Exposé de la situation : Des études menées sur les animaux démontrent que le système endocannabinoide est important dans le maintien de l’homéostasie de l’énergie et que les effets de sa modulation sont différents selon le sexe et l’exposition à la nicotine. Deux études longitudinales ont étudié l’association entre l’usage du cannabis (UC) et le changement de poids et ont obtenus des résultats contradictoires. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de décrire la modification de l’association entre l’UC et le changement de poids par la cigarette chez les jeunes hommes et femmes. Méthodes : Des donnés de 271 hommes et 319 femmes ont été obtenues dans le cadre de l’étude NICO, une cohorte prospective (1999-2013). L’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et la circonférence de taille (CT) ont été mesurés à l’âge de 17 et 25 ans. L’UC dans la dernière année et de cigarette dans les derniers trois mois ont été auto-rapportées à 21 ans. Les associations entre l’UC et le changement d’IMC et de CT ont été modélisées dans une régression polynomiale stratifiée par sexe avec ajustement pour l’activité physique, la sédentarité et la consommation d’alcool. Résultats : Uniquement, chez les hommes, l’interaction de l’UC et cigarettes était statistiquement significative dans le model de changement IMC (p=0.004) et celui de changement de CT (p=0.043). L’UC était associé au changement d’adiposité dans une association en forme de U chez les homes non-fumeurs et chez les femmes, et dans une association en forme de U-inversé chez les hommes fumeurs. Conclusion : La cigarette semble modifier l’effet du cannabis sur le changement d’IMC et CT chez les hommes, mais pas chez les femmes. / Background: Animal studies suggest that the endocannabinoid system is a regulator of energy homeostasis, whose effects are modified by sex and nicotine. Two studies in humans have examined the association between cannabis use and change in adiposity, and obtained conflicting results. This thesis aimed to determine if the association between cannabis use and change in adiposity is modified by cigarette smoking in young adults. Methods: Data were available for 271 males and 319 females participating in the Nicotine Dependence In Teens study, a prospective cohort investigation (1999-2013). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured at ages 17 and 25 years. Self-report data on past-year cannabis use and past three-month cigarette smoking were collected at age 21 years. Modification of the association between cannabis use and change in adiposity by cigarette smoking was tested separately in each sex, in polynomial linear regression models controlling for physical activity and sedentary behavior in both sexes, and alcohol use in males only. Results: In males only, the interaction between cannabis use and cigarette smoking was statistically significant in both the model for change in BMI (p=0.004) and the model for change in WC (p=0.043). Cannabis use was associated with change in adiposity in a U-shaped form in females and in non smoking males, and in an inverted U-shaped association in males who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. Conclusion: Smoking cigarettes appears to attenuate the association between cannabis use and change in adiposity in young men, but not in young women.

Anandamide (NAE 20:4) or arachidonlyethanolamine (AEA) is the most widely studied N-acylethanolamine (NAE) because it mediates several physiological functions in mammals. In vascular plants, 12-18C NAEs inhibit growth in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and -independent manner. Anandamide, which is unique to bryophyte Physcomitrella patens, inhibited gametophyte growth and reduced chlorophyll content when applied exogenously. It is hypothesized that anandamide mediates its responses through morphological and cellular changes. Following growth inhibition by short-term anandamide-treatment, microscopic analyses revealed relocated chloroplasts and depolymerized F-actin in protonemal tips. Long-term treatment showed partially bleached gametophyte cells with degraded and browning chloroplasts. These anandamide-mediated responses have physiological implications as AEA may function as a signal for gametophytes to activate secondary dormancy as seen with ABA. Future studies will investigate the role of AEA in mediating stress responses and possible interaction with ABA.

No description available.

Classically, endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides and their derivatives that bind to the cannabinoid receptors and trigger a signalling pathway are referred to as endocannabinoids. Although derivatives of arachidonic acid, including arachidonylethanolamine or anandamide, are the known endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors, other fatty acid ethanolamides or N-acylethanolamines (NAE) that vary in carbon chain length and saturation occur ubiquitously in eukaryotic organisms and play an important role in their physiology and development. The metabolic pathway for NAEs is highly conserved among eukaryotes and well characterised in mammalian systems. Although NAE pathway is only partly elucidated in plants, significant progress has been made in the past 20 years in understanding the implications of the metabolism of saturated and unsaturated endocannabinoid-like molecules in plant development and growth. The latest advancements in the field of plant endocannabinoid research are reviewed. Key Concepts Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors in mammalian systems. Endocannabinoids belong to a class of small bioactive lipid molecules that are derivatives of fatty acids including their ethanolamides, referred to as N-acylethanolamines. N-Acylethanolamines are ubiquitous and their metabolic pathway is highly conserved among eukaryotes. In higher plants, only 12–18C N-acylethanolamines have been identified and their metabolic pathway is partly elucidated. The endocannabinoid-like lipids play an important role in seed germination, seedling development, flowering and cellular organisation. In plants, N-acylethanolamines also participate in mediating responses to biotic and abiotic stress.

Recent evidence suggesting that the endogenous cannabinoid (ECB) system can be selectively manipulated to facilitate or impair the extinction of learned behaviours — specifically regarding drug-induced aversive memories — has important consequences for research on opiate withdrawal and abstinence. Data presented here support and expand previous findings that the ECB system has an important function in the extinction of aversively motivated behaviors and is mediated by i) an increase in available endogenous CB1 receptor agonists, primarily anandamide, and ii) the exogenous CB1 receptor agonist Δ9-THC, in a manner that is dependent upon both the dose and route of administration. Experiments demonstrated that the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, which blocks deactivation of endogenous CB1 ligands, such as anandamide, significantly facilitated extinction of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned cue aversion, whereas the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist SR141716 significantly impaired extinction. Several experiments demonstrated that neither the CB1 antagonist AM251 nor the FAAH inhibitor URB597 had any effect on extinction learning for morphine-induced conditioned cue preference. A method was developed for analysing cannabinoid levels in blood by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to compare bioavailable levels of Δ9-THC and its primary psychoactive metabolite. Experiments were designed to meet three primary objectives: 1) to provide further support for the role of the ECB system in the extinction of aversively-motivated behaviours, 2) to compare bioavailable levels of Δ9-THC and its primary psychoactive metabolite, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, after pulmonary and parenteral administration, and 3) to demonstrate that the route of administration of Δ9-THC can have a significant impact on whether or not it facilitates or impairs extinction learning. Results showed that inhaled Δ9-THC dose- and time-dependently facilitated rates of extinction learning of the conditioned aversion whereas injected Δ9-THC significantly impaired extinction. These data suggest that the route of administration of Δ9-THC has important consequences for its resulting pharmacokinetic and behavioural effects, specifically, that pulmonary exposure facilitates, whereas parenteral exposure impairs, rates of extinction learning for conditioned cue aversion. Thus, pulmonary administration of Δ9-THC may prove more beneficial for pharmacological potentiation of extinction learning for aversive memories, such as those supporting drug-craving/seeking in opiate withdrawal-syndrome. / NSERC and OGS

Le système dopaminergique (DA) méso-corticolimbique du cerveau, qui prend son origine dans l'aire tegmentaire ventrale (ATV), est fortement impliqué dans les comportements motivés et la toxicomanie. Les drogues d'abus activent ce système et y induisent une plasticité synaptique de longue durée. Les neurones DA de l'ATV reçoivent sur leur arborisation dendritique une grande densité de terminaisons glutamatergiques. Les drogues d'abus induisent une potentialisation à long terme (PLT) de ces contacts glutamatergiques. La PLT est une augmentation prolongée de la transmission synaptique, qui semble sous-tendre la mémoire et l'apprentissage. Les endocannabinoïdes (ECs) sont des neurotransmetteurs qui agissent de façon rétrograde sur des récepteurs présynaptiques (CB1) pour diminuer la libération des neurotransmetteurs comme le glutamate. Les neurones libèrent les ECs à partir de leur compartiment somatodendritique suite à une stimulation des afférences et la dépolarisation membranaire qui s’ensuit. La neurotensine (NT) est un neuropeptide retrouvé de façon abondante dans le système DA du cerveau. Il a été découvert que la NT peut induire la libération des ECs dans le striatum. En faisant appel à une combinaison d’approches immunohistochimique, électrophysiologique et pharmacologique chez la souris, nous avons confirmé dans la première étude de cette thèse la présence des récepteurs CB1 sur les terminaisons glutamatergiques des neurones DA de l'ATV, et avons montré que leur activation induit une diminution de la libération de glutamate. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que des trains de stimulation peuvent induire la libération des ECs. Nous avons découvert qu'en présence d'un antagoniste des récepteurs CB1, il y a facilitation de l’induction de la PLT. Cette observation suggère que les ECs ont un effet inhibiteur sur l’induction de la PLT, plutôt que sur son expression. Nous avons déterminé que le 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) est l’EC qui est principalement responsable de cette action inhibitrice. Finalement, la PLT induite en présence d’un antagoniste CB1 est aussi dépendante d'une activation des récepteurs NMDA du glutamate. Les travaux réalisés dans la deuxième étude de cette thèse ont montré que la NT est présente dans une sous-population de terminaisons axonales glutamatergiques dans l’ATV. Une application exogène de NT induit une diminution prolongée de l'amplitude des courants postsynaptiques excitateurs (CPSEs). Cette diminution est bloquée en présence d'un antagoniste non-sélectif des récepteurs à la NT, ainsi qu'en présence d'un antagoniste sélectif pour le récepteur de NT de type 1 (NTS1). Confirmant l’implication d’une production d’ECs, la baisse des CPSEs par la NT a été bloquée en présence d’un antagoniste des récepteurs CB1 ou d’un bloqueur de la synthèse de 2-AG. La chélation du calcium intracellulaire n'empêchait pas l’effet inhibiteur de la NT sur les CPSEs, cependant, l'inhibition des protéines G ou de la phospholipase C a complètement bloqué la dépression synaptique induite par la NT. Par ailleurs, nos travaux ont montré que la nature prolongée de la dépression synaptique induite par la NT exogène s’explique par une libération soutenue des ECs, et non pas à une activation prolongée des NTR. Finalement, notre observation qu’un antagoniste des récepteurs de la NT ne facilite pas l’induction de la PLT, comme le fait un antagoniste du récepteur CB1, suggère que la stimulation répétitive des afférences glutamatergiques nécessaire à l’induction de la PLT n’induit pas de libération des ECs via la libération de NT, nous permettant ainsi de conclure que la sécrétion de NT n'agit pas dans ces conditions comme un facteur de régulation négative de la PLT. / The meso-corticolimbic dopamine (DA) system of the brain, originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is strongly implicated in reward, motivation and drug addiction. Drugs of abuse activate this system and cause significant long term plasticity. DA neurons in the VTA receive are densely innervated by glutamatergic inputs. All major classes of drugs of abuse have been found to cause a long term potentiation (LTP) of glutamate transmission onto DA neurons of the VTA. LTP is an enduring increase of synaptic transmission, hypothesized to underlie memory and learning. Endocannabinoids (ECs) are transmitters that act in a retrograde fashion on pre-synaptic receptors leading to a decrease in neurotransmitter release. DA neurons can release ECs from their somatodendritic compartment in response to afferent stimulation or depolarization. Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide that presents an extensive interaction with the DA system. It was discovered that NT can induce production of ECs in the striatum. In the first study of this thesis, we used a combination of immunohistochemical, pharmacological and electrophysiological techniques in mouse brain slices to demonstrate that CB1 EC receptors are present on glutamatergic afferents to DA neurons. Their activation induces a depression of glutamate release. We further showed that trains of afferent stimulation induce EC release from DA neurons and that in the presence of the CB1 antagonist AM251, there is a marked facilitation of the induction of LTP, suggesting that ECs produced in response to activation of glutamate synapses normally negatively regulate the induction, but not the expression of LTP. Finally, we found that 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the main EC implicated in this negative regulation of LTP and that LTP induced in the presence of a CB1 receptor antagonist is otherwise also dependent on NMDA glutamate receptors. In the second study, we report that NT is present in a subset of glutamatergic axon terminals in the VTA and that activation of NT receptors by exogenous NT induces a long-lasting decrease of the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in VTA DA neurons. This decrease was blocked by a broad-spectrum NTR antagonist, as well as by a specific antagonist of the type 1 NT receptor NTS1. The decrease was also blocked when CB1 receptors or 2-AG synthesis were blocked. Chelating intracellular calcium had no effect, but inhibiting G-proteins or phospholipase C blocked NT-mediated synaptic depression. The long-lasting nature of the synaptic depression induced by NT was due to protracted EC release and not to prolonged NT receptor activation. Finally, our observation that a NT receptor antagonist did not facilitate LTP induction, as did a CB1 receptor antagonist, suggests that repetitive stimulation of glutamatergic afferents required to induce LTP does not cause EC production through the release of NT, thus allowing us to conclude that secretion of NT does not act under such conditions as a negative regulator of LTP.

Une influence des conditions de vie sur le phénomène de dépendance a été observée chez l'Homme et modélisée chez l'animal. Ainsi chez les rongeurs, l'exposition à un environnement enrichi (EE) réduit le risque d'addiction, alors qu'un stress l'augmente. Les mécanismes responsables de ces influences environnementales sur la dépendance ont été l'objet de mes recherches. D'une part, nous avons montré que des injections chroniques de cocaïne augmentent l'expression du facteur de transcription ΔFosB dans les cellules striatales exprimant le récepteur dopaminergique D1R (D1R+), alors que l'EE seul l'augmente spécifiquement dans les cellules D1R(-). De façon intéressante, ces effets sont abolis lorsque la cocaïne est administrée à des souris exposées à l'EE. Ces résultats suggèrent que la prévention de la sensibilisation comportementale par l'EE corrèle avec une accumulation modifiée de ΔFosB. D'autre part, le laboratoire avait montré que le passage d'un EE à un environnement standard augmentait la vulnérabilité à la cocaïne. Toujours dans le but de découvrir les mécanismes impliqués, nous nous sommes intéressés au système endocannabinoïde (ECS), un régulateur du stress et aux processus épigénétiques. Nous avons observé que ce switch environnemental modulait l'expression de différents acteurs de l'ECS, en particulier le récepteur CB1 dans l'amygdale, et aussi celle de la protéine régulatrice de la transcription MeCP2 (Methyl CpG-binding-Protein-2) dans le noyau accumbens. Dans son ensemble, ce travail a permis d'identifier des mécanismes moléculaires, régulés par différentes manipulations environnementales, et pouvant participer à la vulnérabilité aux drogues d'abus. / Influences of life conditions on the phenomenon of addiction has been observed in Human and modeled in animals. Indeed, in rodents, exposure to enriched environment (EE) reduces the risk of addiction, whereas stress increases it. The mechanisms responsible for these environmental influences on addiction have been the object of my thesis. On one hand, we have shown that chronic injections of cocaine increase the expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in striatal cells expressing the dopaminergic receptor D1 (D1R(+) cells) whereas EE by itself increases it specifically in D1R(-) cells. Interestingly, these effects were abolished when cocaine is administrated to mice exposed to EE. These results suggest that the prevention of the behavioral sensitization induced by EE correlates with a modified accumulation of ΔFosB. On the other hand, our laboratory has shown that switching mice from EE to a standard environment increases the vulnerability to cocaine. In order to uncover the mechanisms underlying this potentiation, we studied the endocannabinoid system, involved in stress regulation and in epigenetic processes. We have observed that the environmental switch modulates the expression of different actors of the endocannabinoid system, especially the CB1 receptor in the amygdala, and of MeCP2 (Methyl CpG-binding-Protein-2), a protein involved in the control of transcription in the nucleus accumbens. Altogether, this work allowed us to highlight molecular mechanisms that are regulated by environmental manipulations and that could participate to the individual vulnerability to drugs of abuse.

Throughout the scientific world the topic of cannabis usage and its link with psychosis seems to be discussed intensively. Considering the fact that the Czech Republic is a country with one of the highest prevalence of cannabis usage in the world it becomes a sensitive issue even in our circumstances. In the theoretical part of the work we attempted to review current knowledge of a link between cannabinoid system, canabis usage and psychosis and to point out possible future therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the treatment of psychotic diseases. In the practical part of the work we focused on verification of propsychotic features of THC in animal model with particular attention to validation of acute subcutaneous admonistration of this drug as a novel cannabinoid model of psychosis. At the same time we tried to elucidate antipsychotic effect of CBD in this model. We tested these hypotheses in two behavioral tests (open field test, PPI ASR) and electrophysiologically (quantitative EEG). The whole analysis is enriched with pharmacokinetic data from subcutanneous and oral administration of cannabinoids. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Background: Background of this work was the investigation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the Fmr1 knock- out (KO) mouse. The Fmr1- KO mouse is a mouse model for fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS is the leading monogenic cause for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in humans. The Fmr1- KO mouse displays autistic behavior such as an impaired social interaction, repetitive behavior, cognitive deficits, increased anxiety and aggressiveness. Alterations of the ECS have been suggested to play a key role in the etiopathology of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Until today, little has been described about the involvement of the ECS in ASD. Interrogation: 1. Evaluating the manifestation of typical cannabinoid- induced effects in the Fmr1- KO mouse 2. Investigating the influenceability of autistic symptoms with THC treatment in the Fmr1- KO mouse 3. Analyzing the signaling cascade of the stimulated and unstimulated ECS in different brain regions of the Fmr1- KO mouse Material and Methods: Experiments were carried out on adult (12±1 weeks old) male Fmr1- KO and Fmr1- wild- type (WT) mice from the C57BL/6J- (B6)- background. N= 15 mice received THC (10mg/kg bodyweight) and N= 16 received WIN55,212 (3mg/kg bodyweight). 30min after injection, the body temperature was measured and the distance animals moved in an open field during 15min was recorded (locomotion). Then, animals were placed with their forepaws onto a horizontally fixed bar and the time remaining in this position (catalepsy) was measured. Finally animals were placed on a preheated plate and the temperature at which a pain stimulus occurred was determined (testing analgesia). All 4 experiments are called tetrad experiment. Afterwards changes in body temperature, locomotion, catalepsy and analgesia of the animals was evaluated. To explore long-term effects of THC after the tetrad, N= 15 animals were tested in a social interaction test with a female contact mouse, 10 and 20 days after THC treatment. Therefore, the tested mouse and the contact mouse were placed together into a cage and the time mice spent in social interaction (nose, body and anogential sniffing, allogrooming and body contact) was manually quantified during 6min of recorded testing time. Another group of N= 19 received a premedication of rimonabant (Cannabinoid- receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist, 3mg/kg bodyweight) 30min prior to THC treatment. Rimonabant prevents THC from binding to CB1 and therefore allows the assessment of the involvement of CB1 in mediating social behavior. Furthermore the suggestibility of context-dependent fear conditioning with THC treatment has been tested on N= 13 mice. Animals were placed into a conditioning chamber that delivered 6 short electric shocks with a 30sec pause to their paws (conditioning phase). Immediately afterwards mice received THC or placebo. 24h later contextdependent fear was evaluated by quantification of the time mice spent freezing in the conditioning-chamber (fear) without receiving foot shocks. Intraneuronal signaling of the ECS was analyzed with N= 29 animals using western blots. Quantities of phosphorylated (“activated”) protein kinases (ERK, AKT and S6) from different brain homogenates (hippocampus, striatum, cortex and cerebellum) were therefore measured after THC or placebo injection (30 minutes prior to sacrificing). Results: Cannabinoids induced hypothermia, hypolocomotion, analgesia and catalepsy in WTmice. These effects were significantly less detectable in Fmr1- KO mice. Effects of both cannabinoids, THC and WIN55,212, were comparable with a slightly greater but not significant efficiency of THC. THC treated WT- mice exhibited further reduced social interaction 10 days after treatment, an effect that was partially prevented by premedication with rimonabant. THC increased social interaction in Fmr1- KO mice comparable to the level of untreated WT- mice. THC had no effect on behavior of WT- mice in context-dependent fear conditioning. Fmr1- KO mice showed significant less contextdependent fear conditioning compared to WT- mice. THC facilitated the recognition of an anxiety-correlated context in Fmr1- KO mice comparable to untreated WT- mice. In western blots significant changes in the THC- induced signaling cascade were detectable and depending on genotype, brain-region and analyzed protein-kinase. In the hippocampus there were no changes in untreated Fmr1- KO mice compared to WT- mice. THC had no effect on activation of protein-kinases in WT- and Fmr1- KO mice. In the striatum there were no changes in untreated Fmr1- KO mice compared to WTmice. THC significantly increased activity of ERK, AKT and S6 in WT-mice and not in Fmr1- KO mice. In the cortex of untreated Fmr1- KO mice AKT showed a significantly increased activity compared to WT- mice. THC significantly increased AKT activity in WT- mice without having an effect on KO- mice. In the cerebellum there were no changes in untreated Fmr1- KO mice compared to WT- mice. THC significantly increased ERK- activity in Fmr1- KO mice but had no effect on protein kinase activity in WT- mice. Conclusion: We observed physiological cannabinoid effects in WT- mice after treatment with THC and WIN55,212. These effects are significantly attenuated in Fmr1- KO mice. This may be interpreted as a desensitization of the ECS in the Fmr1- KO mouse. At the same time it was demonstrated that THC has the potential to improve context dependent memory consolidation and to increase social interaction in the Fmr1- KO mouse. In particular the influence of THC on impaired social interaction should be a target of further investigations to find possible therapeutic options for this typical symptom of Autism. Underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear and the analysis of THC stimulated intraneuronal signaling gave no clear indication of possible molecular alterations in the Fmr1- KO mouse.

Il est connu que le cannabis, par son action sur le système endocannabinoïde, affecte de multiples paramètres de la vision. Les fonctions de GPR55, un récepteur associé au système endocannabinoïde, ont moins été étudiées que celles des récepteurs cannabinoïdes les plus importants, CB1 et CB2. Nous savons cependant que GPR55 est présent dans la rétine de la souris et qu’il module la croissance et le guidage axonal des cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes durant le développement. Le but de cette étude est d’étudier les effets de GPR55 sur la vision en utilisant un modèle de souris avec une délétion du gène Gpr55. Des électrorétinographies (ERG) plein champ scotopique et photopique ont été effectuées dans le but d’étudier le rôle du récepteur sur les fonctions rétiniennes. Nous avons trouvé que les souris Gpr55-/- ont, en ERG scotopique, une amplitude réduite de l’onde-b et des potentiels oscillatoires qui ont aussi une latence plus longue. Chez ces animaux, l’onde-a photopique a aussi une amplitude plus basse. Par la suite, pour vérifier les conséquences des déficits de fonction rétinienne sur les fonctions visuelles, le modèle de réflexe optomoteur a été utilisé sur des souris knock-out ou avec des injections systémiques d’un antagoniste et d’un agoniste de GPR55. L’absence de GPR55 retarde le développement de l’acuité visuelle, mais la délétion de Gpr55 ou l’action pharmacologique sur le récepteur ne change pas l’acuité visuelle chez les adultes. La délétion de Gpr55 et l’administration d’un antagoniste du récepteur diminuent la sensibilité au contraste. Ces observations suggèrent que GPR55 peut modifier l'activité des cônes, des cellules bipolaires et des cellules de la rétine interne avec des conséquences comportementales. / The observations on how cannabis affects multiple properties of vision have fostered the interest in the study of the functions of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the visual system. However, other non-classical cannabinoid receptors are thought to be involved in mediating the actions of cannabinoid ligands in the eye. One of these candidate receptors is GPR55, a receptor that modulates the growth and axonal guidance of retinal ganglion cells during development in mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the deletion of the Gpr55 gene and the pharmacological modulation of GPR55 on retinal function and visual behavior. Full-field scotopic and photopic electroretinography (ERG) were used to functionally assess the state of the retina. Recordings obtained from Gpr55-/- mice revealed a diminution of the scotopic b-wave and the photopic a-wave responses. These animals also had reduced and delayed oscillatory potentials. The optomotor reflex method was used to evaluate the consequences of Gpr55 deletion on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. The absence of GPR55 delayed the developmental trajectory of visual acuity in Gpr55 knockout mice without affecting the maximum visual acuity reached in adulthood. Pharmacological manipulation of GPR55 in adult wild-type mice did not alter visual acuity. Both the deletion of Gpr55 and the administration of a receptor antagonist decreased contrast sensitivity while an agonist of GPR55 increased contrast sensitivity. These observations suggest that GPR55 can modify the activity of cones, bipolar cells, and cells in the inner retina with behavioral consequences.