<p>Kostnaderna för fuktskador i Sverige uppskattas årligen uppgå till mångmiljard belopp.</p><p>Fuktskador i byggnader medför också en ökad risk för ohälsa hos brukarna. Kunskapen för</p><p>att producera fuktsäkra byggnader finns men utnyttjas inte i den omfattning den borde.</p><p>Den 1 juli 2007 träder en ny upplaga av Boverkets byggregler i kraft. Förtydliganden har</p><p>gjorts i avsnittet gällande fukt, vilka underlättar verifieringen av entreprenadens</p><p>fuktsäkerhet. Reglerna innefattar också krav på kritiska fukttillstånd i material. Denna studie</p><p>syftar till att kartlägga brister i produktionsskedet och hur produktionen kan utvecklas för att</p><p>motsvara de i Boverkets byggregler ställda krav på fuktsäkerhet.</p><p>Intervjuer har förts med olika representanter i byggbranschen för att ge en helhetssyn av</p><p>fuktproblematiken. Göran Hedenblad vid Boverket menar att tillsynen och kontrollen av</p><p>fukt kan och måste bli bättre på byggarbetsplatsen. Fuktkonsulten Tord Nilsson hävdar att</p><p>de nya kraven innebär ett paradigmskifte som medför stora förändringar på dagens sätt att</p><p>producera byggnader. De intervjuer som gjordes med beställare och entreprenör visar dock</p><p>på både bristande fuktkunskap och bristande strategi för att nå ett fuktsäkert byggande.</p><p>Vid fältstudien påvisades brister i produktionen med avseende på skydd av material och</p><p>konstruktion, uttorkning och utförandet av fuktkvotsmätningar. Många av dessa brister</p><p>härrör från att fuktproblematiken inte har en central roll vare sig i program-, projekteringseller</p><p>produktionsskedet. Vidare konstateras att kunskapsnivån för att hantera fukt kan</p><p>utvecklas hos all personal och i alla delar av byggprocessen.</p><p>Av de observationer som gjorts under fältstudien har åtgärdsförslag till en ökad fuktsäkerhet</p><p>sammanställts i rapporten. Vidare har ett informationsblad utarbetats för att informera om</p><p>fukt och dess skadeverkningar samt att ge några förslag till åtgärder som kan förbättra</p><p>fukthanteringen ute på byggarbetsplatsen. Informationsbladet bör placeras på</p><p>byggarbetsplatsen för att stödja entreprenören i sitt fuktsäkringsarbete.</p><p>Eftersom ramverket för projektet är fastslaget då produktionsfasen tar vid innebär detta</p><p>begränsningar för fuktsäkerhetsarbetet. För att skapa bättre förutsättningar för en fuktsäkrare</p><p>produktion anser vi att en fuktsakkunnig skall anlitas så tidigt som möjligt i projektet.</p> / <p>The costs regarding moisture damages in buildings in Sweden are expected to reach several</p><p>billions SEK each year. These moisture damages also result in an increased risk regarding</p><p>health issues among the users. The knowledge of how to produce moisture secure buildings</p><p>exists, but it is not beeing used to the extent it could be.</p><p>The first of July 2007 a new edition of Boverket´s regulations regarding buildings takes</p><p>effect. Boverket is the Swedish board of housing, building and planning. Clarifications have</p><p>been made concerning moisture issues which facilitate the verifications of moisture security</p><p>in the chain of building production. The regulations also contain demands according to</p><p>critical levels of moisture in building materials. This study is meant to survey errors in the</p><p>production phase and how the production can develop to correspond to the regulations stated</p><p>by Boverket regarding moisture safety.</p><p>We interviewed different representatives in the building sector to give a general impression</p><p>of the moisture issues. Göran Hedenblad at Boverket states that the supervision and control</p><p>regarding moisture on the construction site can and must be improved. The moisture</p><p>consultant Tord Nilsson believes that the new demands will result in huge changes</p><p>concerning the way buildings are produced. The interviews carried out with the future</p><p>proprietor and the contractor displayed a lack of knowledge and strategy concerning how to</p><p>produce moisture secure structures.</p><p>The field study pointed out incongruities concerning how building materials and the</p><p>constructions were protected from moisture influence, evaporation and the control of the</p><p>moisture levels in the structure. Many of these flaws originate from the fact that moisture</p><p>issues are not a central matter, neither in the phase of planning nor production. Further it can</p><p>be established that the level of knowledge regarding how to deal with moisture problems can</p><p>be developed among all personnel and sectors in the building process.</p><p>The observations implemented during the field study have resulted in several preventive</p><p>measures which are compiled in this thesis. Further has an information sheet been put</p><p>together with the purpose to inform about these preventive measures and the damages</p><p>moisture inflicts upon structures and human beings. The information sheet should be placed on the construction site to support the contractors in their work for a more moisture safe</p><p>production.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cambridge, 1994. / Title from Web site (viewed on Oct. 19, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

<p>Idag är krigföringens principer en vedertagen del av svensk doktrin. Så har det inte alltid varit. För ungefär ett sekel sedan tvistade militära tänkare i väst om det överhuvudtaget fanns något som kunde kallas för krigföringens principer. Det finns än idag de som hävdar att det inte finns några principer, eller att krigföring är en konst och inte en vetenskap. I Försvarsmaktens doktriner är dessa principer dock en väsentlig komponent. Detta arbete skildrar hur principerna gradvis tog sig in i Försvarsmaktens reglementen och doktriner för armén samt belyser hur de olika principerna dök upp, byttes ut och fick olika innebörd sedan de först implementerats i ett svenskt reglemente 1924.</p> / <p>The aim of this essay is to outline how the principles of war were implemented in Swedish army regulations and doctrines. The essay attempts to answer the following questions: What trends can be identified with regards to the importance of different principles? How have the principles been understood historically? The material used consists mainly of regulations and doctrine for the Swedish army from different parts of the 20th century. The method of the author is to analyze and compare the different regulations to come to conclusions about the importance of the principles of war in Swedish military history. The results of the essay indicate that surprise is the principle that has been a part of Swedish regulations the longest. This in turn could indicate that surprise is the principle that is the least susceptible to change in tactics and modernization.</p>

This thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes two essays that deal with the pharmaceutical market, and one essay that looks at strategic incentives that arise in optimal treatment involving untried drugs. The second part, consisting of two essays, examines some implications of altruism. Part I: Two of the essays (joint with Mats Ekelund) are empirical studies of the pharmaceutical market in Sweden. We consider all New Chemical Entities (NCEs) introduced in Sweden between 1987 and 1997. In the first essay, we examine drug pricing in the price regulated Swedish market and compare the results with a previous study of the US market, where no such regulation exists. Similar to the US study, we find that relative launch prices are positively correlated with the degree of therapeutic advance. In contrast to the US study, the presence of substitutes has a negligible effect on both launch prices and price dynamics. In the second essay, we consider the empirical relation between therapeutic advance and market shares. We use a model of horizontal and vertical product differentiation to derive a hypothesis that is tested on the NCE data. Vertically differentiated drugs on average gain larger market shares and command higher prices than horizontally differentiated drugs. Moreover, as a general rule competing substitutes have less influence on the former than on the latter. In the third essay, we develop a simple model of strategic interaction in which two agents learn about a common payoff relevant parameter. The motivating example considers two physicians who choose between two treatments, one of which has an unknown success rate. The physicians learn about the unknown treatment by prescribing it (experimenting). We contrast two information scenarios, one in which the physicians can observe the outcomes of their own treatments only, and the other in which they also can observe the outcomes from the other physician’s treatments. The pure equilibria entail an efficient amount of experimentation in both scenarios. However, strong free riding effects arise in the latter case. These are likely to cause Pareto dominated outcomes in which learning is completely thwarted. Part II: The fourth essay (joint with Jörgen W. Weibull) examines the behavior on insurance markets in a large economy when individuals have altruistic concerns for others’ welfare. The main question we address is whether strategic incentives to free ride on others’ altruism can cause insurance market failure. We also study the interaction between altruism and the adverse selection effects that arise when there is asymmetric information about the individuals’ loss probabilities. We find that if the individuals differ in their risk, and if the individual risks are observable by insurers, the degree of altruism must be (perhaps unrealistically) high in order to cause market failure. A more complex pattern is found in the case of asymmetric information: low levels of altruism increase the number of equilibria (compared to the case without altruism), while high levels of altruism cause complete market failure. The fifth essay (joint with Magnus Johannesson) also considers behavior consistentwith preferences for others’ welfare. We are concerned with how subjects allocate moneybetween themselves and others in a dictator game experiment. Deviations from the standard game theoretic prediction of the outcome in this game have been observed in numerous experiments. One possible explanation for this behavior is that individuals have altruistic concerns for others; another explanation is that individuals are motivated by reciprocity. We perform a standard double blind procedure and another design in which anonymity is guaranteed between dictators and recipients, thus removing any remaining reciprocity from the standard procedure. We could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental groups in the two procedures. We interpret this finding as evidence of other-regarding behavior not motivated by reciprocity. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2001

The study takes its point of departure in a widespread notion that decisions should be based on the ‘facts of the matter’. Normative theories of organizational choice, in particular, encourage organizations to base decisions on facts. Many organizations also face explicit requirements to justify their decision-making with factual knowledge. But what if ‘the facts’ are ambiguous? How do organizations make justifiable decisions with ambiguous knowledge? A study of efforts on the part of the Swedish Pharmaceutical Benefits Board to decide whether prescription drugs are ‘reasonable’ to subsidize, suggests that organizations can employ various methods to remove ambiguity of knowledge. However, such attempts at achieving coherent knowledge on which to base decisions often fail. In these cases, though a decision can be made, the choice of one future action to the exclusion of others is delegated – along with the unresolved ambiguity of knowledge. Thus, the study argues that rationalistic demands for ‘knowledgeable’ and ‘justifiable’ decision outcomes, when taken seriously, make it difficult to make choices. Such demands lead to more decisions and fewer choices, since the difficulty in achieving coherence between multiple knowledge claims will delegate the actual choices to practice. Knowledge-based decision-making could therefore tend to be conservative vis-à-vis the practices that it seeks to control. This has, for instance, implications for the possibility of using ‘evidence-based policy-making’ as a means of setting priorities in healthcare. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2006

The overarching aim of this dissertation is to study divergences in assessments of social assistance in Swedish social welfare offices. ‘Assessments’ here refers to whether applications for social assistance are granted or not, as well as the size of subsidies. Another aim with the dissertation is to explore whether differences in assessments have changed over time. A primary focus in this study is the importance of elements of changing character, e.g. varying organizational and individual conditions. Among these elements, the main focus is on the relation between organizational factors and professional discretion among social workers. Primary data used for the study has been assembled among social workers (n=121) in eleven municipalities in the northern Stockholm area. The main section of the questionnaire used for assembling data consists of six vignettes, each describing a different situation. Data is supplemented with secondary material that derives from a similar study conducted in 1994. Overall, findings show considerable divergences in the way social workers make their assessments. Some of the divergences are explained by different organizational conditions, e.g. varying levels of specialization and size of caseloads. Individual factors, such as sex, age and varying professional characteristics, e.g. work experience, influence the assessments only to a limited degree, while attitudes among social workers play a larger role. The study also indicates a substantial decrease in generosity over time. This might to some extent be explained by changed and elaborated set of regulations in the sphere of social assistance. Further, the individual divergences in assessments have increased over time. A plausible interpretation of the results is that an increasing number of regulations combined with professional discretion, entails a larger scope for social workers’ opinions and individual screening among rules.

Idag är krigföringens principer en vedertagen del av svensk doktrin. Så har det inte alltid varit. För ungefär ett sekel sedan tvistade militära tänkare i väst om det överhuvudtaget fanns något som kunde kallas för krigföringens principer. Det finns än idag de som hävdar att det inte finns några principer, eller att krigföring är en konst och inte en vetenskap. I Försvarsmaktens doktriner är dessa principer dock en väsentlig komponent. Detta arbete skildrar hur principerna gradvis tog sig in i Försvarsmaktens reglementen och doktriner för armén samt belyser hur de olika principerna dök upp, byttes ut och fick olika innebörd sedan de först implementerats i ett svenskt reglemente 1924. / The aim of this essay is to outline how the principles of war were implemented in Swedish army regulations and doctrines. The essay attempts to answer the following questions: What trends can be identified with regards to the importance of different principles? How have the principles been understood historically? The material used consists mainly of regulations and doctrine for the Swedish army from different parts of the 20th century. The method of the author is to analyze and compare the different regulations to come to conclusions about the importance of the principles of war in Swedish military history. The results of the essay indicate that surprise is the principle that has been a part of Swedish regulations the longest. This in turn could indicate that surprise is the principle that is the least susceptible to change in tactics and modernization.

This study is about care managers, who process in the care of the elderly, regarding to needs, rules, regulations, guidelines and their freedom of space.   The purpose with this study is to understand how the care managers process out of the basis from the needs of the elderly, the municipal guidelines in relation to the caremanagers freedom of space. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on semistructured interviews with five different care managers. To analyze our interview material we have use the street-level bureaucrat theory by Lipsky and Johansson and the theoretical idea empowerment.   Before we started our research about care managers we had an understanding in that the organization had an influence in the judgment of the needs of the elderly. Now we have an understanding in that the relative to the elderly is the one who wants to affect the care manager during the judgment of needs in what effort to make.   Our study indicates that it exist insecurity regarding to the municipal guidelines, which was surprising. We thought that the guideline was something positive and a help full tool for the care managers. The result in our research points out that the guidelines makes insecurity instead of comfort. Our study shows that the care managers are contradictory regarding to their freedom of space. In the other hand they consider that their freedom of space is positive, but on the other hand when the municipal guidelines don´t work, they become worried and insecure. It´s the none working municipal guidelines who gives the care managers a huge freedom of space. Which leads to that the care managers is afraid of doing misjudgments.   Our result don´t distinguish from other studies made in this subject area.

The overall purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Palestinian refugees on Lebanese politics. The role of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon is discussed within the framework of explaining the political character of the Lebanese state. In this context the Lebanese state&rsquo / s perception concerning the Palestinians refugees in Lebanon is analyzed through explaining the living conditions of the refugees and the Palestinian military and political activities in Lebanon as well as the restrictions of the Lebanese laws and regulations on the Palestinian refugees. It is argued that the Lebanese state follows discriminitary policies against the existence of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.

The Swedish Accounting Standards Board has developed rules of simplification to unlisted companies in Sweden. This project is called the K-project and is divided into four different categories, K1-K4, after the different companies’ size and legal form. The K-project was put together to develop how the ongoing reporting should be ended with an annual report. 2013 is the year to choose between K2 and K3-regulations in smaller, unlisted companies. Therefore, we wonder if the choice between those regulations will affect the trust in the relationship between the business management and the accounting consultant and/or the auditor. We used the trust theory because a lot of the companies outsourced both their ongoing accounting and/or their financial statement, the companies don’t always think that competence is within the company and some companies must use an auditor. Because of that we will find out how the companies trust is affected for the consultant or/and the auditor. To find out how the trust is in the company we did a qualitative study because we want to create a discussion about the trust, we need to describe it. We made a case study because we don’t want to compare K2 and K3-regulations with each other; we just like to use the regulations as our case. We decided to collect our data by interviewing ten persons in different companies and different branches. Our conclusion is that our companies don’t want to make any decisions about the regulation choice and they feel trust towards the consultant or auditor to make the decision. The trust is affected by the consultants or auditors honesty and wants them to tell both positive and negative things about the new accounting regulations. / Bokföringsnämnden har utvecklat förenklingsregler för onoterade företag i Sverige, detta projekt kallas för K-projektet och är uppdelat i fyra olika kategorier, K1-K4, efter företagens storlek och associationsform. K-projektet utvecklades för att sammanställa reglerna för hur den löpande redovisningen ska avslutas med en årsredovisning. Mindre och onoterade aktiebolag ska under år 2013 välja om de ska tillämpa K2 eller K3-reglerna i sitt företag och vi har därmed valt att analysera företagsledningens förtroende för redovisningskonsulten och/eller revisorn i valet av dessa regler för att det är aktuellt under detta år. Vi valde att använda oss av förtroendeteorin därför att många företag outsourcar den löpande redovisningen och/eller bokslutet på grund av att den förmågan inte finns i företaget och för att en del aktiebolag är tvungna att använda sig av en revisor. Vi ville därför ta reda på hur förtroendet påverkas vid valet av K2 eller K3-reglerna. För att kunna få reda på vad som påverkar förtroendet valde vi att göra en kvalitativ undersökning eftersom vi ville skapa en diskussion kring förtroendet då det måste beskrivas. K-reglerna är relativt nya men vi ville inte jämföra dem med varandra utan vi valde K2 och K3-reglerna som vårt fall istället och därmed gjorde vi en fallstudie. Empirin samlade vi in genom att intervjua tio respondenter från mindre och onoterade aktiebolag inom olika branscher i närområdet. Vår slutsats visar att respondenterna vill att redovisningskonsulten eller revisorn ska fatta beslutet om företaget ska tillämpa K2 eller K3-reglerna därför att de känner förtroende för denna person sedan tidigare samarbeten. Förtroendet för konsulten eller revisorn påverkas av ärligheten hos personen eftersom företagsledningen är intresserad av det som är positivt och negativt inom redovisningen.