O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo das propriedades da condensação de Bose-Einstein e da superfluidez em um sistema bosônico disposto em um arranjo unidimensional de potenciais periódicos em formato de anel. O Hamiltoniano efetivo usual em termos dos operadores de campo é implementado na representação construída em termos das funções de Bloch da primeira banda e o problema é resolvido por meio da sua diagonalização através de métodos numéricos. No limite de hopping pequeno, este modelo é essencialmente equivalente à representação usual do modelo de Bose-Hubbard, mas incorpora efeitos adicionais através das energias de Bloch de partícula independente e dos elementos da matriz de dois corpos na situação em que o hopping é grande [19]. Através da inclusão de rotação no sistema, as energias de partícula independente são forçadas a depender da velocidade angular. Isto implica, correspondentemente, uma dependência da velocidade angular nas funções de onda de partícula independente e nos resultados de muitos corpos obtidos através da diagonalização do Hamiltoniano. Com o objetivo de estudar a superfluidez, o critério de dois fluidos é empregado e através de resultados numéricos obtêm-se a variação da fração de superfluido com o quadrado da velocidade angular. Ainda, considera-se aqui uma expressão perturbativa para o parâmetro inercial do sistema expresso em termos das excitações do sistema sem rotação, o que permite relacionar as energias do sistema com rotação com aquelas do sistema sem rotação. Isto é particularmente interessante para obter a fração de superfluido em termos da informação espectral do sistema sem rotação. Resultados semelhantes podem ser encontrados através da definição de superfluido baseada na resposta do sistema a uma variação de fase, imposta através de condições de contorno torcidas [30, 33], mas com a diferença de que os desenvolvimentos aqui não fazem uso da hipótese do modo condensado. De maneira geral, os resultados numéricos obtidos indicam, que pelo menos para este sistema, as frações de superfluido e condensado são quantidades sem relação direta, sugerindo então que mesmo para sistemas gasosos diluídos a idéia de que a superfluidez é uma consequência da condensação de Bose-Einstein deve ser considerada com mais cuidado. / In this work we study the properties of Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity in a finite bosonic system in a 1-dimensional ring with a periodic potential under rotation. The usual field effective Hamiltonian is implemented in a representation constructed in terms of the first band Bloch functions and the problem is solved by numeric diagonalization. In the limit of small hopping, this model is essentially equivalent to the quasi-momentum representation of the usual Bose-Hubbard model but incorporates additional effects via Bloch single particle energies and two-body matrix elements in the case of large hopping [19]. By including rotation in the system we force the single particle energies to be a function of the angular velocity. This implies a corresponding angular velocity dependence of the single particle wavefunctions and many-body diagonalization results. In order to study superfluidity, we consider the two fluid criterion. Numerical results for the superfluid fraction involving the change of in rinsic ground state energy with the square of the angular velocity are obtained. We also consider a perturbative expression for the system inertial parameter expressed in terms of the excitation spectrum of the non rotating system, which enables us to relate the energies in the rotating system to the ones in the system without rotation. This is particularly interesting for obtaining superfluid fraction in terms of spectral information of the non rotating system. Similar results can be found by using the definition of superfluid fraction based on the response of the system to a phase variation imposed by means of twisted boundary conditions [30, 33], but with the difference that our developments do not assume the hypothesis of a condensate mode. Our numerical results indicate that in this system condensate and superfluid fractions are quite unrelated in terms of parameter values, indicating that even for dilute gases the concept that superfluidity is a consequence of Bose-Einstein condensation should be considered more carefully.

In this work we study a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb under the effects of an oscillatory excitation. The condensate is produced through forced evaporative cooling by radio-frequency in a harmonic magnetic trap. The excitation is generated by an oscillatory quadrupole field superimposed on the trapping potential. For a fixed value of the frequency of the excitation we observe the production of different regimes in the condensate as a function of two parameters of the excitation: the time and the amplitude. For the lowest values of these parameters we observe a bending of the main axis of the condensate. This demonstrates that the excitation is able to transfer angular momentum into the sample. By increasing the time or the amplitude of the excitation we observe the nucleation of an increasing number of quantized vortices. If the value of the parameters of the excitation is increased even further the vortices evolve into a different regime which we have identified as quantum turbulence. In this regime, the vortices are tangled among each other, generating a highly irregular array. For the highest values of the excitation the condensate breaks into pieces surrounded by a thermal cloud. This constitutes a different regime which we have identified as granulation. We present numerical simulations together with other theoretical considerations which allow us to interpret our observations. In this thesis we also describe the construction of a second experimental setup whose objective is to study magnetic properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb. In this new system the condensate is produced in a hybrid trap which combines a magnetic trap with an optical dipole trap. Bose-Einstein condensation has been already achieved in the new apparatus; experiments will be performed in the near future. / Neste trabalho, estudamos um condensado de Bose-Einstein de átomos de 87Rb sob os efeitos de uma excitação oscilatória. O condensado é produzido por meio de resfriamento evaporativo por radiofreqüência em uma armadilha magnética harmônica. A excitação é gerada por um campo quadrupolar oscilatório sobreposto ao potencial de aprisionamento. Para um valor fixo da freqüência de excitação, observamos a produção de diferentes regimes no condensado como função de dois parâmetros da excitação, a saber, o tempo e a amplitude. Para os valores mais baixos destes parâmetros observamos a inclinação do eixo principal do condensado, isto demonstra que a excitação transfere momento angular à amostra. Ao aumentar o tempo ou a amplitude da excitação observamos a nucleação de um número crescente de vórtices quantizados. Se incrementarmos ainda mais o valor dos parâmetros da excitação, os vórtices evoluem para um novo regime que identificamos como turbulência quântica. Neste regime, os vórtices se encontram emaranhados entre si, dando origem a um arranjo altamente irregular. Para os valores mais altos da excitação o condensado se quebra em pedaços rodeados por uma nuvem térmica. Isto constitui um novo regime que identificamos como a granulação do condensado. Apresentamos simulações numéricas junto com outras considerações teóricas que nos permitem interpretar as nossas observações. Nesta tese, apresentamos ainda a descrição da montagem de um segundo sistema experimental cujo objetivo é o de estudar propriedades magnéticas de um condensado de Bose-Einstein de 87Rb. Neste novo sistema o condensado é produzido em uma armadilha híbrida composta por uma armadilha magnética junto com uma armadilha óptica de dipolo. A condensação de Bose-Einstein foi já observada neste novo sistema, os experimentos serão realizados no futuro próximo.

Orientador: Maria José Pereira Monteiro de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_DavidEliasda_M.pdf: 13100729 bytes, checksum: 75cd3fd006c82826a66fab9ba5dab6ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: É cada vez maior o número de publicações que abordam temas relacionados à área de Ensino de Ciências. Por outro lado, a física ensinada nas salas de aula ainda é considerada ultrapassada e desestimulante. Vários trabalhos nesta área apontam que a inserção de Física Moderna e Contemporânea (FMC) pode ser importante para estimular estudantes na aprendizagem da física. Uma maneira de facilitar essa inserção pode ser através da utilização de materiais de divulgação científica. Dessa forma, este estudo tem o objetivo de evidenciar que textos de divulgação científica, aliados à mediação do professor, podem contribuir significativamente para melhorar interpretações de estudantes a respeito de elementos da teoria da Relatividade de Einstein e suas implicações. Para isso, trabalhamos um capítulo do livro de divulgação científica, "Albert Einstein e seu universo inflável", com alunos de diferentes turmas em todos os anos do Ensino Médio em duas escolas de Campinas, no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Aplicamos questões abertas, com a finalidade de obter uma maior reflexão dos estudantes sobre as informações contidas no texto. As respostas foram analisadas mediante categorização e com base em algumas noções da Análise do Discurso, desenvolvidas e divulgadas no Brasil por Eni P. Orlandi. Entre as mudanças na interpretação dos estudantes destacamos que houve deslocamentos no conhecimento sobre a figura do cientista Albert Einstein e sobre alguns pontos de sua teoria da relatividade. Além disso, nas respostas apresentadas, foi possível observar diferentes formas de repetição, da empírica à histórica (termos propostos por Orlandi), como indício de diferentes graus de aprendizagem. / Abstract: The number of publishings concerning topics related to the Teaching of Science is greater each day. On the other hand, the way Physics is taught in the classrooms nowadays is still considered old-fashioned and not stimulating. Research in this area shows that introducing Modern and Contemporary Physics can be important to stimulate students to learn physics. A way to facilitate this introduction may be through the use of science popularization materials. This way, this study has the aim of making it evident that science popularization texts, associated with the mediation of the teacher, can significantly contribute to improve the interpretation of students concerning the elements of Einstein's Relativity Theory and its implications. To do so, we have worked with a chapter from the science popularization book "Albert Einstein and his inflatable universe", with students from different groups in all the grades of secondary school in two schools in Campinas, State of São Paulo, and gave them narrative questions, with the aim of obtaining a greater reflection from the students about the information in the text. The answers were analyzed based on categories and some notions of Speech Analysis, developed and promoted in Brazil by Eni P. Orlandi. Among the changes in the students' interpretation, we highlighted that the students acquired knowledge about the scientist Albert Einstein and some aspects of his relativity theory. Besides that, in the presented answers, it was possible to observe different ways of repetition, from the empiric to the historical (terminology proposed by Orlandi), as an indicator of different degrees of learning. / Mestrado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Mestre em Educação

Une étude des modes d'oscillations d'une gaz de Bose unidimensionnel dans la piège est présentée. Les oscillations sont initiées par une changement instantanée de la fréquence de piégeage. Dans la thèse il est considéré d'un gaz de Bose quantique 1D dans un piège parabolique à la température nulle, et il est expliqué, analytiquement et numériquement, comment la fréquence d'oscillation dépend du nombre de particules, leur interaction répulsive, et les paramètres de piège. Nous sommes concentres sur la description spectrale, en utilisant les règles de somme. La fréquence d'oscillation est identifiée comme la différence d'énergie entre l'état fondamental et un état excité donne. L'existence de trois régimes est démontrée, à savoir le régime de Tonks, le régime de Thomas-Fermi et le régime de Gauss. La transition entre les régime de Tonks et de Thomas-Fermi est décrite dans l'approximation de la densité locale (LDA). Pour la transition entre le régime de Thomas-Fermi et le régime de Gauss l'approximation de Hartree est utilisée. Dans les deux cas, nous avons calculé les paramètres pour quelles les transitions se produisent. Les simulations extensif de Monte Carlo de diffusion pour un gaz contenant jusqu'à N = 25 particules ont été effectuées. Lorsque le nombre de particules augmente, les prédictions des simulations convergent vers celles d'Hartree et LDA dans ces régimes. Cela rend les résultats des modes d'oscillation applicables pour des valeurs arbitraires du nombre de particule et de l'interaction. L'analyse est complétée par les résultats perturbatifs dans les cas limites avec N finis. La théorie prédit le comportement réentrant de la fréquence de mode d'oscillation lors de la transition du régime de Tonks au régime de Gauss et explique bien les données de l'expérience récente du groupe d'Innsbruck. / A study of breathing oscillations of a one-dimensional trapped interacting Bose gas is presented. Oscillations are initiated by an instantaneous change of the trapping frequency. In the thesis a 1D quantum Bose gas in a parabolic trap at zero temperature is considered, and it is explained, analytically and numerically, how the oscillation frequency depends on the number of particles, their repulsive interaction, and the trap parameters. We have focused on the many-body spectral description, using the sum rules approximation. The oscillation frequency is identified as the energy difference between the ground state and a particular excited state. The existence of three regimes is demonstrated, namely the Tonks regime, the Thomas-Fermi regime and the Gaussian regime. The transition from the Tonks to the Thomas-Fermi regime is described in the terms of the local density approximation (LDA). For the description of the transition from the Thomas-Fermi to the Gaussian regime the Hartree approximation is used. In both cases the parameters where the transitions happen are found. The extensive diffusion Monte Carlo simulations for a gas containing up to N = 25 particles is performed. As the number of particles increases, predictions from the simulations converge to the ones from the Hartree and LDA in the corresponding regimes. This makes the results for the breathing mode frequency applicable for arbitrary values of the particle number and interaction. The analysis is completed with the finite N perturbative results in the limiting cases. The theory predicts the reentrant behavior of the breathing mode frequency when moving from the Tonks to the Gaussian regime and fully explains the recent experiment of the Innsbruck group.

No description available.

Eine almost Einstein-Struktur (M,g,sigma) ist eine n-dimensionale zusammenhängende Mannigfaltigkeit M mit einer pseudo-riemannschen Metrik g und einer glatten Skalenfunktion sigma deren almost Einstein-Tensor A[g,sigma] (der spurfreie Anteil von Hess[g] sigma + sigma P[g], wobei P[g] den Schouten-Tensor bezeichnet) verschwindet. Sie verallgemeinert die Idee einer Einsteinmannigfaltigkeit in dem Sinne, dass die konform geänderte Metrik 1/sigma^2 g außerhalb der Nullstellenmenge Sigma = sigma^(-1)(0) eine Einstein-Metrik ist. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, ein detailiertes Bild von Sigma in Lorentzsignatur (-+...+) zu erhalten. Teil dieser Arbeit ist zudem eine indexfreie Darstellung ausgewählter Resultate für konform kompaktifizierbare Einsteinmannigfaltigkeiten in Lorentzsignatur im Rahmen von almost Einstein-Strukturen. Diese Umformulierung wird dann benutzt, um eine Verallgemeinerung der konformen Wellengleichungen für beliebige gerade Dimensionen n = 2m > 4 vorzuschlagen. / An almost Einstein structure (M,g,sigma) is an n-dimensional connected manifold M equipped with a pseudo-Riemannian metric g and a scale factor sigma in C^infty(M) such that the almost Einstein tensor A[g,sigma] (the trace-free part of Hess[g] sigma + sigma P[g], with Schouten tensor P[g]) vanishes. It generalises the idea of an Einstein manifold in the way that 1/sigma^2 g is an Einstein metric away from the singularity set Sigma = sigma^(-1)(0). The purpose of this thesis is to get a detailed picture of Sigma in Lorentzian signature (-+...+). Part of this thesis is also an index-free survey of selected results on conformally compact Einstein manifolds in Lorentzian signature in the framework of almost Einstein structures. This reformulation is used to suggest a generalisation of the conformal wave equations to arbitrary even dimensions n = 2m > 4.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:15:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pages from Wesley Bueno1.pdf: 4320775 bytes, checksum: 75a8ed4cb0407f9831577bca544b704b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / This work combines some of the results obtained on the study of solitons in relativistic fields and Bose-Einstein condensates. By using a first order formalism to solve the equations of motion of relativistic fields, introduced previously by our group, we construct several classes of lump solutions described by a single real scalar field. We show how these solutions can be controlled depending on a single parameter in the field potential. In condensed matter the solutions of the lump type correspond to bright solitons, very studied in the context of nonlinear crystals, fiber optics, Bose-Einstein condensates, etc. In all these cases, such solutions are obtained via a nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation, responsible for describing the propagation of pulses in optical fibers or crystals, or the atomic density in condensates. In this sense, our main goal is to study the soliton and breather modulations via nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We concentrate on the Bose-Einstein condensate in which the modulation of atomic density can be accomplished through the Feshbach resonance. We study cases where the nonlinearity is described by terms cubic, cubic and quintic, and purely quintic in the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation. Also, situations where two interacting condensates in which the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equations are coupled, breather modulations, and the study of the soliton behavior under influence of chaotic, random and non-periodic perturbations in the nonlinearity of the system. In many cases we consider the condensate trapped in the cigarshaped configuration, i.e., with freedom in only one spatial dimension. Numerical simulations are performed to verify the stability of the solutions. / Este trabalho reúne alguns dos resultados obtidos sobre o estudo de sólitons em modelos de campos escalares relativísticos e em condensados de Bose-Einstein. Com o uso de um formalismo de primeira ordem para a equação de movimento de campos relativísticos, introduzido anteriormente por nosso grupo, construímos várias classes de soluções do tipo lump para um único campo escalar real. Mostramos que as formas dessas soluções podem ser controladas dependendo de um único parâmetro no potencial de campo utilizado. Em matéria condensada as soluções do tipo lump correspondem a sólitons brilhantes, muito estudados no contexto de cristais não-lineares, fibras ópticas, condensados de Bose-Einstein, etc. Em todos esses casos tais soluções são obtidas através da equação não-linear de Schrodinger, responsável por descrever a propagação de pulsos, em cristais ou fibras ópticas, ou a densidade atômica, no caso de condensados. Nesse sentido, nosso objetivo principal consiste no estudo da modulação de sólitons e breathers através da equação não-linear de Schrodinger. Nossa concentração é nos condensados de Bose-Einstein nos quais a modulação da densidade atômica pode ser realizada através da ressonância de Feshbach. Estudamos casos onde a não-linearidade é descrita por termos cúbico, cúbio e quíntico e puramente quíntico na equação não-linear de Schrodinger. Investigamos também situações onde dois condensados podem interagir e as ENLS estão acopladas, modulação de breathers e o estudo da influência de ruídos caóticos, aleatórios e não-periódicos na não-linearidade do sistema para o comportamento do sóliton. Na maior parte deste trabalho consideramos o condensado aprisionado na forma de charuto, isto é, com liberdade em apenas uma dimensão espacial. Simulações numéricas foram realizadas para verificar a estabilidade das soluções.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:02:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia do Socorro.pdf: 443270 bytes, checksum: f917bfac0b8dc2997dbb8fadfa28acce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 / This dissertation is based about two works on quase Einstein manifolds. The first, published in 2000, by M. C. Chaki and R. K. Maity, on quase Einstein manifolds which are not conformally flat, and they determine sufficient condition so that the same ones are conformally flat. Already the second work, published by U. C. De and Gopal Chandre Ghosh, in 2004, establish a relation between the manifolds of amost constant curvature and the quasi Einstein manifolds, find necessary and sufficient conditions for a quasi Einstein manifolds to be of almost constant curvature, in follow prove an existence theorem on quase Einstein manifolds with other such manifolds like weak symmetries and semi-symmetries Ricci. / Esta dissertação está baseada em dois trabalhos sobre variedades quase Einstein. O primeiro, publicado em 2000, por M. C. Chaki e R. K Maity, sobre variedades quase Einstein que não são conformemente flat, e determinam condições suficientes para que as mesmas sejam conformemente conservativas. Já o segundo trabalho, publicado por U. C. De e Gopal Chandra Ghosh, em 2004, estabelece uma relação entre as variedades de curvatura quase constante e as variedades quase Einstein, encontra condições necessárias e suficientes para uma variedade quase Einstein ser de curvatura quase constante, em seguida prova um teorema de existência sobre variedades quase Einstein e relaciona o conceito de variedades quase Einstein com outras variedades tais como variedades fracamente simétricas e Ricci semi-simétrica.

Methods to generate, manipulate, and measure optical and atomic fields with global or local angular momentum have a wide range of applications in both fundamental physics research and technology development. In optics, the engineering of angular momentum states of light can aid studies of orbital angular momentum (OAM) exchange between light and matter. The engineering of optical angular momentum states can also be used to increase the bandwidth of optical communications or serve as a means to distribute quantum keys, for example. Similar capabilities in Bose-Einstein condensates are being investigated to improve our understanding of superfluid dynamics, superconductivity, and turbulence, the last of which is widely considered to be one of most ubiquitous yet poorly understood subjects in physics. The first part of this two-part dissertation presents an analysis of techniques for measuring and manipulating quantized vortices in BECs. The second part of this dissertation presents theoretical and numerical analyses of new methods to engineer the OAM spectra of optical beams. The superfluid dynamics of a BEC are often well described by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The nonlinearity arises from interatomic scattering and enables BECs to support quantized vortices, which have quantized circulation and are fundamental structural elements of quantum turbulence. With the experimental tools to dynamically manipulate and measure quantized vortices, BECs are proving to be a useful medium for testing the theoretical predictions of quantum turbulence. In this dissertation we analyze a method for making minimally destructive in situ observations of quantized vortices in a BEC. Secondly, we numerically study a mechanism to imprint vortex dipoles in a BEC. With these advancements, more robust experiments of vortex dynamics and quantum turbulence will be within reach. A more complete understanding of quantum turbulence will enable principles of microscopic fluid flow to be related to the statistical properties of turbulence in a superfluid. In the second part of this dissertation we explore frequency mixing, a subset of nonlinear optical processes in which one or more input optical beam(s) are converted into one or more output beams with different optical frequencies. The ability of parametric nonlinear processes such as second harmonic generation or parametric amplification to manipulate the OAM spectra of optical beams is an active area of research. In a theoretical and numerical investigation, two complimentary methods for sculpting the OAM spectra are developed. The first method employs second harmonic generation with two non-collinear input beams to develop a broad spectrum of OAM states in an optical field. The second method utilizes parametric amplification with collinear input beams to develop an OAM-dependent gain or attenuation, termed dichroism for OAM, to effectively narrow the OAM spectrum of an optical beam. The theoretical principles developed in this dissertation enhance our understanding of how nonlinear processes can be used to engineer the OAM spectra of optical beams and could serve as methods to increase the bandwidth of an optical signal by multiplexing over a range of OAM states.

<p>In this thesis we consider the Einstein-Vlasov system, which models a system of particles within the framework of general relativity, and where collisions between the particles are assumed to be sufficiently rare to be neglected. Here the particles are stars, galaxies or even clusters of galaxies, which interact by the gravitational field generated collectively by the particles.</p><p>The thesis consists of three papers, and the first two are devoted to cylindrically symmetric spacetimes and the third treats the spherically symmetric case.</p><p>In the first paper the time-dependent Einstein-Vlasov system with cylindrical symmetry is considered. We prove global existence in the so called polarized case under the assumption that the particles never reach a neighborhood of the axis of symmetry. In the more general case of a non-polarized metric we need the additional assumption that the derivatives of certain metric components are bounded in a vicinity of the axis of symmetry to obtain global existence.</p><p>The second paper of the thesis considers static cylindrical spacetimes. In this case we prove global existence in space and also that the solutions have finite extension in two of the three spatial dimensions. It then follows that it is possible to extend the spacetime by gluing it with a Levi-Civita spacetime, i.e. the most general vacuum solution of the static cylindrically symmetric Einstein equations.</p><p>In the third and last paper, which is a joint work with C. Uggla and M. Heinzle, the static spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov system is studied. We introduce a new method by rewriting the system as an autonomous dynamical system on a state space with compact closure. In this way we are able to improve earlier results and enlarge the class of distribution functions which give rise to steady states with finite mass and finite extension.</p>