Depuis les années 1990, des études archéométriques ont permis d’attester la production de nouveaux types céramiques en Anatolie occidentale, liée à l’installation de populations turques dans la région à partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle. Parmi ces nouveaux types figurent des céramiques dont les formes et les décors, très répandus dans le monde islamique, témoignaient de l’introduction de nouvelles techniques de fabrication.Sur la base d’un échantillonnage de 87 tessons découverts sur cinq sites turcs et trois sites de Crimée, l’étude, associant approche archéologique et analyses physico-chimiques, a permis de proposer des cadres chronologiques pour ces premières productions turques et de déterminer les techniques de fabrication de leurs revêtements – engobes et glaçures – servant au décor. La définition de ces techniques repose essentiellement sur des analyses élémentaires et structurales par MEB-EDS et par spectrométrie Raman, dont les résultats permettent de confirmer l’utilisation de nouvelles recettes et de nouveaux matériaux.Alors que les décors des céramiques byzantines étaient essentiellement constitués d’une glaçure plombifère transparente, colorée par une gamme réduite d’oxydes métalliques et reposant sur un engobe argileux, les décors des premières céramiques turques, d’époque beylik, produites dans la région, étaient bien plus variés. Leurs glaçures, témoignent d’une plus grande diversité, aussi bien dans la nature des fondants et des opacifiants, que dans celle des colorants utilisés.Considérée comme l’un des premiers types de céramiques ottomanes, la Miletus Ware présente le décor le plus élaboré. L’engobe n’est plus argileux, mais synthétique, préfigurant ainsi les productions plus tardives à pâte synthétique d’Iznik qui feront la renommée de la céramique ottomane au XVIe siècle. Notre étude a ainsi permis de caractériser et de contextualiser les évolutions techniques qui marquent la transition entre céramiques byzantines et ottomanes en Anatolie occidentale. / Since the 1990s, archaeometric studies have attested to the production of new types of ceramic in Western Anatolia, linked to the arrival of Turkish populations in the region from the end of the 13th century. Among these new types are ceramics whose shapes and decoration are very commonly found in the Islamic world, and which show the introduction of new techniques of fabrication.Taking a sample of 87 sherds discovered at five Turkish sites and three sites in the Crimea, this study, combining an archaeological approach with physicochemical analyses, enabled us to propose a chronological framework for these initial Turkish productions and to determine the techniques of fabrication of their coatings – slips and glazes – used for the decoration. The definition of these techniques relies in the main on elementary and structural analyses by SEM-EDS and by Raman spectroscopy, the results of which permit us to confirm the use of new recipes and new materials.While the decoration of Byzantine ceramics was essentially constituted of a high-lead transparent glaze, coloured by a reduced range of metallic oxides resting on a clay slip, the decoration of the initial Turkish ceramics, from the Beylik period, produced in the region, were much more varied. Their glazes attest to a greater diversity in the nature of the fluxes and opacifiers, as well as in the colorants used. Considered to be one of the first types of Ottoman ceramics, the Miletus Ware shows the most elaborate decoration. The slip is no longer clay-based but synthetic, prefiguring in this way the later production using synthetic paste of the Iznik Fritwares upon which the fame of 16th century Ottoman ceramics was based. Our study thus enabled us to characterise and contextualise the technical evolution which marked the transition from Byzantine to Ottoman ceramics in Western Anatolia.

O chumbo é um metal muito tóxico e que tem ampla distribuição pela sua grande utilidade. Mesmo a exposição a baixos níveis (que não causam sintomas de intoxicação aguda) de chumbo é associada a desordens cognitivas e neurológicas. O osso é considerado o melhor marcador de exposição a chumbo. No tecido ósseo, vários elementos estão presentes, e alguns deles poderiam ter sua concentração modificada pela exposição a chumbo. Testou-se a hipótese de que haja variações nos elementos Zn e Mg nas tíbias de animais expostos a chumbo (por técnica de química analítica convencional). Testou-se também se variações em microelementos poderiam ser detectadas por técnicas semiquantitativas nas tíbias de controles e animais expostos a chumbo. O objetivo deste projeto foi caracterizar em animais expostos ao chumbo desde a gestação e controles as concentrações deste elemento no osso (tíbia) de animais de 28 e 60 dias. Além do chumbo, investigamos também a concentração de 2 outros microelementos no osso: zinco e magnésio. As medidas quantitativas de chumbo foram feitas no sangue total coletado ao final dos períodos. As medidas quantitativas de chumbo, cálcio, zinco e magnésio foram realizadas a partir de soluções ácidas obtidas pela dissolução total do osso, sendo estas utilizadas para quantificar por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica no modo chama ou com Forno e Grafite. Mandíbulas foram análisadas em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e utilizando os acessórios Eletron Dispersive Spectroscopy para os elementos mais abundantes e Wavelenght dispersive Spectroscopy para investigar por análise semiquantitativa os mais abundantes elementos inorgânicos no osso destes animais, como forma de verificar se há variações nestes microelementos nos animais expostos a chumbo em comparação com controles. Como o chumbo se concentra na superfície do esmalte, também analisou-se o esmalte de primeiros molares inferiores, a fim de verificar se era visto o sinal do elemento chumbo nestes dentes. Foram usados ratos Wistar machos de 28 e 60 dias divididos em 2 grupos: C 28D (n=5) e Pb 28D (n=5) e, C 60D (n=12) e Pb 60D (n=17). Em todas as medidas de chumbo dos grupos controle as concentrações obtidas foram próximas ao limite de detecção, e houve sempre diferença estatisticamente significante (P<0.0001) quando os controles foram comparados aos grupos expostos a chumbo. As concentrações de chumbo obtidas no sangue de animais do grupo Pb 28D foi de 8,0 ug/dl (± 1.1) e no grupo Pb 60D foi de 7,2 ug/dl (± 0.89). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as massas das tíbias (aferidas em balança e também a partir da quantidade de cálcio dissolvida em solução) do grupo C 60D (0,86 g ± 0,13) e Pb 60D (0,61 g ±0,11)(p=0.0004). As concentrações de chumbo detectadas nos ossos do grupo Pb 28D foi 8,02 (± 1,12) e no grupo Pb 60D foi de 43,3ug/g (± 13,26). Concentração de zinco no osso do grupo C 60D foi 0,22 mg/g e no grupo Pb 60D foi 0,22 mg/g (p>0.05). A concentração de magnésio no osso do grupo C 60D foi de 4,89 mg/g ± 0,74 e no grupo Pb 60D foi de 4,98mg/g ±0,79 (p>0.05). Os microelementos mais abundantes detectados nas tíbias contralaterais por Microscopia Eletrônica de varredura por EDS/WDS foram cálcio, fósforo, carbono, oxigênio, magnésio, sódio e potássio, não tendo sido detectadas variações nestes elementos entre os grupos controle e expostos a chumbo de 60 dias. O chumbo foi detectado apenas na região cervical dos dentes molares por MEV-EDS, e, nesta posição, apenas na forma de óxido de chumbo (deposição extrínseca) que pode ser útil para fins forenses ou de determinação de contaminação desconhecida. As conclusões deste estudo são: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as massas de osso do grupo Pb 60D e C 60D. Mesmo não havendo diferença entre as concentrações de chumbo no sangue total de animais de 28 e 60 dias, houve quantidade de chumbo 5 vezes maior nos animais Pb 60D. Não houve diferenças nas concentrações de zinco e magnésio entre controles e animais expostos a chumbo. Os microelementos mais abundantes detectados nas tibias contralaterais por Microscopia Eletrônica de varredura por EDS/WDS foram cálcio, fósforo, carbono, oxigênio, magnésio, sódio e potássio, não tendo sido detectadas variações semi-quantitativas nestes elementos. O chumbo não foi detectado nem nos grupos controle ou expostos por MEV, e nos molares só foi detectada no grupo exposto como uma deposição extrínseca. / Lead is a highly toxic metal that is ubiquitous do to its great usefulness. Exposure to even low levels of lead (which do not cause symptoms of acute poisoning) is associated with cognitive and neurological disorders. Bone is considered the best marker of exposure to lead. Several chemical elements are found in bone, and some of them may have a different concentration or distribution due to exposure to lead. We tested the hypothesis that there are variations in the elements zinc and magnesium in the tibia of animals exposed to lead (being those elements determined by a conventional analytic chemistry technique). It was also tested whether variations in microelements could be detected by semiquantitative microanalysis in tibias of controls and animals exposed to lead. The objective of this project was to determine the concentration of lead in bone (tibia) of animals exposed to lead from pregnancy to day 28 and day 60. Besides lead, zinc and magnesium were also determined. Lead was also determined in whole blood collected at the end of the 2 time points. Quantitative measurements of lead, calcium, zinc and magnesium have been made in solutions obtained by dissolution of the bone by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry using flame or Graphite Furnace. Tibias were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy using the accessories Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy and Wavelength dispersive Spectroscopy for semiquantitative analysis of inorganic elements in the bone and molars of these animals. Lower molars were also analyzed by these means. Male Wistar rats aged 28 and 60 days were used in these study. In both these ages there were animals in the control (C 28D, n = 5 and C 60D, n=12) and lead exposed group (Pb 28D, n = 5 and Pb 60D, n = 17). Lead concentrations found in control groups were close to the detection limit, and there was always statistically significant differences (P <0.0001) when control groups were compared with those exposed to lead. Blood lead of groups Pb 28D and Pb 60D was 8.0 ug/dl (± 1.1) and 7.2 ug/dl (± 0.89), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the masses of the tibia (measured in balance and also from the amount of calcium dissolved in solution): C 60D showing 0.86 g (± 0.13 g) and 0.61 g (± 0, 11) of the Pb 60D group (p = 0.0004). Lead concentrations increased five times when the Pb 28D group was compared with the Pb 60D (8.02 and 43.3 ug/g)(p<0.0001). Zinc concentrations were not different in the C 60D (0.22 mg/g) and in the Pb 60D group (0.22 mg/g)(p>0.05). Magnesium concentrations were 4.89 mg/g in the C 60D and 4.98 mg/g in the Pb 60D (p>0.05). The most abundant trace elements detected in the contralateral tibiae by SEM-EDS/WDS were calcium, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, sodium and potassium and no variations in these elements were detected between the control and lead exposed groups. Lead was detected only in the cervical region of molar teeth of the lead exposed groups by SEM-EDS. This finding revealed lead in the lead oxide (extrinsic deposition) which may be useful for forensic purposes or for determining unknown contaminations. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant difference between the bone masses of the Pb 60D and C 60D groups. While there is no difference between lead concentrations in whole blood of animals 28 and 60 days, the amount of lead was 5 times higher in animals Pb 60D. There were no differences in the concentrations of zinc and magnesium between controls and lead exposed animals. The most abundant trace elements detected in the contralateral tibiae by SEM-EDS/WDS were calcium, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, sodium and potassium, and no semi-quantitative variations in these elements were detected in relation to exposure to lead. Lead was not detected either in control or exposed groups by SEM, and in molars it was only detected in the exposed group as an extrinsic deposition.

Ädelfors is situated ca 17 km east of Vetlanda, Jönköping County, in the N-S striking Trans-scandinavian igneous belt and is a part of the NE-SW striking 1.83-1.82 Ga Oskarshamn-Jönköping belt emplaced during a continental subduction towards the Svecofennian continental margin. The continental arc hosts the 1.83 Ga metasedimentary Vetlanda supergroup composed of foliated metagreywacke, metasandstone and metaconglomerate. The sequence is intercalated by mafic and felsic volcanites and hosts the Cu-Au-Fe-mines at Ädelfors. Ädelfors mining field consists of ca 330 mineralized quartz veins hosting both copper, gold and iron. The iron mines Nilsson’s iron mine (NFE) and Fe-mine (FE), the copper mine Kamelen (KM) and the gold mines Brånad’s mine (BR), Adolf Fredrik’s mine (AF), Old Kron mine (GKR), Old Kolhag’s mine (GKO), Thörn mine (TH), New Galon mine (NG), Stenborg’s mine (ST), Tysk mine (TG), Hällaskallen (HS) and Fridhem (FR) have been investigated to deduce a possible genetic relation between the veins and their origin. Sulfur isotope ratios have also been conducted on pyrite from KM, AF and FE. The veins can stucturally be divided into several groups. AF, GKR, ST, NG, TH and possibly NFE are striking 10-70° with a dip of 55-70°. BR, GKO and KM are striking 110-140° with a dip of 80-90° whereas TG and HS strike 90-110° dipping 85°. Fridhem, being distal to the other mines, strikes 70° and dips 80°. A chlorite-quartz-biotite-sericite-rich metapelite hosts the veins in all localities except; FR where a layered, beresitizised felsic volcanite rich in plagioclase, sericite, biotite and quartz hosts disseminated pyrite; and NFE, HS and NG which are hosted by a mafic tuffite. Quartz veins are mainly milky and equigranular, exceptions are FE with black pyrite-bearing quartz veins, cutting through the banded magnetite-metapelite and KM with its dynamically recrystallized quartz. Chlorite-, zeolite-, carbonate-, hematite-, amphibole-, kalifeldspar-, sericite-, biotite- and epidote alteration has been observed among the localities. The ore minerals are dominated by: fractured sub- to euhedral pyrite in cataclastic aggregates or selvage bands, interstitial chalcopyrite in pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, gold and sporadic chalcopyrite diseased sphalerite and arsenopyrite. Previously not reported tetradymite, staurolite, galena and Ce-monazite have also been observed. Bismuthinite and tetradymite as inclusions in pyrite were observed in AF, GKR, FR and TG. Gold was observed in AF, BR, GKR and TG as inclusions in pyrite or quartz with a Au/Ag median of 78.41. HS distinguishes itself with Au/Ag ratios of 4.66-5.25. The trace element ratios in pyrite reveal two major types of pyrite. 1) found in FE and KM (pyrite type 1) with Co/Ni ratio of 10.94, Bi/Au of 1.79, Bi/S of 0.037, Au/Ag of 11.13, S/Se of 235.96 and As/S of 0.006. 2) found in NG, GKO, ST, TH, AF, NFE, HS, GKR, BR, FR, TG and as stringers in KM4 py1 pyrite type 2) with an average Co/Ni ratio of 5.26, Bi/Au of 1.95, Bi/S of 0.031, Au/Ag of 4.19, S/Se of 0 and As/S of 0. δ34S values strengthens this grouping as KM and FE has 1,3-2,6 ‰ and AF 3,6-3,8 ‰. The following geological interpretation has been concluded: The banded iron formation in FE is the earliest mineralization and was later fractured, emplacing quartz veins with pyrite of type 1. During this event, the Cu-vein in KM was also formed. A second generation of fractures, emplaced after the Småland granitoids formed, were filled with quartz and pyrite of type 2 at mesozonal depth. This is the main stage of gold mineralization and includes NG, GKO, ST, TH, AF, NFE, GKR, BR, FR and TG. During this event, pyrite of type 2 was added to KM, causing recrystallizing of the quartz. HS is possibly emplaced last or altered as it is more enriched in silver. Morphology, mineralogy, alterations, mineral chemistry and sulfur isotope signatures indicates an orogenic origin of the gold-rich quartz veins at Ädelfors as well as the copper-rich vein in KM. / Ädelfors ligger ca 17 km öster om Vetlanda, Jönköpings län, i det N-S strykande Transskandinaviska granit och porfyrbältet och är en del av det NÖ-SV strykande 1,83-1,82 Ga Oskarshamn-Jönköpingsbältet (OJB) bildad i en kontinental subduktionszon i kanten av den Svecofenniska kontinentalplattan. I denna kontinentalbåge ligger Vetlanda supergruppen som är en metasedimentär del av OJB bestående av starkt folierad 1,83 Ga metagråvacka, metasandsten och metakonglomerat med inlagringar av mafiska och felsiska vulkaniter. Ädelfors gruvfält består utav ca. 330 kvartsgångar förande mestadels guld men också koppar. Järnmineraliseringar i form av bandad järnmalm finns också i området. Geologin, mineralogin och pyritens kemiska sammansättning från järngruvorna Nilssons järngruva (NFE) och Fe-gruvan (FE), koppargruvan Kamelen (KM) och guldgruvorna Brånadsgruvan (BR), Adolf Fredriks gruva (AF), Gamla Krongruvan (GKR), Gamla Kolhagsgruvan (GKO), Thörngruvan (TH), Nya Galongruvan (NG), Stenborgs gruva (ST), Tyskgruvan (TG), Hällaskallen (HS) och Fridhem (FR) har undersökts för att finna eventuella genetiska likheter. Svavelisotopförhållande har fastställts för pyrit från AF, FE och KM. Strukturellt kan gångarna delas in i ett antal grupper. AF, GKR, ST, NG, TH och möjligtvis NFE stryker 10-70° och stupar 55-70°. BR, GKO och KM stryker 110-140° och stupar 80-90° medan TG och HS stryker 90-110° och stupar 85°. Fridhem stryker 70° och stupar 80°. En klorit-kvarts-sericit-biotitrik metapelit utgör värdbergarten i alla gruvor förutom; FR där den utgörs av en beresitiserad felsisk vulkanit rik på plagioklas, sericit, biotit och kvarts med disseminerad pyrit; och NFE, HS, NG vilka har en mafisk tuffitisk moderbergart. Kvartsgångarna är mjölkvita med undantag för FE:s svarta, pyritförande kvarts vilket uppträder som sprickfyllnad i den bandade järnmalmen och är senare bildad. Kvartsen i KM är starkt dynamiskt omkristalliserad. Svag till måttlig foliation är vanlig i sidoberget med undantag av stark foliation i TG och NFE, vilka är lokaliserade i förkastningssprickor med stark kloritförskiffring av värdbergarten. Klorit-, zeolit-, karbonat-, hematit-, amfibol-, kalifältspat-, sericit-, biotit- och epidotomvandling förekommer i majoriteten av lokalerna. Malmmineralen är dominerande sprött deformerad subhedral till euhedral pyrit som kataklastiska aggregat eller band, interstitiell kopparkis i pyrit, markasit, magnetkis, guld och sporadiskt kopparkissjuk zinkblände och arsenikkis. I det här arbetet har även tetradymit, staurolit, blyglans och Ce-monazit observerats. Bismutinit och tetradymit i form av inneslutningar i pyrit observerades i AF, GKR, FR och TG. Guld observerades i AF, BR, GKR och TG som inneslutningar i pyrit eller fritt i kvarts med Au/Ag medianvärde på 78,41, avvikande är HS med värden mellan 4,66-5,25.    Förhållanden mellan spårelement i pyrit indikerar två typer av pyrit. Typ 1 funnen i FE och KM har följande värden: Co/Ni = 10,94, Bi/Au = 1,79, Bi/S = 0,037, Au/Ag = 11,13, S/Se = 235,96 och As/S = 0,006. Typ 2 funnen i NG, GKO, ST, TH, AF, NFE, HS, GKR, BR, FR, TG och som sliror i KM4 py1 har följande värden Co/Ni = 5,26, Bi/Au = 1,95, Bi/S = 0,031, Au/Ag = 4,19, S/Se = 0 and As/S = 0. δ34S värden styrker denna uppdelning där KM och FE har värdena 1,3-2,6 ‰ och AF 3,6-3,8 ‰. Den geologiska utvecklingen av fältet har tolkats som följande: FE-gruvans bandade järnmalm är den tidigaste mineraliseringen vilket följs utav uppsprickning och läkning av kvarts med pyrit typ 1 som också bildar kopparmineraliseringen KM. Senare sprickzoner efter Smålandsgraniternas intrusion läks av kvarts med pyrit typ 2 på mesozonalt djup vilket bildar NG, GKO, ST, TH, AF, NFE, GKR, BR, FR, TG och omkristalliserar och introducerar nya pyritsliror i kvartsen i KM. HS bildas möjligtvis sist eller har blivit omvandlad eftersom den är anrikad på silver. Morfologi, omvandlingar och svavelisotop-signaturer tyder på ett orogent ursprung för Ädelfors guldrika kvartsådror samt den kopparrika kvartsådern i KM.

Cette thèse introduit une nouvelle notion de solution pour des équationsd'évolution non-linéaires déterministes, appellées solutionsmild découplées.Nous revisitons les liens entre équations différentielles rétrogrades(EDSRs) markoviennes browniennes et EDPsparaboliques semilinéaires en montrant que, sous de très faibles hypothèses,les EDSRs produisent une unique solution mild découplée d'une EDP.Nous étendons ce résultat à de nombreuses autres équations déterministestelles que des Pseudo-EDPs, des Equations Intégrales aux Dérivées Partielles(EIDPs), des EDPs à drift distributionnel, ou des E(I)DPs à dépendancetrajectorielle. Les solutions de ces équations sont représentées via des EDSRs qui peuvent être sans martingale de référence, ou dirigées par des martingales cadlag. En particulier, cette thèse résout le problème d'identification,qui consiste, dans le cas classique d'une EDSR markovienne brownienne, à donner un sens analytique au processus Z, second membre de la solution (Y,Z) de l'EDSR. Dans la littérature, Y détermine en général une solution de viscosité de l'équation déterministe et ce problème d'identification n'est résolu que quand cette solution de viscosité a un minimum de régularité. Notre méthode permet de résoudre ce problème même dans le cas général d'EDSRs à sauts (non nécéssairement markoviennes). / This thesis introduces a new notion of solution for deterministic non-linear evolution equations, called decoupled mild solution.We revisit the links between Markovian Brownian Backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) and parabolic semilinear PDEs showing that under very mild assumptions, the BSDEs produce a unique decoupled mild solution of some PDE.We extend this result to many other deterministic equations such asPseudo-PDEs, Integro-PDEs, PDEs with distributional drift or path-dependent(I)PDEs. The solutions of those equations are represented throughBSDEs which may either be without driving martingale, or drivenby cadlag martingales. In particular this thesis solves the so calledidentification problem, which consists, in the case of classical Markovian Brownian BSDEs, to give an analytical meaning to the second component Z ofthe solution (Y,Z) of the BSDE. In the literature, Y generally determinesa so called viscosity solution and the identification problem is only solved when this viscosity solution has a minimal regularity.Our method allows to treat this problem even in the case of general (even non-Markovian) BSDEs with jumps.

Cette thèse traite de deux sujets: la résolubilité forte d'équations différentielles stochastiques à dérive hölderienne et bruit hypoelliptique et la simulation de processus progressifs-rétrogrades découplés de McKean-Vlasov. Dans le premier cas, on montre qu'un système hypoelliptique, composé d'une composante diffusive et d'une composante totalement dégénérée, est fortement résoluble lorsque l'exposant de la régularité Hölder de la dérive par rapport à la composante dégénérée est strictement supérieur à 2/3. Ce travail étend au cadre dégénéré les travaux antérieurs de Zvonkin (1974), Veretennikov (1980) et Krylov et Röckner (2005). L'apparition d'un seuil critique pour l'exposant peut-être vue comme le prix à payer pour la dégénérescence. La preuve repose sur des résultats de régularité de la solution de l'EDP associée, qui est dégénérée, et est basée sur une méthode parametrix. Dans le second cas, on propose un algorithme basé sur les méthodes de cubature pour la simulation de processus progessifs-rétrogrades découplés de McKean-Vlasov apparaissant dans des problèmes de contrôle dans un environnement de type champ moyen. Cet algorithme se divise en deux parties. Une première étape de construction d'un arbre de particules, à dynamique déterministe, approchant la loi de la composante progressive. Cet arbre peut être paramétré de manière à obtenir n'importe quel ordre d'approximation (en terme de pas de discrétisation de l'intervalle). Une seconde étape, conditionnelle à l'arbre, permettant l'approximation de la composante rétrograde. Deux schémas explicites sont proposés permettant un ordre d'approximation de 1 et 2. / This thesis deals with two subjects: the strong well-posedness of stochastic differential equations with Hölder drift and hypoelliptic noise and the simulation of decoupled forward backward stochastic differential equations of McKean-Vlasov type. In the first work, we study a class of degenerate system with hypoelliptic noise. We prove that strong well-posedness holds for this system when the drift is only H\"{o}lder, with Hölder exponent larger than the critical value 2/3. This work extends to the degenerate setting the earlier results obtained by Zvonkin (1974), Veretennikov (1980) and Krylov and Röckner (2005). The existence of a threshold for the Hölder exponent in the degenerate case may be understood as the price to pay to balance the degeneracy of the noise. Our proof relies on regularization properties of the associated PDE, which is degenerate in the current framework and is based on a parametrix method. In the second work, we propose a new algorithm to approach weakly the solution of a McKean-Vlasov stochastic differential equation. Based on the cubature method, the algorithm is deterministic differing from the usual methods based on interacting particles. It can be parametrized in order to obtain a given order of convergence. Then, we construct implementable algorithms to solve decoupled forward backward stochastic differential equations of McKean-Vlasov type, which appear in some stochastic control problems in a mean field environment. We give two algorithms and show that they have convergence of orders one and two under appropriate regularity conditions.

This research focused on a comprehensive microstructural and mechanical property characterisation study of the Ni-Fe-Cr alloys 718 and 945X. The aim of the project was to better understand the relationship between performance and microstructure of existing (Alloy 718) and newly developed (Alloy 945X) high strength nickel alloys focusing on downhole applications. The main difference between the two alloys is that alloy 945X has lower Nb content than alloy 718, which may minimise the tendency to form delta when combined with correct processing. Previous studies have related the hydrogen embrittlement in alloy 718 with the collection of hydrogen by delta phase. Microstructural characterisation of the new alloy 945X after long term isothermal exposure up to 120 hours in the temperature range 650◦C to 900◦C was conducted with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to generate a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. The TTT diagram was used as a road map for designing two isothermal heat treatments of alloy 945X on tensile specimens. Then, the effect of hydrogen charging on the tensile properties and microstructure of the 'as-received' and these two variant heat treatments was investigated. Fractographic analysis showed that, in the presence of hydrogen, intergranular fracture occurred for all the heat treatments, regardless the presence of delta phase at grain boundaries. There was no simple correlation between the volume fraction of delta-phase and susceptibility to hydrogen assisted embrittlement. Rather, it was demonstrated that the morphology and distribution of delta-phase along grain boundaries plays a key role and the other precipitate phases also have an influence through their effect on the ease of strain localisation. This study also examined the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of nickel alloy 718 given four different heat treatments to obtain various microstructural states. Each heat treatment leads to differences in the precipitate morphologies of γ', γ'' and delta phases. Material characterisation and fractography of the examined heat treatments were performed using a high resolution FEG-SEM. Three specimens of each condition were pre- charged with hydrogen and tensile properties were compared with those of non-charged specimens. It was observed that hydrogen embrittlement was associated with intergranular and transgranular microcrack formation, leading to an intergranular brittle fracture. delta phase may assist the intergranular crack propagation, and this was shown to be particularly true when this phase is coarse enough to produce crack initia- tion, but this is not the only factor determining embrittlement. Other microstructural features play a role, as does the strength of the material. Finally, the evolution of delta-(Ni3Nb) phase in alloy 718 from the early stages of precipitation, with a particular focus on identifying the grain boundary characteristics that favour precipitation of grain boundary delta phase was investigated. Results showed that delta phase was firstly formed on Σ3 boundaries after 5 hours at the examined temperature (800◦C). Increasing ageing time at 800◦C was observed to lead to an increase in size and precipitation of phases γ'-γ''-delta, an increase in fraction of the special CSL boundaries and an evolution in the morphology of twins and the growth of grains.

Este trabalho apresenta três sistemas de controle distintos para a atuação em sistemas de tração elétrica traseira em veículos de passeio convencionais convertidos em VEHs (Veículos Elétricos Híbridos) 4x4, enfocando o desenvolvimento de um sistema diferencial eletrônico (SDE). As principais arquiteturas de veículos híbridos são apresentadas. O SDE, que atua em tempo de execução nas velocidades angulares dos pneumáticos traseiros em manobras variadas, depende dos sinais de esterçamento e aceleração impostos pelo condutor, considerando as modelagens cinemática e dinâmica do veiculo no cálculo dos valores de referência para o controlador. Controladores PID modificado, neurofuzzy baseado em inteligência artificial e um H-Infinito ótimo são projetados e detalhados. Uma nova arquitetura para o SDE é proposta e apresentada, visando a utilização de sistemas de controle robustos no problema do SDE, traçando-se um paralelo entre o seu desempenho e das arquiteturas convencionais quando o controlador H-Infinito ótimo assume o controle do SDE. O projeto e o desenvolvimento de um mini-VEH, a plataforma HELVIS (Hybrid ELectric Vehicle In low Scale), são apresentados. A implementação de um simulador veicular denominado HELVIS-SIM, inspirado na plataforma HELVIS, é também apresentada. O SDE, que compreende a arquitetura proposta e os controladores, são embarcados e também implementados no HELVIS-SIM. Resultados simulados obtidos no HELVIS-SIM são analisados. Testes experimentais do SDE na plataforma HELVIS são apresentados, considerando apenas testes de bancada sem o contato dos pneumáticos com o solo. / This work presents the development of three distinct control systems to rear electric traction control on conventional touring vehicles converted on 4WD (four-wheel drive) hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), focusing on the design of a EDS (Electronic Differential System). Main HEV architectures are presented. The EDS controls the rear wheels angular speeds as the driver inputs steering and acceleration commands, considering both dynamic and kinematic models of the vehicle and so the actuators on the calculus of the desired rear angular speeds. One modied PID controller, one AI (Articial Intelligence) based controller and one robust optimal H \'infinite\' controller are designed and outlined. A new EDS architecture is proposed and presented, aimming the use of robust controllers to the EDS problem, comparing the use of the H \'infinite\' optimal controller to conventional EDS architectures. The design of a mini-HEV, the HELVIS (Hybrid ELectric Vehicle In low Scale) platform is also presented. The implementation of a parametric vehicular simulator, the HELVIS-SIM, is discussed. The EDS, which represents the controllers and the proposed architecture, is evaluated on the HELVIS platform and on the HELVIS-SIM. Simulated results are rst run in the HELVIS-SIM. Experimental results of the EDS tests are presented exclusively considering the evaluation on a bench test, without any contact of the platform with the pavement.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier quelques problèmes de mathématiques financières dans un marché incomplet avec incertitude sur les modèles. Récemment, la théorie des équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades du second ordre (2EDSRs) a été développée par Soner, Touzi et Zhang sur ce sujet. Dans cette thèse, nous adoptons leur point de vue. Cette thèse contient quatre parties dans le domain des 2EDSRs. Nous commençons par généraliser la théorie des 2EDSRs initialement introduite dans le cas de générateurs lipschitziens continus à celui de générateurs à croissance quadratique. Cette nouvelle classe des 2EDSRs nous permettra ensuite d'étudier le problème de maximisation d'utilité robuste dans les modèles non-dominés. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions ce problème pour trois fonctions d'utilité.Dans chaque cas, nous donnons une caractérisation de la fonction valeur et d'une stratégie d'investissement optimale via la solution d'une 2EDSR. Dans la troisième partie, nous fournissons également une théorie d'existence et unicité pour des EDSRs réfléchies du second ordre avec obstacles inférieurs et générateurs lipschitziens, nous appliquons ensuite ce résultat à l'étude du problème de valorisation des options américaines dans un modèle financier à volatilité incertaine. Dans la quatrième partie, nous étudions des 2EDSRs avec sauts. En particulier, nous prouvons l'existence d'une unique solution dans un espace approprié. Comme application de ces résultats, nous étudions un problème de maximisation d'utilité exponentielle robuste avec incertitude sur les modèles. L'incertitude affecte à la fois le processus de volatilité, mais également la mesure des sauts.

Thermo-stabilized lignin fibers from pH-fractionated softwood kraft lignin were carbonized to various temperatures during thermomechanical analysis (TMA) under static and increasing load and different rates of heating. The aim was to optimize the carbonization process to obtain suitable carbon fiber material with good mechanical strength potential (high tensile strength and high E-modulus). The carbon fibers were therefore mainly evaluated of mechanical strength in Dia-Stron uniaxial tensile testing. In addition, chemical composition, in terms of functional groups, and elemental (atomic) composition was studied in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The structure of carbon fibers was imaged in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopy. Thermogravimetrical analysis was performed on thermo-stabilized lignin fibers to evaluate the loss of mass and to calculate the stress-changes and diameter-changes that occur during carbonization. The TMA-analysis of the deformation showed, for thermo-stabilized lignin fibers, a characteristic behavior of contraction during carbonization. Carbonization temperatures above 1000°C seemed most efficient in terms of E-modulus and tensile strength whereas rate of heating did not matter considerably. The E-modulus for the fibers was improved significantly by slowly increasing the load during the carbonization. The tensile strength remained however unchanged. The FTIR-analysis indicated that many functional groups, mainly oxygen containing, dissociate from the lignin polymers during carbonization. The EDS supported this by showing that the oxygen content decreased. Accordingly, the relative carbon content increased passively to around 90% at 1000°C. Aromatic structures in the carbon fibers are thought to contribute to the mechanical strength and are likely formed during the carbonization. However, the FTIR result showed no evident signs that aromatic structures had been formed, possible due to some difficulties with the KBr-method. In the SEM and light microscopy imaging one could observe that porous formations on the surface of the fibers increased as the temperature increased in the carbonization. These formations may have affected the mechanical strength of the carbon fibers, mainly tensile strength. The carbonization process was optimized in the sense that any heating rate can be used. No restriction in production speed exists. The carbonization should be run to at least 1000°C to achieve maximum mechanical strength, both in E-modulus and tensile strength. To improve the E-modulus further, a slowly increasing load can be applied to the lignin fibers during carbonization. The earlier the force is applied, to counteract the lignin fiber contraction that occurs (namely around 300°C), the better. However, in terms of mechanical performance, the lignin carbon fibers are still far from practical use in the industry.

This master thesis work is performed at ABB Corporate Research Center inVästerås. The aim of this study is to investigate Ag:graphene composites as slidingelectrical contacts, suitable for use in e.g. tap-changers. Three different graphenematerials, all produced by a low-cost exfoliation process, are evaluated in this study. The results are compred to an ongoing work on Ag:GO (graphene oxide) composites. This material has shown very good tribological properties, however it hasbeen difficult to handle during sintering processing. The goal of this study is to geteven better tribological, electrical and mechanical properties than Ag:GO, and also todevelop a new powder-metallurgical method to produce the Ag:graphene composites.The study also investigates the influence of graphene flake size and concentration aswell as microstructure of the Ag:graphene composites. This report focuses on aninvestigation of the graphene raw material quality from the suppliers, and friction,wear and resistance analysis of the composites. This is done by using Ramanspectroscopy, SEM with EDS, LOM, tribometer tests and resistivity analysis. Raman and SEM analyses show that none of the supplied LEG materials are ofhigh-quality G (single or bilayer), but rather multi-layer graphene or even graphite.Small amounts of graphene added to Ag gave extremly low friction (μ&lt;0.2 vs. pureAg μ~1.3, 5 N load and 5 cm/s speed). The composite manufacturing process hadcritical steps, which have to be optimized, to obtain low values of friction. Severedegassing of the composites was observed for some sampes, but the samples stillmaintained good friction values. SEM and EDS analyses of 2dfab’s wear track show abuild-up thin carbon-containing tribofilm on the Ag surface. Indicating that G ispresent, and works as a lubricant, creating good tribological properties. The resultsfrom this project may for sure be of importance for future ABB products in specificindustrial applications.