Ce travail traite deux problèmes rencontrés dans les environnements où l'on utitlise un SGBD de haut niveau sémantique et où les traitements réalisés sont peu structurés et évolutifs et se font sur des objets complexes et volumineux. II s"appui sur l'expérience acquise dans la réalisation des projets TIGRE ET DOEOIS. Le premier aspect porte sur la cohérence sémantique, ce qui concerne plus particulièrement les contraintes implicitement établies lors de la définition du schéma conceptuel de la base. La sémantique introduite dans les modèles que nous avons utilisés, est réalisée en intégrant des concepts déjà existants comme celui d'agrégation et de spécialisation qui se traduisent au niveau du schéma conceptuel par des dépendances existentielles entre les entités. Nous proposons pour les opérations de mise à jour, un ensemble de règles de propagations pour assurer que la base de données soit cohérente par rapport à son propre schéma conceptuel. Le deuxième aspect prend en compte l'exécution des opérations elles mêmes. Fournir la notion de transaction, c'est donner au programmeur d'application le moyen de définir' une séquence d'opérations comme étant un tout qui permet à la base de données d'évoluer entre deux états cohérents. Le problème que nous nous posons est de fournir un support pour l'exécution des applications qui assure le maintien de la cohérence, compte tenu des données et des caractéristiques des traitements faits aux données dans l'activité bureautique. Cet étude a abouti à la réalisation d'un mécanisme transactionnel simple et fléxible.

Avec l'émergence des systèmes multicœurs, le concept de mémoire transactionnelle (TM) a été renouvelé à la fois dans le domaine de la recherche et dans le monde industriel. En effet, en supportant les propriétés ACI (Atomicité, Consistance et Isolation) des transactions, le concept de TM facilite la programmation parallèle et évite les problèmes liés aux verrous tels que les interblocages et l'inversion de priorité. De plus, contrairement aux méthodes basées sur les verrous, une TM permet à plusieurs transactions d'accéder en parallèle aux ressources, et augmente ainsi la bande passante du système. Enfin, une TM intègre un ordonnanceur de transactions qui, soit ré-exécute (retry) la transaction en cas de détection de conflits, soit valide (commit) la transaction en cas de succès. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'adaptation des TMs à des systèmes temps réel soft au sein desquels les processus doivent s'exécuter le plus souvent possible dans le respect de contraintes temporelles. Jusqu'à maintenant, l'ordonnancement de transactions temps réel au sein d'une TM n'a pas été étudié. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une étude expérimentale comparative nous permettant de statuer sur l'adéquation des TMs aux systèmes temps réel multicœurs. Il s'agit en particulier d'évaluer si la variabilité du temps d'exécution des transactions est prohibitif à une utilisation dans un contexte temps réel lors de l'accès aux ressources partagées. Dans un second temps, nous introduisons un modèle transactionnel temps réel pour les TMs et nous décrivons la conception et l'implémentation d'une mémoire transactionnelle logicielle temps réel nommée RT-STM. Celle-ci intègre de nouveaux protocoles de synchronisation qui permettent de prioriser les accès aux ressources partagées en fonction de l'urgence des processus. Enfin, nous montrons comment adapter notre RT-STM à un environnement temps réel firm en proposant quelques pistes d'adaptation permettant de garantir aux processus un certain niveau de qualité de service (QoS) vis-à-vis des accès aux ressources partagées.

Most people agree that the internationalization of RMB follows a three-step strategy, i.e. turn RMB into a settlement currency, investment currency, and reserve currency. The promulgation of the ¡§Administrative Rules on Pilot Program of RMB Settlement of Cross-border Trade Transactions¡¨ on July 2, 2009 demonstrated that China has officially begun to facilitate the use of currency in trade settlement. The start of RMB cross-border trade settlement not only stands for new function of RMB but also brings new opportunities. Therefore, a fundamental motivation for this research is to explore how will it influence correspondent banking business and what business opportunities it offer to correspondent banking business? This thesis takes the case of W Bank, a world leading correspondent banking service provider for example. By discussing value chain of the correspondent banking business and studying the business model of W Bank, we depict how W Bank can exploit the new business opportunity and conclude that W Bank, a U.S.-based bank, remains in a good position to offer RMB-denominated services.

De lagstadgade bestämmelser som reglerar upphovsrättens övergång återfinns i 3 kap. upphovsrättslagen. Från flera håll har kritiska röster väckts om att dessa bestämmelser behöver överses och moderniseras för att hänga med den kontinuerligt pågående utvecklingen av dels teknik men framför allt den upphovsrättsliga marknaden. I samband med detta har Upphovsrättsutredningen sammanställt ett SOU-förslag som benämnts Avtalad upphovsrätt. Där flerstående förslag till förändringar och tillägg utav de nuvarande bestämmelserna ges. Genom detta SOU-förslag har utredningen noggrant granskat och kommit med förslag till bestämmelser som behöver förändras eller införas. Grundtanken har ansetts vara att undersöka huruvida upphovsmännens ställning som avtalsparter bör stärkas på den upphovsrättsliga marknaden. Denna uppsats kommer att granska dessa förslag, sammanställa dem mot de nuvarande bestämmelserna och framför allt diskutera vilken betydelse dessa förslag har för det nuvarande rättsläget och upphovsmännens ställning. / The stipulations that regulate both the economical and non-profitable aspects of copyright transactions are to be found within the third chapter of the Swedish Copyright Law. Critics have claimed that the current regulations regarding copyright transactions are outdated. It has been pointed out that these regulations need to be updated as regarding to the development of the current technology and the changing copyright market. In accordance with these claims, the board investigating the Swedish Copyright Law - issued by the Swedish government – has presented a motion named Contracted copyright. This motion contains several changes and supplements to the current regulations in the third chapter of the Swedish Copyright Law. The board has through this motion investigated whether and to what extent the current regulations need to be changed in accordance with the current development of the copyright market. The general idea has been to investigate whether the copyright authors require an extended protection on the copyright market. Therefore the purpose of this essay has been to investigate these suggested changes to the current regulations. In order to determine whether they serve their suggested purpose and how they will affect the current legal position.

Daugeliui įmonių ar organizacijų reikalingos informacinės sistemos, skirtos valdytį jų procesus duomenis. Darbe analizuojamos verslo procesų, transakcijų modeliavimo galimybės, technologijos, standartai: RUP, UML, XML (XMI), MERODE, R. Gusto, WAE, BPMN, MDA, Agile. Deliau analizuojamas verslo procesų modelis ir jo plėtinys BPMN. Pateikti pasiųlymai notacijos išplėtimui duomenų objektais, modelių ir elementų interpretacija modeliuojant o modelius panaudojant kodo generavime. Sudarytas ir ištestuotas pilnai funkcionuojančio ir dalykinę sritį atitinkančio kodo generavimo algoritmas. / In nowadays a lot of business companies and organizations are using information systems. This paper analyses business transactions, tools and technologies for transactions and process modelling of information and enterprise systems. Analyzed popular technologies like UML and its extensions, RUP, XMI, MDA. Familiarized with MERODE and Agile methods. More closely analyzed BPMN notation and its possibilities for code generation. BPMN notation augment with data objects for better code generation solutions. It also gives better understanding of data flows and influence of business process and transactions. Defined process and transactions modelling strategy which allows better code generations solution too. Made-up, practically materialized ant tested code generation algorithm.

In recent years, trade activity in stock markets has increased substantially. This is mainly attributed to the development of powerful computers and intranets connecting traders to markets across the globe. The trades have to be carried out almost instantaneously and the systems in place that handle trades are burdened with millions of transactions a day, several thousand a minute. With increasing transactions the time to execute a single trade increases, and this can be seen as an impact on the performance. There is a need to model the performance of these systems and provide forecasts to give a heads up on when a system is expected to be overwhelmed by transactions. This was done in this study, in cooperation with Cinnober Financial Technologies, a firm which provides trading solutions to stock markets. To ensure that the models developed weren‟t biased, the dataset was cleansed, i.e. operational and other transactions were removed, and only valid trade transactions remained. For this purpose, a descriptive analysis of time series along with change point detection and LOESS regression were used. State space model with Kalman Filtering was further used to develop a time varying coefficient model for the performance, and this model was applied to make forecasts. Wavelets were also used to produce forecasts, and besides this high pass filters were used to identify low performance regions. The State space model performed very well to capture the overall trend in performance and produced reliable forecasts. This can be ascribed to the property of Kalman Filter to handle noisy data well. Wavelets on the other hand didn‟t produce reliable forecasts but were more efficient in detecting regions of low performance.

Avec l'avènement de l'Internet grand public et des réseaux numériques, de nouvelles transactions ont vu le jour. Ces transactions, dites "électroniques", sont désormais omniprésentes et régissent notre vie quotidienne : accès par badge à un bâtiment, envoi d'un SMS ou d'un courriel, paiement sur internet, retrait d'argent à un distributeur,... Les transactions électroniques ont ouvert la voie à une multitude de possibilités déclinées sous diverses formes : le portail internet d'une banque pour consulter ses comptes, effectuer des virements ou passer des ordres en bourses; une carte à puce permettant d'ouvrir une porte ou de valider son titre de transport en commun; une application téléchargée sur un ordinateur ou un équipement mobile comme un assistant personnel numérique ou un téléphone portable. Cette dernière catégorie d'équipement mobile est extrêmement porteuse en terme d'offres de services. En effet, un mobile est un équipement nomade, connecté à l'Internet avec des débits de plus en plus élevés, et il est aussi de plus en plus puissant. Avec l'avènement de la technologie Near Field Communication et des architectures sécurisées, le mobile a maintenant la possibilité d'héberger des applications sensibles dans une puce sécurisée. Cette puce peut être la carte SIM, une puce embarquée soudée à l'électronique du mobile et une carte mémoire amovible sécurisée. Cette puce sécurisée est appelée Secure Element.Les contributions de cette thèse sont de deux ordres. Tout d'abord, nous nous sommes attachés à la conception d'une plateforme de génération automatique de scripts pour le déploiement des services mobile sans contact. Cette plateforme est basée sur une modélisation par les ontologies d'un Secure Element conforme à la spécification GlobalPlatform. Ensuite, nous avons élaboré une plateforme de test et d'analyse des transactions sans contact basée sur les techniques de fuzzing.

This study revolves around the admissibility of electronic evidence obtained during forensic accounting investigations. Electronic evidence is problematic for the forensic accountant, in that the courts have difficulties with the admissibility of electronic evidence. The research method used in this dissertation is a literature study or literature review. Firstly, the study aims to define a forensic accountant. The need for the forensic accountant is determined, as well as the definition and the roles and responsibilities of the forensic accountant. The study further aims to establish how the forensic accountant is regulated in South Africa. Secondly, this study aims to provide a historical overview of South African legislation that addresses electronic evidence. Applicable legislation is the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002, the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977, the Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988, the Civil Proceedings Evidence Act 25 of 1965 and the repealed Computer Evidence Act 57 of 1983. To determine the challenges that arise from electronic evidence, it is critical to understand how electronic evidence is classified in terms of the traditional forms of evidence. Documentary evidence, real evidence and evidence as the product of an apparatus, with specific reference to electronic evidence, is discussed for the purpose of this study. Hearsay evidence, the originality of electronic evidence, as well as the authenticity and reliability of electronic evidence hamper the admissibility of electronic evidence. The impact of legislation on the aforementioned difficulties is considered in this study. The problematic nature of electronic evidence already creates challenges during legal proceedings. The forensic accountant can follow certain steps and procedures to better the chances of the admissibility of electronic evidence. This study establishes how electronic evidence should be gathered, stored and analysed by the forensic accountant in order to be admissible legal proceedings. Lastly, this study aims to determine how the UNCITRAL model, on which the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 has been based, compares to the act (25 of 2002) itself. The legislation addressing electronic evidence in Canada and Australia is also considered. / MCom (Forensic Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014.

Since the 1980s, regulators in the U.S. and the U.K. have protected the collateral taker's right to re-use securities collateral in securities financing and OTC derivatives markets on the understanding that it would promote liquidity and credit growth, and reduce systemic risk. However, this rationale was incomplete: it failed to acknowledge the full implications of collateral re-use for systemic risk. In this dissertation, I aim to complete that understanding by illustrating how the re-use of securities collateral in those markets can aggravate systemic risk. In particular, I describe two effects. First, re-using securities collateral multiplies the number of market participants that will be exposed to changes in the price of the collateral asset and can thus amplify the role of asset prices as channels of contagion. Second, by conferring a right to re-use, the collateral provider will effectively waive its proprietary interests in the collateral assets and retain a mere contractual claim against the collateral taker for the return of equivalent securities. This transformation will accentuate the incentive of the collateral provider to run from an over-collateralised collateral taker if the latter were to experience financial difficulty. Information asymmetries and a lack of coordination among collateral providers could push the collateral taker over the brink of insolvency. These risks pose an obvious question for regulators: what should we do about collateral re-use? At a time when international bodies are drawing their attention to this widespread market practice, the question is an invitation to a very timely reflection. The final chapter of the dissertation offers an answer to this question and assesses the potential efficacy of the most recent regulatory initiatives in relation to collateral re-use.

Bakgrund: Intresset för världens första kryptovaluta Bitcoin har fått världen att öppna upp ögonen för dess underliggande teknologi: Blockkedjan (”Blockchain”). Blockkedjan kan beskrivas som en decentraliserad databas där ingen central aktör ensam kan bestämma över nätverket. Istället registreras och verifieras transaktioner av nätverkets deltagare. Detta möjliggör för digital information att distribueras men inte kopieras på ett tillförlitligt sätt. Teknologin har således möjlighet att skapa tillit mellan aktörer som vanligtvis inte litar på varandra och anses därför ha stor potential att effektivisera många branscher, däribland banksektorn. Det råder en stor optimism bland flertalet finansiella aktörer som undersöker vilka möjligheter teknologin har att förbättra dess produkter och tjänster. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka användningsområden svenska banker ser potential för Blockkedjan och hur teknologin kan komma att appliceras inom banksektorn. Studien ämnar även analysera vilka effekter användningen av Blockkedjan kan få på transaktioner inom den svenska banksektorn. Genomförande: Studien karaktäriseras av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Empirinsamlingen har skett genom ett selekterat urval med fokus på individer som är insatta inom ämnet och banksektorn. Slutsats: Studien identifierar KYC, Smarta Kontrakt och Transaktioner som potentiella användningsområden för den svenska banksektorn. Framförallt KYC lyfts fram som ett område där blockkedjeteknologi kan spela en framtida roll i att förbättra hanteringen av kundinformation. Studien framhäver även trade finance och interbank-transaktioner som attraktiva områden för teknologin att effektivisera. Vidare visar resultatet att Blockkedjan inte skall ses som ett hot mot bankernas roll som intermediär utan en teknologi som möjliggör effektivisering av deras befintliga tjänster. Teknologin är att betrakta som en Emerging technology med en hög osäkerhet i dagsläget där teknologins största potential att ge effekt ligger i framtiden. De största hoten mot en implementering av blockkedjeteknologin inom banksektorn är att teknologin fortfarande befinner sig i en experimentell fas samt en brist på gemensamma standarder och regler banker och länder emellan. / Background: The interest for the first cryptocurrency in the world made the world caught the attention of the technology behind Bitcoin: Blockchain. Blockchain can be described as a decentralized database with no central part controlling its network. Instead, all transactions are registered and verified by the members of the network. This enables digital information to be distributed but not copied in a trustworthy way. The technology therefore has the possibility to create trust between parties that normally does not trust each other and is for that reason considered to have the potential to make many industries, including the banking industry more effective. Amongst a number of financial players that investigate the possible opportunities the technology have for improving their products and services, the optimism is high. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to research which potential fields of application Swedish banks sees for Blockchain and how the technology could be used by the banking industry. The study also intend to analyze the effects the usage of the technology would have on transactions within the Swedish banking industry. Completion: A qualitative research method characterize the study. The empirical data has been collected through a selected sample focused on individuals with knowledge and experience within the field. Conclusion: The study identifies KYC, Smart Contracts and Transactions as potential fields of application for the Swedish banking industry. In particular, KYC was highlighted as an area where the Blockchain technology could help improve managing the personal information of the customer. The study also points out trade finance and interbank-transactions as attractive areas of possible use for the technology. Furthermore, the result of the study shows that the technology should not be seen as a threat against banks role as an intermediary but a technology that enables the banks services to become more efficient. The technology is to be seen as an Emerging technology with high uncertainty today and where the potential impact lays in the future. The biggest threats against an implementation of the technology are that the technology still is in an experimental phase and the shortage of common standards and rules between banks and across countries.