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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Emissões de Co2 do solo sob preparo convencional e plantio direto em latossolo vermelho do Rio Grande do Sul / Soil Co2 emissions in conventional and no-till systems in a rhodic hapludox in Rio Grande do Sul

Chavez, Luis Fernando 04 March 2008 (has links)
Climatic change is associated with the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) concentration, including carbon dioxide (CO2). Among the most important strategies to decrease global warming are decrease emissions and increase biological capture of CO2 through carbon sequestration in the ecosystems. Therefore, soils are fundamental to this strategy because depending in its use and management, they could act as a carbon source or sink. A study was conducted in a Rhodic Hapludox, in a long-term (22 years) experiment, to evaluate CO2-C emissions from soil produced by management practices and its dependence on soil temperature and moisture. CO2-C emissions were intensively analysed with two soil cameras, a dynamic camera (Licor-6400-09) fabricated by LI-COR Company and a static camera (PVC camera) during an evaluation period of 30 days. A intensive cropping system were used in both tillage systems. Results suggest that tillage systems produced differences in the CO2-C emission. No-till system had the highest CO2-C efflux from soil, being 22% higher than the conventional tillage. In conventional tillage highest peaks of CO2-C emissions were verified after soil tillage with disk harrow and chisel plow, nevertheless they were of short duration. CO2-C emissions were influenced by variations in soil temperature and moisture. Higher CO2-C emissions from soil in the no-till system were related to higher soil carbon stocks, presence of soybean residues in the surface, higher contents of particulate organic carbon and higher microbial biomass that together with the higher soil moisture compared to conventional tillage explained the higher efflux. The CO2-C efflux in the long-term no-till reflected the higher soil quality in this system. These results suggest that in the long-term no-till system due to high biologic activity and high soil moisture, soybean residues won t increase soil organic matter content. / As mudanças climáticas contemporâneas estão sendo associadas ao aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), entre eles o dióxido de carbono (CO2). Entre as estratégias para diminuir o aquecimento global destaca-se a diminuição das emissões e o incremento da absorção biológica de CO2 através do seqüestro de carbono em ecossistemas. Assim, os solos são fundamentais nessa estratégia uma vez que, dependendo do seu uso e manejo, podem ser um importante fonte ou sumidouro de carbono. Com o objetivo de avaliar as emissões de C-CO2 do solo causadas pelas práticas de manejo e sua dependência na temperatura e umidade do solo, desenvolveu-se um estudo em solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico em experimento de longa duração (22 anos). As emissões de C-CO2 foram registradas e captadas com duas câmaras; uma dinâmica (Licor-6400-09) fabricada pela companhia LI-COR e outra estática (câmara de PVC) durante um período de avaliação de 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que os sistemas de preparo causaram diferenças na emissão de C-CO2 do solo e o plantio direto (PD) foi o que ocasionou o maior efluxo de CO2 do solo, sendo 22% superior ao preparo convencional (PC). Os maiores picos de emissões de C-CO2 foram verificados logo após o preparo do solo com arado e gradagem na parcela sob PC, porém tiveram curta duração. As emissões de C-CO2 foram influenciadas pelas variações da temperatura e umidade do solo, foi verificada correlação significativa (r=0,89) entre o fluxo de C-CO2 do solo e a temperatura do solo em PD, contrastando com o PC onde não houve correlação entre estas variáveis. As maiores emissões de C-CO2 do solo no PD foram relacionadas ao maior estoque de carbono, a presença de resíduos na superfície, a maior quantidade de carbono lábil e a maior biomassa microbiana que associados com maior umidade do solo explicam o efluxo, refletindo assim a maior qualidade do solo neste sistema. Os resultados sugerem que no PD de longa duração, devido à alta atividade biológica e altos conteúdos de umidade, os resíduos de soja não promoverão aumento de matéria orgânica do solo. As emissões de C-CO2 captadas com a câmara dinâmica foram correlacionadas significativamente com as emissões da câmara estática no PD. No entanto, não apresentaram relação no PC. Este projeto de pesquisa é o resultado de uma cooperação científica entre o grupo de pesquisa em Manejo do Solo da UFRGS, Departamento de Solos da UFSM e FUNDACEP.
182

Les effets du dalcetrapib, un inhibiteur de la protéine de transfert des esters de cholestérol (CETP), sur la structure et la fonction des lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL) dans l’étude dal-PLAQUE2

Beaudet, Marie-Lou 10 1900 (has links)
No description available.
183

The impact of psychostimulant administration during development on adult brain functions controlling motivation, impulsivity and cognition

Di Miceli, Mathieu January 2016 (has links)
ADHD pharmacotherapy uses methylphenidate (MPH), D-amphetamine (D- amph), two psychostimulants targeting dopamine transporters, or atomoxetine (ATX), specifically targeting norepinephrine transporters. We have assessed the pharmacological mechanisms of these three drugs on the in vitro efflux of neurotransmitters in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatal slices as well as on the in vivo electrical activities of PFC pyramidal neurons, striatal medium spiny neurons, ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons or dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons, using single cell extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques. We have also tested whether chronic methylphenidate treatment, during either adolescence or adulthood, could have long-lasting consequences on body growth, depression and neuronal functions. Release experiments showed that all ADHD drugs induce dose-dependent dopamine efflux in both the PFC and striatum, with different efficacies, while only D- amph induced cortical norepinephrine efflux. Atomoxetine induced an unexpected massive dopamine outflow in striatal regions, by mechanisms that depend on physiological parameters. Our electrophysiological studies indicate that all three drugs equally stimulate the excitability of PFC pyramidal neurons, in basal and NMDA-evoked conditions, when administered acutely (3 mg/kg). While the electrophysiological effects elicited by psychostimulants may be dependent on D1 receptor activation, those induced by atomoxetine relied on different mechanisms. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), methylphenidate (2 mg/kg), but not atomoxetine, induced firing and burst activity reductions, through dopamine D2 autoreceptor activation. Reversal of such effects (eticlopride 0.2 mg/kg) revealed an excitatory effect of methylphenidate on midbrain dopamine neurons that appear to be dependent on glutamate pathways and the combination of D1 and alpha-1 receptors. Finally, acute intraperitoneal psychostimulant injections increased vertical locomotor activity as well as NMDA2B protein expression in the striatum. Some animals chronically treated with intraperitoneal administrations (methylphenidate 4 mg/kg/day or saline 1.2 ml/kg/day) showed decreased body weight gain. Voluntary oral methylphenidate intake induces desensitisation to subsequent intravenous methylphenidate challenges, without altering dopamine D2 receptor plasticity. Significant decreases in striatal NMDA2B protein expression were observed in animals chronically treated. After adolescent MPH treatment, midbrain dopaminergic neurons do not display either desensitisation or sensitisation to intravenous methylphenidate re-challenges. However, partial dopamine D2 receptor desensitisation was observed in midbrain dopamine neurons. Using behavioural experiments, cross-sensitisation between adolescent methylphenidate exposure and later-life D-amphetamine challenge was observed. Significant decreases in striatal NMDA2B protein expression were observed in animals chronically treated, while striatal medium spiny neurons showed decreased sensitivities to locally applied NMDA and dopamine. While caffeine is devoid of action on baseline spike generation and burst activity of dopamine neurons, nicotine induces either firing rate enhancement, firing rate reduction, or has no consequences. Adolescent methylphenidate treatment leads to decreased neuronal sensitivities to the combination of nicotine, MPH and eticlopride, compared to controls. Finally, nicotine partially prevented D-amphetamine-induced increase of rearing activities. Our results show that increases in the excitability of PFC neurons in basal conditions and via NMDA receptor activation may be involved in the therapeutic response to ADHD drugs. Long-term consequences were observed after psychostimulant exposure. Such novel findings strengthen the mixed hypothesis in ADHD, whereby both dopamine and glutamate neurotransmissions are dysregulated. Therefore, ADHD therapy may now focus on adequate balancing between glutamate and dopamine.
184

Synthèse de dérivés de la phénothiazine et étude de leur rôle d'inhibiteurs de la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les Burkholderiaceae / Synthesis of phenothiazine derivatives and study of their role as inhibitors of antibiotic resistance against Burkholderiaceae

Stutzmann, Aurélien 14 December 2017 (has links)
Si les antibiotiques ont amélioré le pronostic des maladies infectieuses, l’apparition de résistances importantes et les manipulations génétiques volontaires peuvent faire craindre l’émergence de pathogènes très virulents et résistants aux antibiotiques recommandés. Aussi, la multidrug résistance (MDR) est devenue un problème majeur pour traiter des infections impliquant des bactéries à Gram-négatif. La surexpression des mécanismes d’efflux contribue largement au phénotype de multi-résistance aux antibiotiques et l’inhibition de ces mécanismes intéresse donc de plus en plus le monde de la recherche.Les phénothiazines font partie des molécules les plus prometteuses du 20e siècle. La présence d’un substituant en position C-2 sur le noyau tricyclique et celle d’une chaine alkyl aminée en position N-10 se sont révélées être critiques pour des activités de type neuroleptique, antihistaminique et anthelminthique. Une activité anti-MDR a également été mise en évidence, notamment contre les cancers et la tuberculose. Le mécanisme par lequel ces molécules inhiberaient l’efflux est cependant encore mal connu. Différents dérivés de la phénothiazine ont été synthétisés afin de comprendre ce mécanisme et de dégager les propriétés physico-chimiques mises en jeu chez Burkholderia pseudomallei. Cette bactérie à Gram-négatif, responsable de la mélioïdose, est classée parmi les agents potentiels du bioterrorisme. Elle est en effet extrêmement pathogène et présente une sensibilité très réduite à une majorité de classes d’antibiotiques. L’activité des phénothiazines a été évaluée par la technique Etest® sur Burkholderia thailandensis, modèle d’étude non-pathogène. / If antibiotic drugs improved the prognosis of infectious diseases, the appearance of antimicrobial resistance and deliberate genetic modifications could be followed by the worrying emergence of highly virulent pathogens resistant to usual antibiotics. Thus, Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) became a major problem to treat infections involving Gram negative bacteria. The overexpression of efflux mechanisms contributes to a great extent to antibiotic resistance and the inhibition of these mechanisms increasingly interest research areas.Phenothiazines are the most promising molecules of the 20th century. The presence of substituent in C-2 position on the tricyclic structure and the one of alkyl amino chain in N-10 position proved their critical activity as neuroleptic, antihistaminic and antihelmintic drugs. An anti-MDR activity has also been put into evidence against cancers and tuberculosis, but the mechanism by which molecules would inhibit efflux is not well known yet. Different phenothiazine derivatives have been synthesized in order to better understand this mechanism and to draw the physicochemical properties involved in Burkholderia pseudomallei. This Gram negative bacterium is responsible of melioidosis and classified as potential bioterrorism infectious agent. This bacterium is indeed extremely pathogenic and has a very low susceptibility to most classes of antibiotics. The activity of phenothiazine derivatives was evaluated using the Etest® method in Burkholderia thailandensis, the non-pathogenic study model.
185

Studium inhibice ABC lékových efluxních transportérů vybranými inhibitory tyrozinkináz pomocí akumulačních metod s cytostatickými substráty / Study of ABC drug efflux transporter inhibition by selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors using accumulation methods with cytostatic substrates

Suchá, Simona January 2018 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Simona Suchá Supervisor: RNDr. Jakub Hofman, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Study of ABC drug efflux transporter inhibition by selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors using accumulation methods with cytostatic substrates ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to drive transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds out of the cell. The overexpression of ABC transporters plays a crucial role in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), a phenomenon responsible for the failure of chemotherapy. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) represent novel beneficial therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. TKI block tyrosine kinases which regulate important cellular processes. Deregulation of these enzymes can lead to various types of cancers. In the present work, we investigated interaction potential of selected TKI (alectinib, brivanib, osimertinib, selumetinib) in MDCKII parent cell line and those transduced with human efflux transporters ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2. Using the accumulation studies, we determined the amount of accumulated model substrates (daunorubicin, mitoxantrone) and evaluated the inhibitory effect of...
186

Transporte de CO2 no Sistema Solo-Planta-Atmosfera

Leite, Vanir Dirley Partelli de Oliveira [UNESP] 31 May 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_vdpo_me_rcla.pdf: 4581751 bytes, checksum: 69f0eaf0a28577e952aa235b12b6f1e6 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A cultura de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil ocupa uma extensa área, devido a sua importância econômica e seu potencial na obtenção de bioenergia. É importante saber como esta cultura irá responder ao aumento previsto na concentração de gás carbônico (CO2) atmosférico, uma vez que é um composto chave nos processos das mudanças climática globais. Sabendo que esse gás é emitido tanto pelas folhas como pelas raízes das plantas e difundido pelo solo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia para a quantificação de CO2 de solo em condições de laboratório para simular as situações de campo em ambiente controlado. A abordagem utilizou 15 frascos de vidro com capacidade para 2,8 L, fechados com sistema de válvulas para entrada de ar e saída de CO2 acoplados a um analisador de gases LI-COR 840. O experimento também envolveu coleta de solos em área de Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico de textura argilosa, com cultura de cana-deaçúcar em três localidades, sendo uma área coberta com palhada e plantas adultas, outra área arada e gradeada com colmo em brota e outra área desnuda em descanso após colheita de soja. Estas amostras foram peneiradas com malhas de 2,5 mm e 5 mm e secas na sombra ao ar livre num período de 25 dias. Em cada frasco foi acondicionado 1300 g de solo por 20 dias para verificar a atividade do solo em formação de CO2, que foi medida pela câmara respirométrica a qual possui leitor ótico de raios infravermelho não dispersivo, capaz de medir CO2 ativo por vibrações moleculares. Os dados obtidos no sistema demonstraram formação de um valor médio de 483,85 ppm de emissão de CO2, valor este que condiz com o meio natural quando isento de vegetação / The cultivation of sugar cane in Brazil occupies a large area due to the economic importance of this crop and its potential for bioenergy. It is important to know how the crop will respond to the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, since this gas is a key component in the processes of global climate change. This gas is emitted by both the leaves and the roots of plants and distributed throughout the soil. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the measurement of CO2 from soil in laboratory conditions to simulate field situations in a controlled environment. The approach used 15 glass bottles with a capacity of 2.8 L, closed with a valve system for air intake and CO2 output coupled to a gas analyzer LI-COR 840. The study also involved collection of soil in the area of Hapludox clayey, with growing sugar cane in three locations and an area covered with straw and adult plants, another area plowed and fenced with sprouts and in stem other denuded areas at rest after soybean harvest. These samples were sieved with meshes of 2.5 mm and 5 mm and dried in the shade outdoors in a period of 25 days. In each vial, samples were taken each day for 20 days consisting of 1300 g of soil to verify the activity of soil formation of CO2, which was measured by the respiration chamber, which has an optical reader of non-dispersive infrared rays, capable of measuring CO2 by active molecular vibrations. The data obtained in the system showed the formation of an average of 483.85 ppm of CO2 emissions, a figure that matches the natural environment when free of vegetation
187

AVALIAÇÃO DE MÚLTIPLOS MECANISMOS DE RESISTÊNCIA ASSOCIADOS EM ISOLADOS CLÍNICOS DE Klebsiella pneumoniae RESISTENTE AOS CARBAPENÊMICOS / EVALUATION OF MULTIPLES ASSOCIATED RESISTANCE MECHANISMS IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF K. pneumoniae RESISTANT TO CARBAPENEMS

Dalmolin, Tanise Vendruscolo 21 August 2015 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Antimicrobial resistance is considered a serious public health problem worldwide and complicates the treatment of infections caused by resistant microorganisms. The carbapenems are antimicrobial agents considered the last resource for treatment of severe infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and the resistance to β-lactams can result in the accumulation of different resistance mechanisms (carbapenemases, efflux pump and loss of porins). This study aimed to evaluate multiple resistance mechanisms in 27 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae resistant to carbapenems coming from the University Hospital of Santa Maria-RS from July 2013 to August 2014. These isolates were evaluated the susceptibility profiles through broth microdilution against ciprofloxacin, imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, cefepime, ceftazidime and cefoxitin. Carbapenemase detection was performed through phenotypic tests with combined disc test with phenylboronic acid (AFB) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Blue-Carba test. In addition, genotypic tests to detect genes enconding carbapenemase were performed. Efflux pump was evaluated by broth microdilution together with efflux pump inhibitor and loss of porins were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). High levels of resistance verified by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 for ciprofloxacin (64 and 128μg/mL), imipenem (32 to >128μg/mL), ertapenem (>128 and >128μg/mL), meropenem (128 and >128 μg/mL), cefepime (>128 and >128 μg/mL), ceftazidime (64 and 128μg/mL) and cefoxitin (128 and >128 μg/mL), respectively. In the resistance through carbapenemases production, 89% of the clinical isolates showed blaKPC gene and no clinical isolated showed genes encoding the metallo- β-lactamases. It was observed that the Blue-Carba test and combined disc test with AFB showed 100% concordance, while the combined disc test with EDTA showed high number of false positive (48%) when compared with genotypic test. Four isolates showed phenotypic profile consistent with the presence of efflux pump and all clinical isolates had lost one or both porins, being that in three isolated, this was the only resistance mechanism found. In 14% of the isolates can observe simultaneously observe the presence of three resistance mechanisms. Consequently, it is of fundamental scientific interest that studies are conducted in order to investigate and understand the mechanisms involved in resistance to carbapenems in order to assist strategies of prevention and infection control. / A resistência aos antimicrobianos é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública em âmbito mundial e dificulta o tratamento de infecções causadas por microrganismos resistentes. Os carbapenêmicos são os antibacterianos considerados último recurso para o tratamento de infecções graves causadas por Klebsiella pneumoniae e a resistência a esse grupo de β-lactâmicos pode resultar da acumulação de diferentes mecanismos de resistência (carbapenemases, bomba de efluxo e perdas de porinas). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os múltiplos mecanismos de resistência de 27 isolados clínicos de K. pneumoniae resistente a carbapenêmicos oriundos do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria-RS no período de julho de 2013 a agosto de 2014. Foram avaliados os perfis de suscetibilidade desses isolados através de microdiluição em caldo frente aos antimicrobianos ciprofloxacino, imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, cefepima, ceftazidima e cefoxetina. A detecção de carbapenemases foi realizada através de testes fenotípicos com a utilização do disco de antimicrobiano associado com os inibidores ácido fenilborônico (AFB) e ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético (EDTA) e através do teste Blue-Carba. Também foram realizados testes genotípicos para detectar os genes que codificam as carbapenemases. Bombas de efluxo foram avaliadas através de microdiluição em caldo juntamente com inibidor de bomba de efluxo e a perda de porinas foi avaliada pela eletroforese em gel de sulfato de dodecilo de sódio-poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Altos níveis de resistência foram verificados nesses isolados pela concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) 50 e 90 para ciprofloxacino (64 e 128μg/mL), imipenem (32 e >128μg/mL), ertapenem (>128 e >128μg/mL), meropenem (128 e >128 μg/mL), cefepima (>128 e >128μg/mL), ceftazidima (64 e 128μg/mL) e cefoxitina (128 e >128 μg/mL), respectivamente. Na resistência através da produção de carbapenemases, 89% dos isolados apresentaram o gene blaKPC e nenhum isolado apresentou genes que codificam as metalo-β-lactamases. Foi observado que os testes Blue-Carba e disco combinado com AFB apresentaram 100% de concordância, enquanto o teste de disco combinado com EDTA apresentou elevado número de falso-positivos (48%) quando comparados com o teste genotípico. Quatro isolados apresentaram perfil fenotípico compatível com a presença de bomba de efluxo e todos os isolados apresentaram perda de uma ou ambas porinas, sendo que em três isolados, esse foi o único mecanismo de resistência encontrado. Em 14% dos isolados pode-se observar concomitantemente a presença dos três mecanismos de resistência. Devido ao exposto, é de fundamental interesse científico que estudos sejam realizados para investigar e compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na resistência aos carbapenêmicos, a fim de auxiliar em estratégias de prevenção e controle de infecção.
188

Estudo fitoquímico e atividade antimicrobiana de Pilosocereus pachycladus F. RITTER (CACTACEAE)

Brito Filho, Severino Gonçalves de 24 February 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-03-30T13:03:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8147215 bytes, checksum: 55ceb3d471bad1f7580ba3350ee86625 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T13:03:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8147215 bytes, checksum: 55ceb3d471bad1f7580ba3350ee86625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Genus Pilosocereus belonging to the Cactaceae family stands out for having the highest number of species, being 35 species distributed from Mexico to Paraguay, being Brazil the country with the greatest number of species distributed among different environments, including caatingas, salt marshes and rocky fields. The species Pilosocereus pachycladus F.RITTER, popularly known as "Facheiro" is used in folk medicine against prostate inflammation. The pioneer phytochemical study of this specie led to the isolation and identification of twelve substances which are: an alcohol (decanol), two fatty acids (palmitic acid and Pp-8b), two porphyrinic substances (Phaeophytin a and Phaeophytin a hydroxylated), five steroids (β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, glycosylated β-sitosterol and glycosylated stigmasterol), a phenolic aldehyde (syringaldehyde) and a phenolic acid (p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid); two substances are unprecedented in Cactaceae family and nine new in Pilosocereus genre. An microbiological assessment of specie Pilosocereus pachycladus against strains of bacteria and fungi showed no antimicrobial activity directly but a complementary study for inhibition of efflux pump found that this specie may act as a source of natural products that modulate multidrug resistance in bacteria and substance identified as syringaldehyde (Pp-6) can served as a promising molecule to enhance the antibiotic activity against the efflux pump. / O gênero Pilosocereus pertencente à família Cactaceae se destaca por possuir o maior número de espécies, com 35 exemplares distribuídos desde o México até o Paraguai, sendo o Brasil o país com o maior número de espécies distribuídas em diferentes ambientes, incluindo caatingas, restingas e campos rupestres. A espécie Pilosocereus pachycladus F. RITTER, conhecido como "Facheiro", é utilizada pela medicina popular contra inflamação prostática. O estudo fitoquímico pioneiro desta espécie levou ao isolamento e identificação de doze substâncias sendo elas: um álcool (decanol), dois ácidos graxos (ácido palmítico e Pp-8b), duas substâncias porfirínicas (feofitina a e feofitina a hidroxilada), cinco esteroides (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, β-sitosterol glicosilado, stigmasterol glicosilado), um aldeído fenólico (Siringaldeído) e um ácido fenólico (ácido p-hidroxifenilacético); duas sustâncias são inéditas na família Cactaceae e nove inéditas no gênero Pilosocereus. Uma avaliação microbiológica da espécie P. pachycladus frente a cepas de bactérias e fungos não revelou atividade antimicrobiana direta porém um estudo complementar frente a inibição da bomba de efluxo revelou que esta espécie poderá atuar como uma fonte de produtos naturais que modulam a resistência bacteriana a múltiplas drogas e a substância identificada como Siringaldeído (Pp-6) atuou como molécula promissora para potencializar a atividade antibiótica frente à bomba de efluxo.
189

Derivados guanilhidrazônicos como antibacterianos e moduladores da resistência a drogas em Staphylococcus aureus

Dantas, Natalina 30 April 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-08T14:21:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1859059 bytes, checksum: b132aa4cd1f20f233d8bac438414a9bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-08T14:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1859059 bytes, checksum: b132aa4cd1f20f233d8bac438414a9bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The mutual ineffective for many antibiotics called multidrug resistance (MDR), has undermined the therapeutic value of existing antibacterial. With the identification and characterization of efflux systems that confer clinical resistance to antimicrobial, has emerged interest in developing a new class of agents enhancers the antibiotic action that act as inhibitors of efflux pumps, this are also called antibiotic activity modifiers or antibiotics adjuvantes. In this study, were evaluated synthetic guanylhydrazones derivatives as antibacterial and agents modulators of drug resistance in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial strains used express the genes NorA, MrsA or TetK encoding proteins efflux for norfloxacin and ethidium bromide (NorA), erythromycin (MsrA) and tetracycline(TetK), respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of the antibiotics and synthetic derivatives were determined in nutrient broth by the microdilution assay, and to evaluate the modulator activity, the MIC of antibiotics and ethidium bromide were determined in the absence and presence of subinibitory concentrations of guanylhydrazones. The compounds tested did not display relevant antibacterial activity for majority compounds at the concentrations tested, showing MIC ranging from (16 to > 256 μg/mL). When combined with the antibiotics tetracycline and erythromycin some compounds reduced their MIC 2-fold and 4-fold respectively. However, when combined with norfloxacin, except only one compound, all guanylhydrazones derivatives in different ratios and degrees of sensitivity, were able to potentiate the effect of this antibiotic, with three compounds which reduced its MIC 16-fold to norfloxacin, 32-fold to ethidium bromide and 8-fold for berberine used as positive controls for NorA pump. The molecular docking studies showed that both norfloxacin and compound 13 are recognized by the same binding site on the NorA pump, suggesting a competitive mechanism. The results presented here reported for the first time its great potential of guanylhydrazones derivatives to be putative inhibitors of bacterial efflux systems, especially for strains Staphylococcus aureus. / A ineficácia mútua para diversos antibióticos chamada de resistência múltipla as drogas (MDR), tem minado o valor terapêutico dos antibacterianos existentes. Com a identificação e caracterização de sistemas de efluxo que conferem resistência clínica aos antimicrobianos, tem surgido interesse no desenvolvimento de uma nova classe de agentes potenciadores da ação antibiótica que atuem como inibidores de bombas de efluxo, estes também são chamados de modificadores de atividade antibiótica ou adjuvantes de antibióticos. No presente trabalho, foram avaliados derivados sintéticos guanilhidrazônicos como antibacterianos e agentes moduladores da resistência à drogas em linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus. As linhagens bacterianas utilizadas expressam o gene norA, msrA ou tetK codificadores das proteínas de efluxo para norfloxacina e brometo de etídeo (NorA), eritromicina (MsrA) e tetraciclina (TetK), respectivamente. Foram determinadas por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo nutritivo os valores das concentrações inibitória mínima (CIM) dos antibióticos e dos derivados sintéticos, e para avaliar a atividade moduladora, as CIM dos antibióticos e do brometo de etídeo foram determinadas na ausência e na presença de concentrações subinibitórias dos compostos sintéticos. Os compostos ensaiados não mostraram atividade antibacteriana efetiva para a maioria dos compostos nas concentrações testadas, exibindo CIM variando entre (16 à >256 μg/mL). Quando combinados com os antibióticos tetraciclina e eritromicina alguns reduziram suas CIM em 2 e 4 vezes respectivamente. Entretanto quando combinado com norfloxacina, exceto apenas um composto, todos os derivados guanilhidrazônicos em diferentes proporções e graus de sensibilidade, foram capazes de potencializar o efeito deste antibiótico, apresentando três compostos que reduziram sua CIM até 16 vezes, 32 vezes para brometo de etídeo e 8 vezes para berberina usados como controles positivos para bomba NorA. Os estudos de docking molecular mostrou que tanto a norfloxacina quanto o composto 13 reconhecem o mesmo sítio de ligação na bomba NorA, sugerindo um mecanismo competitivo para atividade moduladora a drogas. Estes resultados aqui apresentados relatam pela primeira vez, o potencial de derivados guanilhidrazônicos em ser putativos inibidores dos sistemas de efluxo bacterianos, em especial para estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus.
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N-Fenilmaleimidas: atividade antibacteriana e moduladora da resistência a drogas em Staphylococcus aureus / N-Phenylmaleimides: antibacterial activity and modulator of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Borges, Nathalie Helen Paes Barreto 01 March 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1256477 bytes, checksum: f676b1f9aeaea49632e26bd31031dcf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Compounds derived from plants or animals have been instrumental in the discovery of anti-infective drugs, and now many synthetic antimicrobial drugs based on structural models of substances of natural origin. Several chemical compounds, natural and synthetic, have been reported as inhibitors of efflux pumps, acting as important additional tools in drug development co-formulated with appropriate antibiotics. In this study were evaluated seven N-Fenylmaleimides (NFM), gently assigned by Dr. Valdir Cechinel Filho (UNIVALI), obtained by organic synthesis. The values of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of N-Fenylmaleimides (NFM), antibiotics and compounds NAB, by the broth microdilution method.Were determined the values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of NFM, antibiotics and compounds NAB. In modulation of drug resistance, the MIC of the antibiotic compounds and NAB were determined in the presence and absence of subinibitory concentrations of NFM. Both studies were supplemented with analysis of in silico ADMET parameters. The derivatives 3,4-Cl-NFM, NFM-4-Cl and 4-CH3-NFM showed moderate antibacterial activity with MIC of up to 64 μg/mL in MSSA and MRSA strains. In the assay of modulation of drug resistance, 4-NO2-NFM reduced by up to four times the MIC of the antibiotic tetracycline and erythromycin. The 4-CH3 NFM showed the best results, with a reduction in MIC of the antibiotics tetracycline (up to 4-fold), erythromycin (16-fold), some representatives of fluoroquinolones (up to 4-fold) and compounds NAB (up to 4 times). By reducing the MIC of ethidium bromide, 4-CH3 NFM is considered in fact as a putative inhibitor of the efflux system in bacteria. In the analysis of molecular modeling, derivatives 3,4-Cl-NFM and 4-CH3-NFM, improved antibacterial and modulator compounds respectively, showed a profile with low toxic risk theoretical profile since they are promising to be used in drawing new derivatives more active and safer. The results presented here show that imidic derivatives may be used to potentiate the effect of antimicrobial agents to facilitate reintroduction of antibiotics currently ineffective for the clinical treatment of multiresistant infections. / Compostos derivados de vegetais ou animais têm sido cruciais na descoberta de drogas anti-infecciosas, e atualmente muitas drogas antimicrobianas sintéticas baseiam-se em modelos estruturais de substâncias de origem natural. Diversos compostos químicos, sintéticos e naturais, têm sido relatados como inibidores de bombas de efluxo, atuando como ferramentas adicionais importantes no desenvolvimento de fármacos co-formulados com os antibióticos apropriados. Neste trabalho foram avaliados sete N-Fenilmaleimidas (NFM), cedidas gentilmente pelo Prof. Dr. Valdir Cechinel Filho (UNIVALI), obtidas por síntese orgânica. Foram determinados os valores das concentrações inibitórias mínimas e bactericida (CIM e CBM) de N-Fenilmaleimidas, dos antibióticos e dos compostos NAB, pelo método da microdiluição em placa. Na atividade moduladora de drogas, as CIM dos antibióticos e compostos NAB foram determinadas na presença e ausência de concentrações subinibitórias das N-Fenilmaleimidas. Ambos os estudos foram complementados com análise in silico dos parâmetros ADMET. Os derivados 3,4-Cl-NFM, 4-Cl-NFM e 4-CH3-NFM mostraram atividade antibacteriana moderada, com CIM de até 64 μg/mL em cepas MSSA e MRSA. No ensaio da modulação da resistência a drogas, a 4-NO2-NFM reduziu em até 4 vezes a CIM dos antibióticos tetraciclina e eritromicina. A 4-CH3 NFM apresentou o melhor resultado, com redução da CIM dos antibióticos tetraciclina (até 4 vezes), eritromicina (até 16 vezes), alguns representantes das fluoroquinolonas (até 4 vezes) e compostos NAB (até 4 vezes). Ao reduzir a CIM do brometo de etídio, a 4-CH3 NFM é considerada de fato como inibidor putativo do sistema de efluxo em bactéria. Na análise da modelagem molecular, os derivados 3,4-Cl-NFM e 4-CH3 NFM, os quais apresentaram melhor atividade antibacteriana e moduladora da resistencia, respectivamente, mostraram um perfil com baixo risco tóxico teórico, resultado promissor para serem utilizados no desenho de novos derivados mais ativos e mais seguros. Os resultados aqui apresentaram mostram que derivados imídicos podem ser utilizados para potenciar o efeito de agentes antimicrobianos, de modo a facilitar a reintrodução de antibióticos atualmente ineficazes para o tratamento clínico de infecções multirresistentes.

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