvisa budgivningslista efter avslutad budgivning. Dock säger det nya lagförslaget: ”En fastighetsmäklare ska vara skyldig att dokumentera budgivningsprocessen och att överlämna dokumentationen till köparen och säljaren när överlåtelseavtalet är slutet, den ska också syfta till att hindra mäklaren att presentera luftbud och därigenom pressa upp priset.” Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om lagförslaget kommer att resultera i tryggare budgivningar. Vi vill även ta reda på hur mäklarna ställer sig till budgivningsförfarandet i den nya lagen samt om deras förtroende kommer att stiga hos presumtiva köpare. Avslutningsvis vill vi även ta reda på om köparnas syn på budgivningar kommer att förändras med den nya lagen. Vi har arbetet med artiklar, studerat lagtext, utredningar, remissvar, mailkontakter samt genomfört djupintervjuer med fastighetsmäklare, köpare och en jurist. Mottagandet av den nya mäklarlagen är positivt från nästan alla håll. Man tror på ökat förtroende och en tryggare budgivning i samband med denna lagändring. Vår åsikt är att köparnas syn på budgivningar i framtiden kommer att förändras när de känner en ökad säkerhet med kommande lagstiftning. / The real estate industry have been well publicized in the media the recent years and last year a new draft law of the new real estate agent law were presented. Today there is now law governing the broker’s obligation to present the bidding list upon completion of bidding. However, the new draft law says: ”The broker should be obligated to document the bidding process and when the agreement is met, give the information to the seller and buyer, it should also aim to prevent the broker to present fake bids and thereby push up the price.” The purpose with this essay is to find out if the new law will result in safer auctions. We also want to find out how the real estate agents’ attitude to the bidding procedure in the new and if their trust will rise in potential buyers. Finally, we also want to find out whether the new law will change the buyers’ view on the bidding process. We have been working with articles, studied the text, inquiries, responses, email contacts, and conducted interviews with real estate agents, buyers and a lawyer. The reception of the new law is positive from almost all quarters. Due to the legislative change the, belief is that the trust will rise. The buyers’ view of the bidding process in the future will change when they feel greater safety in future legislation.

As a new pediatric dummy family, the Q-family, is suggested for the European childsafety regulations (R44) and the updated EuroNCAP, it needed to be tested andcompared to the older pediatric dummy family, Hybrid III, used in testing at Autolivtoday.In this study, tests were performed with the Q6 and the Hybrid III 6-year-old. Bothdummies were subjected to eight sled tests using a EuroNCAP acceleration pulse. The sled represented the interior of a Volvo V70, with integrated booster cushions mounted onto the car body through a rigid fixture. Standard belt were used for all tests, except one where pretensioning was used. Static tests investigated how the chest deflection on Q6 was affected by the shoulder belt geometry. Large difference in belt interaction was observed between the dummies. The beltslipped off the Hybrid III’s shoulder for all tests except one, while the belt on the Qdummy’swas hard to provoke off the shoulder. The overall kinematic behavior, beforethe belt slipped off the Hybrid III’s shoulder, were similar for both dummies. Differences in chest deflection on the Q6, depending on the belt geometry, were observed in both the dynamic and the static tests; a shoulder belt geometry closer to theneck resulted in minor displacement than a mid-shoulder belt geometry. After testing, five different damages were observed on the Q6. / Då en ny familj av barnkrockdockor, Q-familjen, är föreslagen för det europeiskalagkravet som reglerar barnsäkerhet (R44), uppstod ett behov av att testa och jämföradessa mot den äldre familjen av barnkrockdockor som används vid testning på Autoliv idag, Hybrid III. I den här studien utfördes tester på Q6 och Hybrid III 6 år. Båda dockorna utsattes föråtta stycken slädtest i en accelerationspuls enligt EuroNCAP. Släden representerade enVolvo V70 med integrerade barnkuddar som monterats i riggen via en stel fixtur. I alla test utom ett användes standardbälten (i undantagsfallet användes försträckare). Statiska tester gjordes för att undersöka hur Q6 påverkades av olika geometrier på axelbältet. Stora skillnader observerades mellan dockornas bältesinteraktion. Bältet gled av HybridIII:s axel i alla test förutom ett, medan det istället var svårt att provocera av bältet från Q-dockans axel. Innan Hybrid III gled ur bältet var dockornas kinematik liknande. I både statiska och dynamiska tester observerades skillnader i bröstintryckning på Q6, beroende på bältesgeometrin; en geometri där axelbältet var placerat nära nackenresulterade i en mindre intryckning än då axelbältet var placerat mitt på axeln. Efte ravslutad testning upptäcktes fem skador på Q6.

This thesis investigates the impact of fragmentation in the ownership of complementary patents or patent thickets on firms' market value. This question is motivated by the increase in the patent ownership fragmentation following the pro-patent shifts in the US since 1982. The first chapter uses panel data on patenting US manufacturing firms from 1979 to 1996, and estimates the impact of patent thickets on firms' market value. I find that patent thickets lower firms' market value, and firms with a large patent portfolio size experience a smaller negative effect from their thickets. Moreover, no systematic difference exists in the impact of patent thickets on firms' market value over time. The second chapter extends this analysis to account for the indirect impacts of patent thickets on firms' market value. These indirect effects arise through the effects of patent thickets on firms' R\&D and patenting activities. Using panel data on US manufacturing firms from 1979 to 1996, I estimate the impact of patent thickets on market value, R\&D, and patenting as well as the impacts of R\&D and patenting on market value. Employing these estimates, I determine the direct, indirect, and total impacts of patent thickets on market value. I find that patent thickets decrease firms' market value, while I hold the firms’ R\&D and patenting activities constant. I find no evidence of a change in R\&D due to patent thickets. However, there is evidence of defensive patenting (an increase in patenting attributed to thickets), which helps to reduce the direct negative impact of patent thickets on market value. The data sets used in Chapters 1 and 2 have a number of missing observations on regressors. The commonly used methods to manage missing observations are the listwise deletion (complete case) and the indicator methods. Studies on the statistical properties of these methods suggest a smaller bias using the listwise deletion method. Employing Monte Carlo simulations, Chapter 3 examines the properties of these methods, and finds that in some cases the listwise deletion estimates have larger biases than indicator estimates. This finding suggests that interpreting estimates arrived at with either approach requires caution.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the impact of fragmentation in the ownership of complementary patents or patent thickets on firms' market value. This question is motivated by the increase in the patent ownership fragmentation following the pro-patent shifts in the US since 1982. The first chapter uses panel data on patenting US manufacturing firms from 1979 to 1996, and estimates the impact of patent thickets on firms' market value. I find that patent thickets lower firms' market value, and firms with a large patent portfolio size experience a smaller negative effect from their thickets. Moreover, no systematic difference exists in the impact of patent thickets on firms' market value over time. The second chapter extends this analysis to account for the indirect impacts of patent thickets on firms' market value. These indirect effects arise through the effects of patent thickets on firms' R\&D and patenting activities. Using panel data on US manufacturing firms from 1979 to 1996, I estimate the impact of patent thickets on market value, R\&D, and patenting as well as the impacts of R\&D and patenting on market value. Employing these estimates, I determine the direct, indirect, and total impacts of patent thickets on market value. I find that patent thickets decrease firms' market value, while I hold the firms’ R\&D and patenting activities constant. I find no evidence of a change in R\&D due to patent thickets. However, there is evidence of defensive patenting (an increase in patenting attributed to thickets), which helps to reduce the direct negative impact of patent thickets on market value. The data sets used in Chapters 1 and 2 have a number of missing observations on regressors. The commonly used methods to manage missing observations are the listwise deletion (complete case) and the indicator methods. Studies on the statistical properties of these methods suggest a smaller bias using the listwise deletion method. Employing Monte Carlo simulations, Chapter 3 examines the properties of these methods, and finds that in some cases the listwise deletion estimates have larger biases than indicator estimates. This finding suggests that interpreting estimates arrived at with either approach requires caution.

This study investigates two questions about anti-predator behaviour of the red-backed shrike. 1) Is the red-backed shrike able to assess the differing dangers represented by various types or species of predators? 2) How does the red-backed shrike recognize the predator? We found, that the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) adjusts its anti-predator behaviour by assessing the potential threat to themselves from different predator species and by assessing the chance of a successful attack. Further, we found that the presence of general raptor salient features is absolutely necessary for proper categorisation of the intruder as a predator, whereas the natural species-specific colouration in itself is an insufficient cue.

Submitted by Gustavo Rodrigues Macedo (rmgustavo@gmail.com) on 2016-08-30T12:23:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimando a retração recente no preço de minério de ferro.pdf: 1558651 bytes, checksum: ae2442fd7ce1f72ff8de6b972a7972e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-09-08T19:05:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimando a retração recente no preço de minério de ferro.pdf: 1558651 bytes, checksum: ae2442fd7ce1f72ff8de6b972a7972e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-09-21T14:11:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimando a retração recente no preço de minério de ferro.pdf: 1558651 bytes, checksum: ae2442fd7ce1f72ff8de6b972a7972e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T12:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimando a retração recente no preço de minério de ferro.pdf: 1558651 bytes, checksum: ae2442fd7ce1f72ff8de6b972a7972e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-28 / This study presents an analysis about the sharp fall in the price of iron ore observed during the year of 2014, using econometric methods to assess the impact of the strong increase in the volumes supplied to the seaborne market combined with a slowdown in some steel-intensive sectors in China. The study briefly presents the industry and the recent developments of the iron ore seaborne market, and then uses regression models to estimate determinant factors for iron ore price. The results indicate that a significant part of the price decline observed in 2014 cannot be explained by usual factors, suggesting that the atypical conditions observed during the year determined the market equilibrium. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a retração no preço do minério de ferro observada no ano de 2014, com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto do choque positivo na oferta aliado à desaceleração de setores demandantes de aço na China. O estudo faz uma breve apresentação da indústria e do mercado transoceânico de minério de ferro e, em seguida, estima com métodos econométricos fatores determinantes do preço. Os resultados indicam que uma parcela significativa da queda do preço do minério em 2014 não pode ser explicada por fatores usuais, sugerindo que as condições atípicas observadas naquele ano determinaram o equilíbrio no mercado de minério de ferro.

Submitted by GABRIEL DA SILVA CARDOSO (gabrielbezogne@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T23:49:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 6978159 bytes, checksum: 0247fd59965882c58bcb06e81086f6ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2017-07-25T15:15:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 6978159 bytes, checksum: 0247fd59965882c58bcb06e81086f6ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T12:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 6978159 bytes, checksum: 0247fd59965882c58bcb06e81086f6ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Este trabalho estima por MQO a função de reação do tipo 'Taylor' para os Estados Unidos, utilizando uma amostra que se inicia em 1954 até 2016, incluindo os subperíodos deste intervalo. As taxas de juros estimadas respondem, como esperado, aos desvios da inflação, desvios do produto, da taxa de juros defasada, e também, às variáveis dummies, que capturam ciclos de elevação de juros e períodos de zero lower bound. Os resultados obtidos são comparáveis aos encontrados na literatura (subperíodos); no entanto, estimativas relativas aos últimos 63 anos e às janelas móveis, sugerem um FED menos preocupado com a inflação nos últimos anos. Uma possível explicação foi a mudança de foco do FED, valorizando através da sua política monetária, a manutenção do emprego e crescimento do PIB.

Non-planar surface may cause incorrect transfer of patterns during lithography. In today’s IC manufacturing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is used for topographical planarization. Since polish rates for metals and oxides are different, dummy metal fills in layout is used to minimize post-CMP thickness variability. Traditional metal fill solutions focus on satisfying density target determined by layout density analysis techniques. These solutions may potentially reduce yield by increasing probability of failure (POF) due to particulate defects and also impact design performance. Layout design solutions that minimize POF and also improve surface planarity via dummy fill insertions have competing requirements for line spacing. In this thesis, I present a formulation to balance these competing goals and provide a comparative study of greedy (or fixed spacing), variable spacing and LP formulation based fill insertions based on scalability and quality of solution. I extend the variable spacing fill to allow non-preferred direction routing of fill patterns in order to further improve the CA. Traditional fill solutions impact design performance due to increase coupling capacitance on signal nets. I present a fill insertion algorithm that minimizes this increase in coupling capacitance due to fill. Finally, I extend the critical area based solution to include SRAF insertion in order to account for optical diffraction in lithography. Thus the proposed solution addresses both lithography and particulate related defects and minimizes the fill impact on design performance at the same time. Experimental results based on layout of ISCAS 85 benchmark circuits show that the variable spacing and the LP formulation based fill insertion techniques result in substantially reduced critical area while satisfying the layout density and uniformity criteria. The coupling capacitance minimization fill solution reduces the fill impact on coupling capacitance while at the same time minimizing the critical area.

No description available.