Diversity in plant architecture is largely generated by the post-embryonic regulation of meristem initiation and activity. In a phenomenon known as apical dominance, the active growth of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) exerts significant inhibitory force on the outgrowth of axillary meristems (AMs) into shoot branches. The degree of branching in plants is a determinant of yield in many crop species and is carefully regulated to ensure that plants only branch at specific stages of development or in response to their environment. Apical dominance has been attributed to the action of the hormone auxin, produced in SAM tissues and transported downwards. A second hormone, cytokinin, acts antagonistically to auxin to promote branching. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism by which these hormones operate is still being elucidated and continued research suggested that novel signals are involved. The recent discovery that strigolactones, previously implicated in parasitic weed germination and mycorrhizal associations, are branching inhibitors supports the existence of additional signals controlling branching in plants. In garden pea (Pisum sativum) strigolactones are synthesised by the coordinated action of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) family enzymes, RMS1 (RAMOSUS1) and RMS5. These are encoded by MAX4 (MORE AXILLARY GROWTH4) and MAX3 in Arabidopsis thaliana respectively. Mutants for MAX genes have increased amounts of auxin travelling in the polar auxin transport stream (PATS) of inflorescence stems but exhibit increased branching that is insensitive to inhibition by this auxin. Two hypotheses for the action of strigolactones have been presented. The first is that strigolactones modulate the levels of auxin transport proteins, preventing axillary buds from establishing an active auxin transport flow into the primary stem, which inhibits growth. The second is that strigolactones act downstream of auxin signalling to inhibit the action of outgrowth-promoters. Consistent with this latter hypothesis, in pea, rice (Oryza sativa) and petunia (Petunia hybrida), the expression of RMS1/MAX4 orthologues is auxin regulated. These genes are also regulated by feedback signalling in strigolactone pathway mutants and this is proposed to involve an additional novel signal. In Arabidopsis, however, research showed that MAX4 is not regulated by feedback or auxin in the shoot and placed doubt on the importance of this regulation for branching control. The strigolactone biosynthetic pathway offers a novel target for the manipulation of plant architecture and yield while controlling the germination of parasitic weed species that are detrimental to agriculture. Therefore, a greater understanding of the pathway and its regulators is beneficial. The majority of the research in this thesis pre-dates the discovery of strigolactones as the RMS/MAX-derived branching inhibitor, yet aimed to clarify the evolutionary conservation and functional importance of the regulation of strigolactone biosynthetic genes by auxin and feedback signalling in Arabidopsis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that MAX3 and MAX4 are co-ordinately and systemically regulated by auxin and by feedback throughout development. Both auxin and feedback regulation required the AXR1/TIR1 auxin response pathway, which targets Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors for proteasomal degradation. In particular, correct degradation of the Aux/IAA protein IAA12 appears to be necessary for optimal MAX3 and MAX4 expression. Moreover this regulation affects strigolactone-dependent branching inhibition. Therefore it is proposed that auxin inhibits branching, in part, by positively regulating strigolactone synthesis. As feedback requires AXR1, this also suggests that increased auxin level and/or signalling in the PATS in conditions of reduced strigolactone signalling mediates feedback regulation of the strigolactone pathway. Consistent with this, microarray analysis revealed that in addition to the inflorescence, max mutants have increased global auxin-responsive gene expression associated with the PATS in the vegetative stage. The pea RMS1 gene was the first strigolactone pathway gene demonstrated to be auxin-regulated. Sequencing of the RMS1 promoter and comparative bioinformatic analysis with promoters of other strigolactone synthesis genes revealed a number of conserved, putative regulatory cis-elements that could mediate this regulation and cross-talk with additional branching cues. However a 2.5 kb fragment of the RMS1 promoter was not sufficient to drive transcriptional and translational fusions with GFP and the RMS1 coding region in Arabidopsis. The RMS1 coding region driven by the CAMV 35S promoter complemented the max4 mutant but did not affect branching induced by auxin-depleting treatments. Grafting studies with axr1 and iaa12 mutants, and decapitation and auxin-transport inhibition in max4 mutants, demonstrated that auxin signalling has a function in branching control independent from the regulation of strigolactone synthesis genes. Overall, data obtained herein was incorporated into current models for the interaction of the strigolactone pathway with auxin and cytokinin in the control of shoot branching. It is suggested that both strigolactone and auxin have the capacity to regulate the levels or distribution of each other in interlocking feedback loop that intersects with additional developmental, physiological and environmental cues for the precise control of axillary branching in plants.

Diversity in plant architecture is largely generated by the post-embryonic regulation of meristem initiation and activity. In a phenomenon known as apical dominance, the active growth of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) exerts significant inhibitory force on the outgrowth of axillary meristems (AMs) into shoot branches. The degree of branching in plants is a determinant of yield in many crop species and is carefully regulated to ensure that plants only branch at specific stages of development or in response to their environment. Apical dominance has been attributed to the action of the hormone auxin, produced in SAM tissues and transported downwards. A second hormone, cytokinin, acts antagonistically to auxin to promote branching. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism by which these hormones operate is still being elucidated and continued research suggested that novel signals are involved. The recent discovery that strigolactones, previously implicated in parasitic weed germination and mycorrhizal associations, are branching inhibitors supports the existence of additional signals controlling branching in plants. In garden pea (Pisum sativum) strigolactones are synthesised by the coordinated action of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) family enzymes, RMS1 (RAMOSUS1) and RMS5. These are encoded by MAX4 (MORE AXILLARY GROWTH4) and MAX3 in Arabidopsis thaliana respectively. Mutants for MAX genes have increased amounts of auxin travelling in the polar auxin transport stream (PATS) of inflorescence stems but exhibit increased branching that is insensitive to inhibition by this auxin. Two hypotheses for the action of strigolactones have been presented. The first is that strigolactones modulate the levels of auxin transport proteins, preventing axillary buds from establishing an active auxin transport flow into the primary stem, which inhibits growth. The second is that strigolactones act downstream of auxin signalling to inhibit the action of outgrowth-promoters. Consistent with this latter hypothesis, in pea, rice (Oryza sativa) and petunia (Petunia hybrida), the expression of RMS1/MAX4 orthologues is auxin regulated. These genes are also regulated by feedback signalling in strigolactone pathway mutants and this is proposed to involve an additional novel signal. In Arabidopsis, however, research showed that MAX4 is not regulated by feedback or auxin in the shoot and placed doubt on the importance of this regulation for branching control. The strigolactone biosynthetic pathway offers a novel target for the manipulation of plant architecture and yield while controlling the germination of parasitic weed species that are detrimental to agriculture. Therefore, a greater understanding of the pathway and its regulators is beneficial. The majority of the research in this thesis pre-dates the discovery of strigolactones as the RMS/MAX-derived branching inhibitor, yet aimed to clarify the evolutionary conservation and functional importance of the regulation of strigolactone biosynthetic genes by auxin and feedback signalling in Arabidopsis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that MAX3 and MAX4 are co-ordinately and systemically regulated by auxin and by feedback throughout development. Both auxin and feedback regulation required the AXR1/TIR1 auxin response pathway, which targets Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors for proteasomal degradation. In particular, correct degradation of the Aux/IAA protein IAA12 appears to be necessary for optimal MAX3 and MAX4 expression. Moreover this regulation affects strigolactone-dependent branching inhibition. Therefore it is proposed that auxin inhibits branching, in part, by positively regulating strigolactone synthesis. As feedback requires AXR1, this also suggests that increased auxin level and/or signalling in the PATS in conditions of reduced strigolactone signalling mediates feedback regulation of the strigolactone pathway. Consistent with this, microarray analysis revealed that in addition to the inflorescence, max mutants have increased global auxin-responsive gene expression associated with the PATS in the vegetative stage. The pea RMS1 gene was the first strigolactone pathway gene demonstrated to be auxin-regulated. Sequencing of the RMS1 promoter and comparative bioinformatic analysis with promoters of other strigolactone synthesis genes revealed a number of conserved, putative regulatory cis-elements that could mediate this regulation and cross-talk with additional branching cues. However a 2.5 kb fragment of the RMS1 promoter was not sufficient to drive transcriptional and translational fusions with GFP and the RMS1 coding region in Arabidopsis. The RMS1 coding region driven by the CAMV 35S promoter complemented the max4 mutant but did not affect branching induced by auxin-depleting treatments. Grafting studies with axr1 and iaa12 mutants, and decapitation and auxin-transport inhibition in max4 mutants, demonstrated that auxin signalling has a function in branching control independent from the regulation of strigolactone synthesis genes. Overall, data obtained herein was incorporated into current models for the interaction of the strigolactone pathway with auxin and cytokinin in the control of shoot branching. It is suggested that both strigolactone and auxin have the capacity to regulate the levels or distribution of each other in interlocking feedback loop that intersects with additional developmental, physiological and environmental cues for the precise control of axillary branching in plants.

This thesis examines the 1999–2003 case of political conflict in Ambon, in Eastern Indonesia, in the context of political change in Indonesia from 1950-1998. It is argued that political transformation during this period was closely influenced by a much longer period of unprecedented social change preceding the politics of this period. It is suggested that the ideologisation of ethnic identities is likely to occur when structures of community are disrupted by changes in the contemporary world such as economic fluctuations or state policy interventions. One result is to disrupt traditional village communities so as to place individuals in stress situations making them susceptible to new nationalist ideologies. The other impact is to dislocate authority structures so that both incumbent and aspiring elites lose their power and authority and thus search for new ways in order to re-establish their moral and political legitimacy. It is argued that nationalism is able to offer a resolution to social disruption and thus to the community in search of social cohesion, while also functioning to rebuild elite authority. In ethnic nationalist ideology, insecurities and feelings of isolation are ameliorated by subsequent constructions of ‘us’ and ‘them’ where members of one distinct community are demarcated from other communities. It is suggested that myths of ancestry and homeland together with counterposed moral dichotomies appealed to the Ambonese who needed this form of ideological support. It is the insecurities and fear experienced by disrupted communities which promote this powerful ideological formula. It is asserted that conflict on the island has been characterised by this trend towards ideological absolutism where two conflicting ideological constructions have translated the conflict into a non-negotiable confrontation between opposing national rights. It is argued that these two ideological constructions have remained internalised on the island and embedded within the mindsets of both Ambonese Christians and Muslims, thereby rendering setbacks to conflict resolution.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-06T21:05:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisEnriqueOrtizFernandez_DISSERT.pdf: 11059946 bytes, checksum: bdd41462c0c6560f2ac2ded683b3e6b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-20T22:59:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisEnriqueOrtizFernandez_DISSERT.pdf: 11059946 bytes, checksum: bdd41462c0c6560f2ac2ded683b3e6b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-20T22:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisEnriqueOrtizFernandez_DISSERT.pdf: 11059946 bytes, checksum: bdd41462c0c6560f2ac2ded683b3e6b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Na vis?o artificial usam-se v?rios dispositivos como o MS Kinect v1/v2, as c?meras est?reo PG Bumblebee XB3 e a Stereolabs ZED, entre outros. Como todos s?o dispositivos que estimam dados de profundidade, podem conter erros. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o projeto e implementa??o de um m?todo gen?rico para a estima??o do erro RMS em dados de profundidade fornecidos por qualquer dispositivo, capaz de gerar dados do tipo RGB-D, isto ?, uma imagem e um mapa de profundidade ao mesmo tempo. Para verifica??o do m?todo foi constru?do um sistema embarcado baseado na placa NVIDIA Jetson TK1 e tr?s sensores, as duas vers?es do MS Kinect e a c?mera est?reo ZED. No momento da coleta de dados foram estabelecidos os modelos matem?ticos do erro RMS para cada dispositivo e, ao final, foi feita uma an?lise da exatid?o de cada um. / In the artificial vision are used several devices like MS Kinect v1 / v2, the stereo cameras PG Bumblebee XB3 and Stereolabs ZED, among others. Because they are all devices that estimate depth data, they may contain errors. In this work, we present the design and implementation of a generic method for estimating the RMS error in depth data provided by any device, capable of generating data of type RGB-D, that is, an image and a depth map Same time. To verify the method was built an embedded system based on the NVIDIA Jetson TK1 and three sensors, the two versions of MS Kinect and the ZED stereo camera. At the moment of the data collection, the mathematical models of the RMS error were established for each device and, at the end, an analysis was made of the accuracy of each one.

Submitted by Francisco Costa (xcosta@ufba.br) on 2013-09-22T19:39:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Rejected by Edilene Costa(ec@ufba.br), reason: Prezado Estamos rejeitando o documento para esclarecer que os títulos dos trabalhos não devem estar em caixa alta. Deve ser corrigido o nome do autor que também está em caixa alta. As palavras-chave devem ser apenas e exatamente as que estiverem contidas no documento. Foi inserido palavra-chave que não consta do arquivo e não foi inseridas todas as palavras-chave existentes no documento. Favor corrigir e depositar novamente para nossa validação. Cordialmente, Edilene Bibliotecária/FAUFBA on 2013-09-25T21:56:50Z (GMT) / Submitted by Francisco Costa (xcosta@ufba.br) on 2013-09-25T22:31:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edilene Costa(ec@ufba.br) on 2013-09-26T23:51:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-26T23:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Esta dissertação enfoca a síntese possível entre o urbano e o ambiental, na perspectiva do Direito à Cidade, ante a importância que assume a questão ambiental frente ao atual padrão de ocupação urbana nas cidades brasileiras. O estudo abrange a área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga, situadas na área de confluência dos municípios de Salvador, Simões Filho e Lauro de Freitas, na Região Metropolitana de Salvador – RMS, integrante da Unidade de Conservação Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA Joanes/Ipitanga. Foram definidos os seguintes objetivos: investigar a aproximação/distanciamento da Legislação Urbanística e Ambiental brasileira das premissas do Direito à Cidade, quanto à sustentabilidade social e à sustentabilidade ambiental; investigar o processo de ocupação urbana e os fatores que impactam na qualidade urbano-ambiental da área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga, no período 1980 a 2011; realizar o levantamento da Legislação Urbanística e Ambiental aplicada à área, identificando suas convergências e divergências; investigar que fatores ou intervenções, além da fiscalização, poderiam garantir a proteção/preservação da área e inseri-la ambientalmente no Direito à Cidade, de modo conjugado ao direito à água. A metodologia aplicada fundamenta-se numa abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e pesquisa de campo, com observações e entrevistas, estudo que culminou com os seguintes resultados: a) em um momento mais recente do processo de ocupação urbana de Salvador, observa-se um avanço em direção à área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga, resultando no comprometimento da sua qualidade ambiental; b) a desarticulação dos instrumentos legais deixa margem para o seu descumprimento; c) para a área convergem diferentes agentes com seus diferentes interesses no uso e ocupação dessa área; d) dado o quadro geral de escassez de áreas edificáveis na malha urbana contínua de Salvador, a área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga representa a última fronteira a ser explorada no processo de expansão urbana nesse município; e)entretanto essa pressão também se faz presente no território dos Municípios de Simões Filho e Lauro de Freitas, indicando que seria, efetivamente, resultante de três vetores de expansão urbana, com origem nesses três municípios que a compõem. Como se analisou neste trabalho, a síntese possível entre o urbano e o ambiental, na perspectiva do Direito à Cidade, potencialmente resulta das forças sociais que, interagindo conflitantemente sobre o meio,conformam determinadas ambiências urbanas. Longe de esgotar essa discussão, atenta-se aos aspectos que envolvem a ambiência urbana, como direito social e qualidade ambiental. A implantação do Parque Ecológico do Ipitanga na RMS pode vir a ser importante instrumento nesse sentido, desde que, além da fiscalização do uso e ocupação do solo, seja implementado um planejamento urbano-ambiental, com gestão metropolitana participativa, educativa e integrada, num sentido amplo do direito a cidades mais sustentáveis. / Salvador

Submitted by Francisco Costa (xcosta@ufba.br) on 2013-06-05T13:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by NELIJANE MENEZES(rubi2276@gmail.com) on 2013-06-05T23:40:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-05T23:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Cristiane Sarno.pdf: 40073287 bytes, checksum: 97ec4732a715dad7fe7803bc783695fd (MD5) / Esta dissertação enfoca a síntese possível entre o urbano e o ambiental, na perspectiva do Direito à Cidade, ante a importância que assume a questão ambiental frente ao atual padrão de ocupação urbana nas cidades brasileiras. O estudo abrange a área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga, situadas na área de confluência dos municípios de Salvador, Simões Filho e Lauro de Freitas, na Região Metropolitana de Salvador – RMS, integrante da Unidade de Conservação Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA Joanes/Ipitanga. Foram definidos os seguintes objetivos: investigar a aproximação/distanciamento da Legislação Urbanística e Ambiental brasileira das premissas do Direito à Cidade, quanto à sustentabilidade social e à sustentabilidade ambiental; investigar o processo de ocupação urbana e os fatores que impactam na qualidade urbano-ambiental da área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga, no período 1980 a 2011; realizar o levantamento da Legislação Urbanística e Ambiental aplicada à área, identificando suas convergências e divergências; investigar que fatores ou intervenções, além da fiscalização, poderiam garantir a proteção/preservação da área e inseri-la ambientalmente no Direito à Cidade, de modo conjugado ao direito à água. A metodologia aplicada fundamenta-se numa abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e pesquisa de campo, com observações e entrevistas, estudo que culminou com os seguintes resultados: a) em um momento mais recente do processo de ocupação urbana de Salvador, observa-se um avanço em direção à área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga, resultando no comprometimento da sua qualidade ambiental; b) a desarticulação dos instrumentos legais deixa margem para o seu descumprimento; c) para a área convergem diferentes agentes com seus diferentes interesses no uso e ocupação dessa área; d) dado o quadro geral de escassez de áreas edificáveis na malha urbana contínua de Salvador, a área de influência das bacias hidráulicas das represas do Rio Ipitanga representa a última fronteira a ser explorada no processo de expansão urbana nesse município; e) entretanto essa pressão também se faz presente no território dos Municípios de Simões Filho e Lauro de Freitas, indicando que seria, efetivamente, resultante de três vetores de expansão urbana, com origem nesses três municípios que a compõem. Como se analisou neste trabalho, a síntese possível entre o urbano e o ambiental, na perspectiva do Direito à Cidade, potencialmente resulta das forças sociais que, interagindo conflitantemente sobre o meio, conformam determinadas ambiências urbanas. Longe de esgotar essa discussão, atenta-se aos aspectos que envolvem a ambiência urbana, como direito social e qualidade ambiental. A implantação do Parque Ecológico do Ipitanga na RMS pode vir a ser importante instrumento nesse sentido, desde que, além da fiscalização do uso e ocupação do solo, seja implementado um planejamento urbano-ambiental, com gestão metropolitana participativa, educativa e integrada, num sentido amplo do direito a cidades mais sustentáveis. / Salvador/PPGAU - UFBA

Tough market situation from one side and global competition from another side are persuading companies to search for new manufacturing concepts and try to stay competitive. But “how” to consider “new” manufacturing systems is still a big question mark.This thesis aims to analyze reconfigurability as an enabler for competitiveness in manufacturing systems. The frame of work in this study is “Reconfigurable Manufacturing System” or briefly RMS. In first chapter, some background about reconfigurability has been stated. Then it will continue with research questions, delimitations and expected results.Then the research methodology and challenges for applying RMS have been stated. This chapter explains researchers’ method for data reviewing and data collection. Another focus area in this thesis is SME (Small and Medium size Enterprises). So this report tries also to examine reconfigurability challenges in SMEs. There is a big gap between “ideal” production system and “designing” of this ideal production system. So this thesis tried to increase the knowledge about design of reconfigurable manufacturing systems.In empirical study chapter two case studies have been analysed and as a result a list of challenges for implementing reconfigurable system has been proposed. Then some solutions and methods are proposed in order to answer to challenges. This solutions and methods are then discussed and evaluated.Finally, in last chapter, challenges and prerequisites for implementing reconfigurable manufacturing system in general and for SMEs in specific have been stated. This chapter was ended by expressing future works.

This study seeks to take a closer look at how to create a reliable and repeatable method for comparative measurement and analysis of comfort regarding vibrations in strollers.To achieve this goal the study has been divided in three questions that focuses on established standards and previous studies, a construction of a measurement method and finally a construction of a data analysis method. To answer these questions the study uses information gathered from a literature study, conducted experiments as well as an analysis of quantitative data via descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Furthermore, during the development of the comparative method the authors has made use of various workshops to generate ideas and evaluate the best course of action. This has allowed for rapid iteration of the method that is presented in this report.To make a comparison with previous studies possible, ISO-2631:1, ISO-102361:1 and the Swedish Work Environment Authority’s regulations regarding whole body vibration are used as a foundation for the decisions made. The final method is presented in its entirety, both regardingmeasurement and data analysis. This study also displays an example of how both methods can be used to compare strollers.Additionally, the report applies the developed method on a selection of Thules’ and their competitors’ strollers. For the purpose of anonymity, the strollers’ brand and names has beenreplaced with code names and taken pictures has been replaced by illustrations.Finally, the results of the report is analyzed and discussed to compare the decisions taken throughout the process with each other as well as with the current standards, regulations and previous studies. Moreover, a conclusion in made that the presented methodology is a fair toolfor measurement of the passengers’ comfort with regard whole body vibrations in strollersduring activity. The resulting data is directly comparable on a case-by-case basis, but caution is advised if comparisons are to be made with the guidelines provided in presented standards or the regulations regarding whole body vibration, as these are not adapted for measurementsconducted with children.

No description available.

No description available.