L'ensemble de mon travail a été réalisé grâce a l'utilisation de logiciel libre. / La demande d'applications pour les plateformes mobiles a explosé ces dernières années. Chaque compagnie souhaite maintenant offrir pour ces nouveaux appareils les mêmes services que ceux offerts traditionnellement sur internet. Cependant, ces entreprises n'ont bien souvent que peu ou pas de connaissances concernant le développement et le déploiement de tels services. Généralement, la solution choisie consiste à externaliser ce travail en le sous-traitant à une autre compagnie. Dans ce contexte, il est souvent compliqué de s'assurer d'une part que le sous-traitant respecte le cahier des charges et d'autre part que le travail fourni est conforme aux recommandations émises par les fabricants des plateformes mobiles. Afin de pallier au second problème, nous avons créé un système de listes de vérification interactives pour plateformes mobiles. Ce système permet d'évaluer le niveau de conformité des différents composants de l'interface d'une application développée pour une plateforme mobile avec les recommandations du fabricant de cette plateforme. La solution retenue permet de se concentrer sur certains éléments particuliers de l'interface et pallie ainsi aux limites des listes de vérification classiques qui sont souvent trop longues et peu pratiques. La solution retenue offre de plus la possibilité de comparer facilement les caractéristiques des plateformes mobiles entre elles. Pour réaliser ce système, nous avons consulté de nombreux documents portant sur l'univers des plateformes mobiles afin de mieux appréhender leurs spécificités. Suite à l'étude de différentes plateformes, deux d’entre elles, soit iOS et BlackBerry, ont été retenues (il faut noter que la compagnie où s'est effectuée la recherche disposait déjà d'applications pour ces plateformes). Nous avons ensuite analysé plus finement la documentation technique fournie par chacun des fabricants afin d'en extraire les points importants. Afin que les données soient comparables, nous avons créé une nomenclature commune regroupant les composants de l'interface graphique en grandes familles (ex. : barres, saisie d'information, …) en tenant compte également du type d'interaction avec l'appareil (ex. : écran tactile). Nous avons ensuite conçu une solution permettant d'évaluer le niveau de conformité d'une application. L'idée retenue se base sur des listes de vérification permettant de systématiser le processus d'évaluation. Pour pallier aux limites de ces listes, souvent trop longues, nous permettons à l'utilisateur, via un ensemble de filtres, de se concentrer sur un sous-ensemble de composants de l’interface qu'il souhaite évaluer. L'implémentation de cette solution a été réalisée en totalité grâce à des technologies libres et de standard ouvert. De cette façon, nous nous sommes assurés de la portabilité de la solution développée et de l’absence de coûts supplémentaires liés à l'achat de licences. Le système utilise les standards web et repose sur une architecture basée sur le système d'exploitation GNU/Linux, le serveur web Apache, la base de données MySQL et le langage de scripts PHP. Ces logiciels ont déjà fait leurs preuves aussi bien pour les entreprises que pour les particuliers. De plus, la communauté très active qui s'est constituée autour de ces logiciels assure un bon support et une grande stabilité. Après avoir fait le choix de l’environnement de développement, la phase d'implémentation s'est ensuite déroulée en plusieurs étapes. Tout d'abord, l'information a été structurée selon la nomenclature mentionnée plus haut afin de créer le schéma de la base de données. Ensuite, toutes les pages ont été codées avec le langage à balises HTML et les scripts PHP pour le côté serveur et avec JavaScript pour le côté client. Enfin, l'information peut être affichée grâce aux feuilles de style en cascade (CSS), une technologie web permettant de séparer le fond de la forme en matière de mise en page. Nous avons choisi un modèle de développement itératif qui a impliqué les principaux utilisateurs dès les premières étapes de la conception du système. Cette implication s’est poursuivie jusqu’à la fin du projet afin de s'assurer que les fonctionnalités mises en place répondaient aux attentes. L’architecture modulaire qui a été retenue permet également d’adapter facilement le système aux besoins futurs. Afin de mieux comprendre comment on utilise le système, on passe en revue les différentes étapes nécessaires à la réalisation d'une évaluation. Enfin, on a réalisé une étude avec quatre utilisateurs pour évaluer l'utilisabilité du système et recueillir leur niveau de satisfaction. / The need for mobile platforms has increased in the last decade. Companies offering traditional internet services now want to move their applications on these new devices. But, most of the time, these companies do not really have the knowledge to create such applications and often ask a third party company to do the job for them. In this context, it is difficult to evaluate if the solution developed follows the recommendations of the device maker. A system based on interactive check lists has thus been created for this purpose. This system enables the evaluation of the conformity level of an application with the recommendations of the device maker, thanks to numerous filters that let the user focus on specific parts of the graphic interface. The idea behind the project was first to address some problematic issues with classical check lists and to enable the comparison of several mobile platforms with regard to specific interface components. To create this system, a lot of information about mobile platforms has first been collected. After reviewing many mobile platforms, it was decided to focus on iOS and BlackBerry, since the company where the research was performed had already applications running on them. For each platform, the major recommandations to be satisfied were identified. Also, to be sure that the extracted recommendations could be compared, a common nomenclature has been created, where the recommandations are grouped by interface components (ex: bars, data input,…) and by the type of interaction (ex: touch screen). After these preliminary steps, a solution for evaluating the level of compliance was created. We favored a check list approach because it offers a systematic evaluation process. To avoid lists of excessive length, filters were introduced in the system to allow the user to focus on particular aspects of the interface. The implementation was totally realized with open source technologies and open standards. This choice was motivated by the portability of the developed system and by the absence of licence fees. The system relies on web standards and runs on an architecture made of the CNU/Linux operating system, Apache web server, MySQL database and the script language PHP. This software has already proven its reliability for enterprises and for home users. Furthermore, the community evolving around this software offers a good support and ensures a high level of stability. After setting up the development environment, the implementation phase was engaged and took place over a number of phases. The first phase was the creation of the database structure, using the aforementioned nomenclature. The next phase was dedicated to the coding of the different web pages, thanks to the tag language HTML and the PHP scripts on the server side and JavaScript on the client side. Finally, the web page setting was developed using the cascading style sheet (CSS), a web technology that segregates the substance from the style of the web content. We chose an iterative development model where the end users were involved from the early stages of the project. This approach provides a guarantee that the user requirements are fulfilled and that any new developments will be in accordance with the expectations. Furthermore, the system is such that it can be easily modified to tackle future needs. To be able to understand how we use the systeme, we are reviewing the different steps needed to realise an evaluation. Finally, we have made a study with four users to evaluate the usability of the system and to gather their satisfaction level.

Ståndort är ett område där ett bestånd av en viss växt finns, ofta avses träd inom skogsproduktion. Förutsättningarna för detta, ståndortsfaktorer, återfinns i markens egenskaper (edafiska faktorer) och klimatet. Dessa påverkar därigenom växtens produktion, något som särskilt är av intresse inom skogsbruket och de skogliga vetenskaperna. Till detta kommer att växter samspelar med andra växter och organismer såsom svampar, bakterier och djur, och även den antropogena påverkan med faktorer såsom husdjursbete, atmosfäriskt nedfall och skogsproduktion har en stark inverkan på vegetationen. Utifrån att studera några av de mer kända teorierna om växtsamhällen och -strategier samt olika vinklar av ståndortsfaktorer var hypotesen att det går att få fram en problematiserande bild och hitta störfaktorer (confoundingvariabler), som kan ge felaktiga tolkningar av resultat. Ett antal kända verk inom vegetationsklassificering gicks igenom, kompletterat med stödjande litteratur. En artikelsökning genomfördes också, med kombinationer av specifika sökord med anknytning till ståndort. För att begränsa urvalet och ge en mer regional prägel på arbetet ställdes sökfiltren i artikelsökningen in på att enbart visa resultat från Skandinavien och Finland. Artiklarna delades in efter teman och behandlades efter dessa. Även om få huvudsakliga faktorer styr vegetationen finns flera variabler som lokalt har en stor betydelse, såsom snö, genetiska egenskaper och symbios med andra organismer. Dessa variabler kan vara svåra att mäta och det finns mycket på detaljnivå som är dåligt undersökt. Markanvändningar påverkar de edafiska faktorerna långt efter att brukandet ändrats eller upphört, men detta har olika stor lokal påverkan. Kvävets och kolets halter och cykler är återkommande osäkerhetsfaktorer i artiklarna, där det atmosfäriska kvävenedfallet spelar en viktig men ojämn roll, och jämförbara mätningar försvåras av skillnader i väder och klimat. Till detta kommer påverkan av markorganismer, vilka har en mycket viktig del i växternas näringsupptag, men är svår att mäta. Även om alla aspekter av en växtplats inte kan tas med bör fler felkällor tas i beaktande och modeller ha möjlighet att kalibreras mot olika teorier om växtsamhällen och -strategier. Flera faktorer som traditionellt inte räknas som ståndortsfaktorer, såsom snödjup, symbios med markorganismer och markanvändning, kan vara betydelsefulla att ta med i exempelvis modellering. / A site is an area where a population of a specific plant species has its habitat, often the connotation is forestry. The prerequisites for this, the site indices (also site variables or stand variables), can be found in the characteristics of the ground (edaphic factors) as well as the climatic impact. These elements affect the growth and production, which is of interest in forestry and forest sciences. Upon this the plants interact with each other as well as with other organisms, i.e. fungi, bacteria and animals, and there is also an anthropogenic impact where factors such as livestock grazing, atmospheric deposition and forest production strongly affects the vegetation. By studying some of the more prominent theories on vegetation societies/sociologies and plant strategies, as well as different aspects of the site concept, the hypothesis was that a problematizing picture of site indices can be found and some confounding variables that can give erroneous interpretation of results. A number of major works in vegetation classification was gone through, supplemented by supporting literature. An article search was conducted to find journal articles, using combinations of specific search terms related to site indices. To narrow down the results and give a more regional touch to the thesis, the filter was set only to show results from Scandinavia and Finland. The articles were grouped into themes and handled theme-wise. Even though there are few principal factors controlling the vegetation there are a number of variables which locally can have a large impact, such as snow, genetic traits and symbiosis. These variables can be hard to measure, and a lot of things at a detailed level are poorly investigated. Land use modifies the edaphic properties long after the usage have changed or been discontinued. The amounts and cycles of nitrogen and carbon are recurrent uncertainties in the articles, where deposits of nitrogen from the atmosphere plays an important but uneven role and measurements can be hard to compare due to differences in weather and climate. Added to this, organisms in the ground have a major role in the plants’ nutrient uptake, but the effects can be hard to study. A concluding remark is that even though all aspects of a site cannot always be included more confounding variables could be taken in account and models should be able to be calibrated to different theories on vegetation societies/sociologies and plant strategies. Many factors normally not counted as site indices, i.e. snow depth, soil biota symbiosis, and land use, could be valuable to include in e.g. modelling.

Abstract : Activation of the antigen presentation mechanisms by cancer cells is one of the main pathways used by the immune system for tumor detection and suppression. Induction of the expression of molecules of the Major Histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) by the interferon- (IFN) is important for the efficient presentation of tumor antigens. Nevertheless, it has been observed that expression of these molecules is supressed in tissular contexts where the concentration of estradiol (E2) is high. In this work we attempted to explain if the down-regulation exerted by estradiol on the expression of the MHC-II molecules in breast cancer cells was mediated by a silencing effect of the estrogen receptor- (ER) through a possible estrogen receptor binding site (ERBS) in the locus of promoter IV (pIV) of the master regulator of MHC-II expression, the class II transactivator (CIITA). The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (ER-/ERβ-) and its stable transfectants MC2 (ER+) and VC5 (empty vector) were used as model cell lines. Expression of the MCH-II molecules is controlled by CIITA, and stimulation with IFN activates the transcription of the pIV of CIITA. Stimulation of these cell lines with IFN induced expression of the MCH-II molecules and addition of E2 repressed such expression only in the MC2 cell line, as observed by flow cytometry analysis. Six other breast cancer cell lines were tested, with only the MCF7 cell line showing a significant inhibition. Then we analyzed if the inhibition of the MHC-II expression was due to a down-regulation of CIITA. Protein analysis performed by western blot and mRNA quantification by RT-qPCR both revealed down-regulation of CIITA in the cells exposed to IFN+E2 compared to those treated only with IFN. However, reporter gene analysis did not demonstrate any influence of our candidate ERBS in the inhibition of the activation of CIITA-pIV. ChIP-seq analysis of the VC5 and MC2 cell lines for ER also failed to demonstrate any binding of the receptor anywhere in the vicinity of the CIITA locus. However gene ontology and disease ontology analysis of the sequencing data showed a higher activation of tumorigenic cellular pathways in the cells treated with IFN + E2 than in the cells treated only with E2. These results suggest that activation of the inflammatory pathways by IFN could exert a detrimental effect on the cancer development. / Résumé : L’activation des mécanismes de présentation antigénique par les cellules cancéreuses est l’une des voies principales employées par le système immunitaire pour la détection et la suppression des tumeurs. L’induction de l’expression de molécules du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH-II) par l’interféron- (IFN) est importante pour la présentation efficace des antigènes tumoraux. Cependant, il a été observé que l’expression de ces molécules est supprimée dans certains tissus dans lesquels la concentration d’estradiol (E2) est élevée. Dans ce travail, nous avons tenté de déterminer si l’inhibition exercée par l’estrogène (E2) sur l'expression des molécules du CMH-II dans des cellules de cancer du sein est médiée par un effet de silençage du récepteur de l’estrogène- (ER) à travers d’un possible site de liaison de récepteur d'estrogène (ERBS) dans le locus du promoteur IV du régulateur clé de l’expression du CMH-II, CIITA. La lignée cancéreuse mammaire cellulaire de cancer de sein MDA-MB-231 (ER-/ERβ-) et ses transfectants stables MC2 (ER+) et VC5 (vecteur vide) ont été utilisés comme des lignées cellulaires modèles. L'expression des molécules du CMH-II est contrôlée par CIITA, et la stimulation avec l’IFN active la transcription du pIV de CIITA. La stimulation de ces lignées cellulaires avec l’IFN induit l'expression des molécules du CMH-II et l'addition d’E2 réprime de cette expression seulement dans la lignée cellulaire MC2, telle qu'elle est observée par analyse de cytométrie de flux. Six autres lignées de cancer de sein ont été testées et seulement la lignée cellulaire MCF7 montrait une inhibition significative. Ensuite, nous avons analysé si l'inhibition de l'expression du CMH-II était due à une régulation de CIITA. L'analyse des protéines effectuée par Western blot et la quantification de l'ARNm par RT-qPCR quantitative ont révélé une inhibition de CIITA dans les cellules exposées à l’IFN + E2 par rapport à celles traitées seulement avec l’IFN. Cependant, des analyses avec un gène rapporteur n'ont pas démontré une influence quelconque de notre site de liaison de récepteur d'estrogène candidat dans l'inhibition de l'activation de CIITA-pIV. Des analyses de ChIP-seq dans les lignées cellulaires MC2 et VC5 pour l’ER n’ont également pas démontré la présence d’une liaison du récepteur dans le voisinage du locus de CIITA. Cependant, des analyses sur l'ontologie des gènes et des maladies sur les données de séquençage ont montré une activation accrue des voies cellulaires cancéreuses dans les cellules traitées avec IFN + E2 comparé avec les cellules traitées uniquement avec E2. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'activation des voies inflammatoires par l’IFN pourrait exercer un effet plus négatif qu’anticipé sur le développement du cancer. [Symboles non conformes]

XerC et XerD, deux recombinases impliquées dans la recombinaison site spécifique, résolvent les multimères d’ADN en monomères. Cette réaction se produit au niveau du site dif du chromosome, et nécessite le domaine C-terminale de la protéine de division cellulaire FtsK. Caulobacter crescentus est une bactérie aquatique de type Gram-négative qui se retrouve dans plusieurs environnements. Elle présente un cycle cellulaire asymétrique avec deux types de cellules distinctes. Cette propriété peut être utilisée pour synchroniser la croissance d’une population bactérienne pour permettre l’étude de l’expression de gènes à travers le temps et les liens entre le cycle cellulaire et le développement de la bactérie. La liaison à l’ADN et la capacité de former des complexes covalents (phosphotyrosyl) avec le site dif de C. crescentus (ccdif) ont été testé pour les recombinases de C. crescentus (ccXerC et ccXerD). Les deux recombinases ont eu une meilleure liaison au demi-site gauche de ccdif et sont incapable d’effectuer une liaison coopérative, contrairement à ce qui se produit au niveau du site dif de E. coli. La formation de complexes covalents a été testé en utilisant des «substrats suicides avec bris» marqués à la fluorescence ainsi que des protéines de fusion (marquées ou non à la fluorescence). Des complexes ADN-protéines résistants à la chaleur et au SDS ont été observé lors de la réaction de ccXerC et ccXerD de type sauvage avec ccdif, mais pas lors de la réaction de mutants avec le même ADN. Des complexes covalents phosphotyrosine sont formés de façon plus efficace sur les substrats suicides avec un bris au niveau du brin supérieur que ceux ayant un bris au niveau du brin inférieur. Dans les deux cas, c’est ccXerC qui est resté lié de façon covalente à l’ADN de ccdif. / In most bacteria, the chromosomal dimer resolution process is mediated by two tyrosine recombinases, XerC and XerD, which bind cooperatively and perform the recombination reaction at the dif site near the terminus of replication. This reaction also requires the C-terminal domain of the cell division protein FtsK. Caulobacter crescentus is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium found in various environments. This bacterium has an asymmetric cell cycle which can be used to synchronize cell growth in order to study the temporal expression of a gene and the interconnection between the cell cycle and development. The binding activity and the formation of phosphotyrosyl complex of the C. crescentus recombinases, ccXerC and ccXerD, were tested on the C. crescentus dif (ccdif) site. Both ccXerC and ccXerD bound preferentially to the left half-site of ccdif and showed reduced cooperative binding, unlike what was found with the E. coli dif site. Covalent complex formation activity was tested by using fluorescently labelled linear “nicked suicide substrates” and labelled proteins. Heat and SDS-resistant protein-DNA complexes were formed when both wild-type ccXerC and ccXerD reacted with ccdif but not in the presence of active-site tyrosine mutant proteins. Phosphotyrosine complexes formed on the top-nicked suicide substrate were found to be more efficient than on the bottom-nicked suicide substrates and surprisingly ccXerC remained bound to both top and bottom-nicked ccdif suicide substrates.

A newly discovered cysteine protease, Prp, has been shown to perform an essential, site-specific cleavage of ribosomal protein L27 in Staphylococcus aureus. In Firmicutes and related bacteria, ribosomal protein L27 is encoded with a conserved N-terminal extension that must be removed to expose residues critical for ribosome function. Uncleavable and pre-cleaved variants were unable to complement an L27 deletion in S. aureus, indicating that this N-terminal processing event is essential and likely plays an important regulatory role. The gene encoding the responsible protease (prp) has been shown to be essential, and is found in all organisms encoding the N-terminal extension of L27. Cleavage of L27 by Prp represents a new target for potential antibiotic therapy. In order to characterize this protease, Prp has been overexpressed and purified. Using an assay we have developed, based on cleavage of a fluorogenic peptide derived from the conserved L27 cleavage sequence, we have undertaken an analysis of the enzyme kinetics and substrate specificity for Prp cleavage and tested predictions made based on a structural model using active-site mutants.

Over a decade after the regulation change in Virginia allowing individuals without teaching experience to pursue school counseling careers, no known study had focused exclusively on differences site supervisors observe when training school counselors from different professional backgrounds and the extent to which those counselors employ a tailored supervision approach in the clinical setting. While site supervisor training has been an area of interest in recent articles (e.g., Dollarhide & Miller, 2006), its relationship to supervision philosophies and technique differentiation has not been previously addressed. The researcher investigated those topics using a mixed-method research design shaped by suggestions from recent literature (e.g., Better-Fitzhugh, 2010; DeKruyf, 2007; Luke, Ellis, & Bernard, 2011; Miller & Dollarhide, 2006; Peterson & Deuschle, 2006; Stephens, 2008). This study analyzed site supervisors’ perspectives on supervision, the role training can play in developing site supervisors’ confidence and philosophical orientation, and the beliefs and practices site supervisors employ when supervising former teachers and non-teachers. Observed differences between former teachers and non-teachers in the clinical setting existed, yet 7 out of 12 site supervisors did not differentiate their supervision approach in order to close this gap. Findings from both Phase I (survey) and Phase II (interview) of this study indicated that practice is linked to training. Site supervisors who reported receiving supervision training were more likely to work from a philosophy of site supervision, feel more confident about their ability to supervise, and believe that differences between former teachers and non-teachers were slight and could be overcome with supportive, intentional supervision.

Por meio da experiência em processos de criação do grupo Teatro da Vertigem, como dramaturgista durante oito anos, pudemos observar transformações na esfera de ação do dramaturgismo. Em continuidade com a ampliação da noção de dramaturgia e dos diferentes modos como têm se integrado aos processos de criação, ao abarcar a materialidade das obras cênicas, a experimentação nas práticas dramatúrgicas coloca a pesquisa artística em outro patamar de complexidade, o que torna necessário investigar sobre suas atividades e, especialmente, o papel da dimensão crítica no interior da criação. Particularmente, são exploradas três experiências no Teatro da Vertigem, a saber: Bom Retiro 958 metros, Patronato 999 metros e Dire ce qu\'on ne pense pas dans des langues qu\'on ne parle pas. São exemplos de trabalhos artísticos realizados no espaço da cidade, a partir da especificidade do lugar, também chamado site-specific work. Neles, o contexto socioespacial torna-se matéria prima da investigação do dramaturgista, ao acionar campos de tensão entre conceitos que, por sua vez, nutrem a produção, ao mesmo tempo em que esta interfere nos contextos. Portanto, esta pesquisa pretende demonstrar a possibilidade do dramaturgista atuar com o objetivo de aprofundar e problematizar a própria crítica que o trabalho artístico deseja efetuar, tendo em vista o processo contínuo de absorção e neutralização da crítica pela linguagem da mercadoria. Esta prática, estamos chamando de dramaturgismo crítico. / Through the experience in creative processes of the theatre group Teatro da Vertigem, as a dramaturg for eight years, transformations on the dramaturg work field were observed. Continuing the amplification of dramaturgy\'s notion and the different ways that it has been integrated to creation processes, which includes scenic work art\'s materiality, the experimentation on performing arts practices puts artistic research on another level of complexity. That demands investigation of its activities, concerning specially the role of the critic\'s dimension inside the creative process. Three experiences by Teatro da Vertigem are investigated: Bom Retiro 958 metros, Patronato 999 metros and Dire ce qu\'on ne pense pas dans des langues qu\'on ne parle pas. Those are examples of artistic works made at the city space, inspired by the particularities of that specific places, which is called site-specific work. In those works, the social and spatial background becomes the raw material of dramaturg\'s research, by activating tension between concepts that feeds the production. At the same time, this production interferes in that context. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate the possibility of a dramaturg work with the goal of deepen and criticize the critique that the artistic work aims to do, considering the ongoing process, assembled by commodity\'s language, that absorbs and neutralizes the critique. This practice will be called \"critical dramaturgism\".

[pt] Esta tese analisa as relações entre futuros professores, estudantes de Ensino Médio Normal, jornais impressos e sites de notícia. Seu objetivo é saber com que frequência esses jovens acompanham as notícias através de cada suporte, por que tipo de informação se interessam e quais publicações e sites são lidos por eles. Aprofundando essas questões, analisa o impacto que a mídia tem sobre seu dia a dia. A pesquisa tem como principal referencial teórico os estudos de Roger Chartier, especialmente no que diz respeito ao que autor chama de Revolução Digital. Participaram da pesquisa, de bases qualitativa e quantitativa, 253 alunos de nove escolas estaduais – quatro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e cinco de municípios da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Eles responderam a um questionário com informações sobre sua relação com os meios de comunicação, suas práticas de leitura e as de seus pais e amigos, seu futuro profissional, como suas escolas utilizam a mídia e dados sócio-econômicos. A análise dos questionários mostra que esse público, em sua maioria, é formado por mulheres de cor parda. Esses estudantes leem mais jornais impressos do que sites, apesar de terem acesso à internet. Eles valorizam a informação, pois sabem que estar em dia com as notícias traz benefícios, como estar mais preparado para o vestibular e protegido dos perigos do mundo. As notícias que leem estão mais voltadas para interesses pessoais do que profissionais. Eles acreditam também que a escola é o espaço de discussão sobre a mídia, mas, a partir de suas respostas, percebe-se que seus colégios não fazem uso desse instrumento como deveriam – são poucos os que têm acesso livre a jornais e sites em suas instituições de ensino. Seu contato com os jornais se dá principalmente em casa, mostrando que os pais desempenham um papel importante nesse processo. / [en] This thesis analyzes the interaction between teachers, Normal School students, newspapers and news sites. Its objective is to know how often these students follow the news through each media, what kind of information is interesting in their opinion and what publications and web sites are read by them. Deepening these issues, also analyzes the possible impact that the media has on their daily lives. It takes as main reference Roger Chartier’s theory, especially with regard to what the author says about Digital Revolution. The research involved quantitative and qualitative basis, with 253 students of nine state schools - four in the city of Rio de Janeiro and five in the metropolitan area of the state of Rio de Janeiro. They answered a questionnaire with information about their relationship with the media, their reading practices and those of their parents and friends, their professional future, how do their schools use media and socio-economic data. The analysis of the questionnaires shows that the public mostly consists of women of mixed ethnicity. These students, to keep up, read more newspapers than news sites, although they have wide access to the internet. They value the information because they know that being up to date with the news brings benefits such as being more prepared for exams and more protected from the dangers of the world, besides having more content. The news they read are more focused on personal than professional interests. They also believe that school is a space for discussion and reflection on the media, but, from their answers, we can notice that their schools do not use this instrument as they should - there are few who have free access to newspapers and sites on their educational institutions. Their contact with the papers is at home, thus showing that parents play an important role in this process.

La circulation hydrothermale océanique est un élément clé dans le transfert de chaleur et de matière des profondeurs de la Terre vers sa surface. Certains sites hydrothermaux produisent de grandes quantités d’hydrogène et de méthane. C’est le cas du site de Rainbow (36°N), situé sur la dorsale médio-atlantique, auquel on s’intéresse ici. Les fortes concentrations d’hydrogène ([H2]=16 mM kg-1) et de méthane ([CH4]=2,5 mM kg-1) des fluides chauds (~365°C) émis par ce site ont été interprétées comme étant issues de l’hydratation des péridotites du diapir mantellique qui constitue son socle géologique du site, mais l’altération d’assemblages gabbroïques pourrait également être à l’origine de sa production d’hydrogène. Ces processus géochimiques dépendent fortement des caractéristiques de l’écoulement des fluides au sein de la matrice poreuse et fracturée du site. Cette étude a donc consisté au développement et à l’application de modèle numériques, thermo-hydrogéologique et géochimique et de leur chaînage, dans le but de caractériser la circulation hydrothermale, la production d’hydrogène et son transport au sein du site de Rainbow. Plusieurs résultats découlent de ces modélisations : la circulation hydrothermale est tridimensionnelle, de faible extension horizontale (Ø~2-8km), doit très probablement être canalisée par un chemin préférentiel de forte perméabilité, et peut être stable sur plusieurs milliers d’années. Nous avons pu montrer que l’hydrogène est produit par serpentinisation en amont de la zone de décharge et estimer les coefficients cinétiques in situ, la quantité d’hydrogène produite et montrer la possibilité d’une production d’une durée supérieure à 25 000 ans. / Hydrothermal activity along the axis of mid-ocean ridges is a key driver for energy and matter transfer from the Earth’s interior to the ocean floor. Numerous hydrothermal sites have been discovered, and some of them emit high quantities of hydrogen and methane. In this manuscript, the presented studies focus on the Rainbow site (36°N), situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest. The high hydrogen and methane concentrations ([H2]=16 mM kg-1and [CH4]=2,5 mM kg-1) of the hot fluids at this site have been interpreted as indicators of ongoing serpentinization processes. However, such high hydrogen and methane concentrations might be also produced by gabbroic alteration processes which could lead to a mineral assemblage such as chlorite + talc + magnetite + tremolite. These alteration processes are strongly dependent on the hydrothermal circulation characteristics and behaviours. In this study, we developed and used thermo-hydrogeological and geochemical numerical models, and their coupling, for characterization of hydrothermal circulation, and hydrogen production and transport, of the Rainbow vent site. We showed that hydrothermal circulation is conditioned by its 3D spatial configuration. This circulation is of small dimension (Ø > 2km), and should probably be organized by a preferential pathway of high permeability values. It has remained stable for several thousand years. We also showed that hydrogen was a product of serpentinization process that occurs far from the discharge zone. We estimated in situ kinetic coefficients, and the hydrogen mass currently produced each year. We showed the possibility of a long lifetime hydrogen production (>25000 yrs).

The aim of this study was to investigate if SI from HPR-data from harvesters and soil moisture classes from digital depth to water maps could be used to support site adaption of regenerations within stands. The study was made on pine and spruce stands in central Sweden. The number of plants/ha, plant height, growth and damage were measured at plot level and for these plots also soil moisture classes and SI were derived from digital maps and HPR. The study shows a potential using SI from HPR and depth to water maps for site adaption of regenerations and to vary tree species within stands. Variations of SI and soil moisture are important within stands regarding different tree species establishment, growth and damage. But also, for sites with medium SI were the choice between pine and spruce is not obvious and in stands with a high spread in SI.