Les liquides ioniques sont des composés uniquement constitués d‘ions souvent volumineux, asymétriques et flexibles. Ils possèdent des températures de fusion basses, typiquement au-dessous de 100°C. Ils sont considérés comme des solvants prometteurs pour une chimie durable du fait, notamment, de leur tension de vapeur négligeable. Ils présentent d‘autres propriétés intéressantes : grande stabilité thermique, pression de vapeur quasiment nulle, non-inflammabilité, propriétés modulables par changement de l‘anion ou du cation, etc. Ils sont classiquement organisés par familles, en fonction de la structure chimique de leur cation : imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, etc. Leurs domaines d‘application sont très variés : synthèse, catalyse, séparation et extraction. Cependant, l‘utilisation des liquides ioniques à l‘échelle industrielle est encore limitée par manque de connaissances fondamentales et par l‘absence de données fiables sur leurs propriétés, leur devenir et leur impact environnementaux. La toxicité des liquides ioniques a récemment été démontrée ainsi qu'une résistance à la biodégradation. Dans ce contexte et en vue du développement à grande échelle de l‘utilisation de ces composés, la recherche de liquides ioniques à faible impact environnemental (moins toxiques, facilement biodégradables) devient essentielle. L‘introduction dans les chaînes latérales alkyles des imidazolium et pyridinium de groupements fonctionnels oxygenés, qui peuvent être reconnus par des enzymes (ex. esters, éthers, alcools terminaux), a grandement amélioré leur biodégradabilité. En même temps, il est important de garantir que la présence de ces groupements n‘affecte pas les propriétés physico-chimiques des liquides ioniques requises pour un usage spécifique dans des procédés chimiques. Dans ce projet de doctorat, nous avons sélectionné divers liquides ioniques basés sur les cations imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium et ammonium, avec ou sans groupements fonctionnels (alcool/ester/éther) et avec trois types d‘anions, comme cibles d‘étude. L‘objectif était d‘examiner si les modifications de structures peuvent effectivement baisser leur impact environnemental tout en gardant leurs propriétés intéressantes pour des applications industrielles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié plusieurs propriétés physico-chimiques importantes pour des applications ultérieures et/ou indicatrices de leur impact environnemental : les propriétés volumiques, la viscosité, la solubilité de gaz, la solubilité dans l‘eau, le coefficient de partage octanol-eau et le coefficient de diffusion dans l‘eau. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié leur impact environnemental par la mesure de la toxicité sur quatre microorganismes différents et l‘étude de leur biodégradation en présence de souches pures de bactéries. En complément, nous avons essayé de trouver des modèles basés sur les informations structurales pour estimer certaines propriétés. L‘insertion de groupements oxygénés sur la chaîne alkyle des cations ne change pas significativement les propriétés volumiques ; ni le coefficient de diffusion dans l‘eau. Les propriétés de solvatation des liquides ioniques basés sur des cations imidazolium et ammonium ne sont pas modifiées significativement, mais celles des pyridinium sont réduites, à cause d'une contribution entropique défavorable à l'énergie de Gibbs de solvatation. La présence de groupements oxygénés dans la chaîne alkyle du cation augmente la viscosité d‘un ordre de grandeur comparativement aux liquides ioniques sans groupements oxygénés. Dans le cas de l‘anion octylsulfate la viscosité augmente de deux ordres de grandeur. La présence de groupements oxygénés augmente la biodégradabilité des liquides ioniques. La présence de groupements esters rend les liquides ioniques plus sensibles à l‘ hydrolyse dans les conditions abiotiques et biotiques, toutefois le noyau imidazolium n‘en devient pas biodégradable pour autant. L‘introduction de groupements oxygénés augmente la solubilité dans l‘eau, diminue la valeur du coefficient de partage octanol-eau et entraine une baisse de la toxicité ce qui signifie que ces liquides ioniques présentent un plus faible impact environnemental. / Ionic liquids are the salts composed only by bulky, unsymmetrical and flexible organic cations and inorganic or organic anions. Their melting points are particularly low, usually below 100°C. The ionic liquids present several interesting properties : high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, non-flammability and tunable properties by changing the anion or cation. They are considered as promising high performance fluids with low environmental impact that can be applied in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering or materials science both in processes (separation, catalysis) or as devices (optical components or lubricants).The application of ionic liquids at an industrial scale is still limited and fundamental information and reliable data on their properties, environmental fate and impact are rare. In this context and for the development of applications in wide scale, the research on ionic liquids with an expected low environmental impact (less toxic, readily biodegradable) is essential. The introduction of oxygenated functional groups – ester, ether or hydroxyl – in the alkyl side chains of imidazolium and pyridinium-based ionic liquids is expected to greatly improve their biodegradability. The effect of the functionalization on the physico-chemical properties of the ionic liquids is important in order to propose efficient, low environmental impact, ionic liquids for different applications and chemical processes. In this work, we have selected different ionic liquids based on the imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium and ammonium cations, with or without functional groups (hydroxyl/ester/ether), and with three types of anions. Our objective was to examine if the modification of chemical structures of the ions effectively have lower environmental impact, and if they their interesting properties are remained. We have studied, for all the ionic liquids, several physico-chemical properties considered important to quantify the environmental impact of chemicals : the density, the viscosity, the gas solubility, the aqueous solubility, the octanol-water partition coefficient and the aqueous diffusivity. We have also tested their toxicity towards four different microorganisms and their biodegradation in presence of pure strain of bacteria. Finally, we have tried to develop some empirical and semi-empirical models based on molecular structure information for predicting some of these properties.The introduction of oxygenated groups in the alkyl chains on cations does not change significantly the volumetric properties of ionic liquids, or their diffusion coefficient in water, but increases the viscosity of the pure salts up to one order of magnitude. Carbon dioxide solubilities in ionic liquids are not significantly influenced by the introduction of oxygen functional groups in the cations of the ionic liquids except in the case of the pyridinium based ionic liquids for which the carbon dioxide solubility decreases significantly due to a defavourable entropic contribution to the Gibbs energy of solvation. The modification of the ionic liquids by introducing oxygenated chemical functions makes them more biodegradable. In the case of imidazolium-based ionic liquids, the presence of the ester group makes the cation more susceptible to hydrolysis, the imidazolium ring being still resistant to the degradation. The functionalization of the cation also increases the solubility in water of the resulting ionic liquids and reduces the octanol-water partition coefficient and their toxicity, leading us to conclude that they are more environmental friendly than the non-functionalized ionic liquids.

Social and economic impacts are often by-products of large scale resource development projects. These socio-economic impacts have become an important component of assessment and review processes during the 1970's and are beginning to attract attention as an issue within impact management. Effective measures of socio-economic impact management are being sought by industry, government and communities who wish to mitigate or avoid negative impacts and/or to enhance potential positive impacts of development. The Norman Wells Oilfield Expansion and Pipeline Project, approved by the Federal Cabinet on July 30, 1981 was formally assessed as having potentially significant socio-economic impacts. The Federal Government therefore created a number of measures that constituted a socio-economic impact management plan. One of these measures was a benefits package of $21.4 million "to ensure that the training objectives, jobs and business opportunities which we have insisted be part of this project are real and meaningful." The federal government's "coordination approach" to management associated with the Norman Wells Project has been vetted as a model for the management of future development projects. The subject of this thesis is the implementation of two of the impact funding programs within this benefits package. The thesis purpose is to assess the effectiveness of these impact funding initiatives as programs of socio-economic impact management. The descriptions of the two initiatives chosen for this analysis indicate that their general purpose was to involve the Dene Nation and the Metis Association of the Northwest Territories in the initiation of programs of community and social development and of planning support and monitoring for the communities of the Mackenzie Valley. These two programs are the subject of some debate between federal government representatives and representatives of the two native organizations involved in the Norman Wells Project. The key parties-at-interest disagree over the effectiveness of the two initiatives as instruments of socio-economic impact management for the Norman Wells Project. In preparation for the actual analysis of these programs, I first developed a process model for socio-economic impact management. This process model provides the framework within which programs of socio-economic impact management are located. Next, I examined the relationship between the socio-economic issues and anticipated problems identified during the Norman Well's Project review processes and the impact fund initiatives under study. This was achieved through a content analysis of documents produced by the Norman Wells Environmental Assessment and Review Panel (E.A.R.P.) and the National Energy Board. I then examined in full the implementation of the initiatives. This was accomplished through a review of documentation and interviews with the relevant actors associated with the two study impact funding programs. My assessment of the effectiveness of the two study initiatives as programs of socio-economic management is based on a comparison of the implementation of these programs to a set of criteria that reflect the basic requirements of programs of impact management. The two study initiatives failed to satisfy all but the program effectiveness criteria that required a relationship with the public review process concerns. The thesis conclusion, therefore, is that as programs of socio-economic impact management for the Norman Wells Project, the two study initiatives have not been effective. I discuss the basis of this conclusion and propose three recommendations toward the planning for future programs of socio-economic impact management. This thesis contributes to the assessment of the impact management efforts associated with the overall approach to management of the Norman Wells Project. It should be useful for parties involved in the determination of impact management programs in future development projects. This analysis will aid in the planning of effective procedures to reduce negative impacts, thus serving the interests of both those affected directly, and the nation at large. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

M.Sc. / Water quality management is the effort of the community to control the physical, chemical and biological qualities of water. Water quality is mainly controlled by the activities of the community and the hydrological cycle. Usually an effort is made to control only one of the two causes, namely the activities of the community. The Sasolburg industrial complex is the largest of its kind in the Free State and consists mainly of chemical industries. A large proportion of the effluent is returned to the Vaal River via the Sasol sewerage works while some industries have permission to send their effluent to the Taaibosspruit, east of Sasolburg. The most industries let their storm water flow into the Taaibosspruit The option of the location of a monitoring point should determine whether the collected data is representative of the water quality and whether it is useful to observe trends in the water quality. The reliability of the data on water quality is strongly dependent on inter alia, the frequency of monitoring, which is determined by the availibility of staff and funding. By investigating the present monitoring sytem by Rand Water, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and the industries through this study it had to be determined whether the functioning of the monitoring network was optimal.Deficiencies like: unmonitored and unauthorised streams; badly contaminated areas which pollute the storm water and; the absence of retention facilities for contamninated storm water were found. Recommendations like: extra monitoring points; retention facilities for storm water and; biomonitoring for combined streams were made. Of great importance is the recommendation for the establishment of a local water quality management body to control the water quality of the water sources in the region.

Orientador: Aparecida Mari Iguti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gregorio_LygiaMariaMarianoQuaglio_M.pdf: 13001184 bytes, checksum: 746f7b0d2982dd6e1fc17bb934c98f9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo dos acidentes no processo de produção e transporte de produtos químicos, ocorridos no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1990 a 2000. A amplitude dos acidentes químicos é demonstrada através da descrição de alguns acidentes de grande repercussão, situando o estudo no contexto nacional e internacional quanto aos seus impactos sobre a saúde humana, a análise de riscos, a prevenção e as ações mitigadoras. Ademais, são considerados na análise dos acidentes a fonte geradora, o local da ocorrência e o produto envolvido. Foram utilizados dados fornecidos pela Divisão de Operações de Emergência da Companhia Estadual de Tecnologia e Engenharia em Saneamento Básico-Cetesb. Foram analisados 1.685 registros de ocorrências, envolvendo produtos químicos no processo de produção e transporte. A análise dos dados constata que no processo de produção ocorreram 12,6% dos casos e que 87,4% ocorreram nas atividades de transporte, sendo que 69,7%, no transporte rodoviário. Os produtos mais freqüentemente envolvidos foram os líquidos inflamáveis (classe 3) com 40%, os corrosivos (classe 8) com 20% e os gases (classe 2) com 16,4% / Abstract: A descriptive study was conducted to analyze accidents during the production and transportation of chemical substances that occurred in the State of São Paulo from 1990 to 2000. The chemical accidents magnitude is demonstrated in descriptions of few accidents of great repercussions to place the study in the national and international context regarding their impact on human health, risk analysis, prevention and mitigating actions. In addition, accident sources, the site of occurrence and the products involved are considered in the analysis of accidents. Data gathered in reports of a state owned company for technology on basic sanitation that is also responsible for emergency operations-Cetesb were used. Production process and transportation occurrences numbered 1685. Data analysis verifies that 12.6% of the cases occurred in the production process and 87.4% occurred during transportation, 69.7% of them occurring on highway transportation. The most frequently products were flammable liquids (class 3) with 40%, corrosives (class 8) with 20% and gases (class 2) with 16.4% / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Os procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental (LA) têm sido criticados pelos agentes econômicos, notadamente por aqueles ligados ao setor energético, por entenderem que a agilidade na análise dos processos de viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos encontra-se aquém ao esperado. Com o objetivo de analisar a interferência de alguns fatores ligados aos procedimentos de LA sobre o tempo total de tramitação dos processos, foi realizada revisão documental de processos que tramitaram no estado de São Paulo, entre 1998 e 2007, para a instalação de usinas termelétricas a gás natural, com potência superior a 10 MW, e que obtiveram a licença ambiental prévia (LP). Foram obtidos dados quantitativos e informações qualitativas que permitiram verificar que os fatores número de solicitações de informações complementares feitas pelos órgãos ambientais ao empreendedor, número de impactos ambientais identificados no estudo de impacto ambiental (EIA) e número de condicionantes constantes na LP expedida não apresentam uma relação com o tempo de tramitação dos processos. Outros fatores como deficiências no estudo ambiental e a inadequação do local proposto à instalação dos empreendimentos, dadas as restrições ambientais, aparentemente apresentam maior interferência sobre os tempos de tramitação. Diante disto, destaca-se a necessidade de, previamente ao licenciamento, serem elaborados estudos específicos voltados à apresentação de alternativas locacionais que considerem critérios ambientais e critérios econômicos com o mesmo nível de importância para a tomada de decisão. Tais estudos, servindo como base de referência para a escolha da melhor localização para instalação de empreendimentos, tendem a reduzir o tempo total de tramitação dos processos de licenciamento. / The procedures for environmental licensing (LA) have been criticized by economic agents, especially by those connected to the energy sector, because they believe that agility on analysis of the processes of enterprises environmental viability is less than what was expected. In order to analyze the interference of some factors related to LA proceedings on proceeding period, the processes documentary review was held and transited in São Paulo State between 1998 and 2007 for the installation of natural gas thermal power plants with emitted preliminary environmental permit (LP) and output exceeding 10 MW. Quantitative data and qualitative information were obtained which allowed the confirmation that the factors number of requests for additional information made by environmental agencies to the enterprise, number of environmental impacts identified in the environmental impact statement (EIA) and number of constraints in the LP emitted have no relation to the proceeding period. Other factors such as shortcomings in the environmental study and inadequate the proposed site for the installation of enterprises, given the environmental restrictions, apparently show greater interference on the proceeding period. So, there is a necessity, prior to licensing, of being drawn up specific studies focused on the presentation of located alternatives to consider environmental and economic issues with the same level of importance for the decision. Such studies, serving as point of reference for choosing the best location for setting up of enterprises tend to reduce the proceeding period of the licensing processes.

Os estudos de análise de risco ecológico consistem em avaliar as alterações ecológicas ocasionadas pelas diversas atividades antropogênicas a um determinado sistema, tais como aquelas decorrentes da lixiviação de áreas contaminadas, das emissões de efluentes urbanos, industriais e do runoff de áreas agrícolas, entre outras, por meio da integração das informações físicas, químicas e biológicas. A partir dessa análise, o objetivo geral desse estudo foi avaliar as implicações dos impactos antrópicos relacionados com os diferentes usos e ocupações da bacia hidrográfica do Lobo (municípios de Itirapina e Brotas, estado de São Paulo, Brasil) na dinâmica ecológica dos ecossistemas aquáticos lóticos e lênticos, utilizando para tal finalidade a caracterização limnológica dos corpos hídricos e o reconhecimento dos potenciais impactos existentes, para posterior aplicação de uma análise de risco ecológico, com base nas linhas de evidência química, ecotoxicológica e ecológica. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas em quatro períodos distintos (chuvoso, seco e intermediários), em 14 estações de amostragem (tributários e reservatório), incluindo variáveis bióticas e abióticas, cujos resultados foram avaliados temporal e sazonalmente, permitindo uma abordagem integrada do sistema. Os resultados obtidos no diagnóstico ambiental indicam que as alterações registradas se relacionam com os usos antrópicos da bacia hidrográfica, incluindo a emissão de efluentes domésticos da cidade de Itirapina (SP) e as fontes difusas associadas ao aporte de sedimentos e agroquímicos utilizados nas diferentes culturas estabelecidas na região. Ao analisar os dados da tríade (químicos, ecotoxicológicos e ecológicos) de forma conjunta e quantitativa, os resultados mostraram que na linha de evidência química os riscos foram maiores no reservatório em relação aos tributários, nos quais os riscos foram considerados como baixo e moderado no período seco, em algumas estações de amostragem. Riscos ecotoxicológicos não foram identificados na maioria dos locais amostrados, porém situação inversa foi registrada para os riscos ecológicos em função da influência das variáveis limnológicas. A integração das linhas de evidência mostra diferença sazonal em relação aos períodos seco e chuvoso, com valores de risco mais elevados no período seco, além da associação do risco com a degradação ambiental de cada sistema avaliado. Assim a partir dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que os impactos na bacia hidrográfica do Lobo são relevantes, necessitando de medidas emergenciais de recuperação e manejo integrado dos ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos, promovendo a minimização dos efeitos e recuperação das funções ambientais ou serviços ecossistêmicos em curto, médio e longo prazo. / Ecological risk assessment studies are important to assess environmental changes that have been caused by various anthropogenic activities, such as leaching of contaminated areas, input of domestic and industrial sewage, runoff of agricultural areas and other impacts, which are responsible for physical, chemical and biological alterations. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the anthropogenic activities developed in the Lobo Hydrographic Basin (Itirapina and Brotas, state of São Paulo, Brazil) on the ecological dynamics of lotic and lentic aquatic ecosystems. To attempt it, limnological studies and the evaluation of the potential impacts were carried out before the subsequent application of an ecological risk analysis, which were based on chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological evidence lines. For this purpose, samples were taken in different periods (rainy, dry and intermediate seasons), in 14 sampling stations (tributaries and reservoir), including biotic and abiotic variables in relation to water and sediment, and the results were analyzed space and seasonally. The results obtained suggest that domestic sewage from Itirapina city (São Paulo State), deforestation and diffuse pollution (associated with the accumulation of sediments and agrochemicals used in different cultures established in the region) were the main impacts in the Lobo watershed. The Triad Analysis (based on chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological measures), in addition of the quantitative results from chemical evidence line, indicated that risks were higher in the reservoir in comparison with the tributaries, where the risks were considered low or moderate in dry season in some sampling stations. Ecotoxicological risks were not identified at most of sampled sites, but the inverse situation was registered for ecological risks due to the influence of limnological variables. Seasonal differences between dry and rainy seasons were observed after the integration of all evidence lines, with higher risk values occurring during dry season, in addition to the risk associated with environmental degradation of each ecosystem. From the results, it is possible to conclude that the activities developed in the Lobo Hydrographic Basin have been responsible for several ecological impacts in this system, beside some alterations promoted by climatological events. Also, to prevent more social, economic and ecological negative consequences, some efforts need to be allocated to minimize the impacts, promoting recovery of the environmental functions and ecosystem services in short, medium and long term.

O licenciamento ambiental é um instrumento da política ambiental de caráter preventivo de proteção ao meio ambiente, estruturado em torno de procedimentos administrativos que tratam da localização, instalação, ampliação, alteração e operação de empreendimentos ou atividades que utilizam os recursos ambientais, consideradas efetiva ou potencialmente poluidoras ou que possam causar degradação ambiental. A avaliação de impactos ambientais (AIA) está acoplada a este procedimento, analisando a viabilidade ambiental de projetos e fundamentando uma decisão a respeito da implantação de atividades. Para tanto, verifica-se a necessidade de uma quantidade relativamente extensa de dados que permitam a elaboração de um diagnóstico ambiental, para fins de análise dos impactos associados ao empreendimento em questão. Sistemas de Informações ambientais (SIA) são ferramentas que possuem um grande potencial para receber, analisar e gerar informações que subsidiem as distintas etapas do licenciamento ambiental. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa de Mestrado procurou verificar a aplicabilidade de um SIA como ferramenta de auxilio à tomada de decisão e ao gerenciamento das atividades associadas ao licenciamento ambiental no estado de São Paulo. Por meio do estudo do processo de licenciamento e AIA implementado no estado, entrevistas com potenciais usuários e levantamento bibliográfico foram estabelecidos os requisitos necessários e demandas a serem supridas pelo sistema, bem como quais seriam os potenciais benefícios do uso desta ferramenta, que orientaram o desenvolvimento de um protótipo. A pesquisa traz a discussão de aspectos críticos que envolvem o foco do trabalho: o gerenciamento da informação no licenciamento, a participação do usuário ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento do sistema, a integração de geotecnologias e, por fim, o levantamento de outros pontos fundamentais a serem considerados ao longo do desenvolvimento e implementação de um SIA voltado para o licenciamento. / Environmental licensing is a policy\'s instrument which prevents a protection of the environment. It analyzes the location, installation, expansion, modification and operation of projects or activities that use environmental resources and that may effectively or potentially cause pollution or environmental degradation. The environmental impact assessment is associated with this procedure, analyzing the environmental acceptability applied to projects and serving as a basis to the decision-making process. An extensive database is necessary to develop an environmental diagnostic and analyze the impacts of the projects. Environmental Information Systems are tools with great potential to receive, analyze, generate and disseminate information to support the steps in the licensing process. In this context, this dissertation verifies the applicability of SIA as a tool to support decision-making and management activities related to licensing in the Sao Paulo State. By means of the study of the licensing process and EIA implemented in the state, interviews with potential users and the literature on the subject requirements and demands were established to be supplied by the system. The potential benefits of using this tool, which would guide the development of a prototype were also analyzed. The research raises the discussion of critical issues: management of information in licensing, users participation throughout the system development process, integration of geotechnologies and other key questions to be considered during the development and implementation of an EIS to environmental licensing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmoniaSilvaOliveira-dissertacao.pdf: 1539808 bytes, checksum: e94074405fcbd4d167b956c09c4eaa65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Fish farming is currently the form of food production that grows most rapidly in the world. In Brazil, fish consumption is still low; only 10% of the population consumes fish. The country presents a great potential for the development of fish farming, especially in the Furnas region, in the State of Minas Gerais. In the search for new economical alternatives, fish farming has already become a reality in this region. The effects of this activity deserve attention to ensure its improvement and enable its exploration. This study aims at characterizing the socio-environmental conditions of fish farming and subsidizing administration plans for the fish farmers in Guapé, MG, Brazil. In the January-February period of 2011, 15 net-tank fish farms were evaluated by means of two questionnaires using the Gerenciamento de Aspectos e Impactos Ambientais GAIA (management aspects and environmental impacts): the first, to characterize the profile of the properties; the second, to determine the degree of sustainability of the fish farms. The fish farmers responded to questions in loco. Visual proof of the situation presented was done later. A descriptive analysis of the results was done for the evaluation of the questionnaires, and the percent frequencies were computed for each question. The results were organized and presented by column and sector graphs. The results led to the conclusion that the degree of sustainability is between 30% and 70%. Regarding the sustainability classification, 60% of the fish farms were very poor; while 40% were adequate. This study revealed that fish processing and commercialization are conducted in the property; altogether, the fish farms consume about 4.3 daily tons of extruded commercial ration and produce annually 550 tons of fish in 504 net-tanks. It also showed that most fish farmers present low schooling; started their business only recently; do other jobs, such as coffee growing and milk producing; receive technical assistance, although not continuous; and do not monitor water. / A piscicultura atualmente corresponde ao setor de produção de alimentos que mais cresce no mundo. No Brasil o consumo do pescado ainda é pouco expressivo; apenas 10% da população incorporam o peixe em sua alimentação. O país apresenta grande potencial para o desenvolvimento desta atividade, dentre elas a região do reservatório de Furnas, em Minas Gerais. Na busca de novas alternativas econômicas, a criação de peixe já é uma realidade na região. Devem-se assim observar os efeitos decorrentes desta atividade que merece atenção para possibilitar seu aprimoramento e viabilizar sua exploração. Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar as condições socioambientais da piscicultura e subsidiar planos de gestão aos piscicultores do município de Guapé, MG, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2011; foram avaliadas 15 pisciculturas no sistema tanque-rede; caracterizadas por meio da aplicação de dois questionários; o primeiro para caracterizar o perfil das propriedades, e o segundo para determinar o grau de sustentabilidade das pisciculturas, utilizando-se o método Gerenciamento de Aspectos e Impactos Ambientais - GAIA. As questões foram respondidas pelos piscicultores in loco. Posteriormente foi feita comprovação visual da situação apresentada, passando seu resultado a compor os dados analisados. Para avaliação dos questionários foi feita uma análise descritiva dos resultados, computando-se as frequências percentuais para cada questão. A organização e apresentação dos resultados foram por meio de gráficos de colunas e de setores. Através dos resultados conclui-se que o grau de sustentabilidade das pisciculturas está entre 30 e 70%; de acordo com a classificação da sustentabilidade, 60% das pisciculturas apresentaram sustentabilidade péssima e 40 %, adequada. O estudo revelou que o processamento do pescado e a comercialização são realizados na propriedade; juntas as pisciculturas consomem ração extrusada comercial em torno de 4,3 toneladas por dia e produzem anualmente 550 toneladas de peixes em 504 tanques-rede. Mostrou também que os piscicultores, em sua maioria, apresentam baixa escolaridade; iniciaram suas atividades recentemente; possuem outras atividades, como por exemplo, café e leite; recebem assistência técnica, porém não contínua; não fazem o monitoramento da água.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos possíveis impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes da instalação do aterro sanitário industrial e dos lagos de resíduos de bauxita do Parque Industrial do Consórcio do Alumínio do Maranhão - ALUMAR, em termo de contaminação das águas superficiais e subsuperficiais das bacias hidrográficas envolvidas, baseado em um grupo de atributos, considerando um modelo exploratório. A partir de dados espaciais (ensaios laboratoriais e de campo) e mapas elaborados pela ALUMAR, nas escalas 1:10.000 e 1:20.000, foram selecionados, analisados e sintetizados todos os atributos de interesse em um conjunto de 12 documentos cartográficos. Num passo seguinte, foram investigados os aspectos do meio físico (colapsividade, erosão, afundamento, estabilidade do maciço e infiltração) e as características físicas do aterro sanitário industrial e do lagos de resíduos de bauxita (posição em relação ao nível de água, posição em relação ao substrato rochoso, aspectos construtivos e técnicas de impermeabilização), os quais podem gerar condições de instabilização no sistema e nas fontes, provocando vazamento. Frente à análise dos dados obtidos, os acidentes na área do aterro sanitário industrial e dos lagos de resíduos de bauxita, podem ser ocasionado por infiltração e erosão. A contaminação decorrente de vazamentos nesta região não atingirá níveis profundos devido à presença de material silte arenoargiloso da Formação Alter do Chão, pouco permeável, que impedirá o deslocamento dos contaminantes em profundidade, promovendo o espalhamento lateral controlado pelas camadas que comportam-se como drenos, e assim os contaminantes poderão ser interceptados pelos canais de drenagem, poluindo as águas superficiais e subsuperficiais e, por conseqüência, todos os componentes do meio ambiente. / This work presents an analysis of the possible negative environmental impacts associated to the installation of industrial sanitary landfill and of lakes of bauxite residues at the Industrial Park of Aluminum Consortium in Maranhão - ALUMAR, in terms of contamination of superficial waters and groundwater, based on a group of attributes, and considering an exploratory model. From laboratories, field data and maps elaborated by ALUMAR, at scales 1:10,000 and 1:20,000, the attributes were put into 12 cartographic documents. The analyses were done considering collapsible, erosion, settlement, slope stability and infiltration conditions of the areas, technological characteristics o f industrial sanitary landfill of the bauxite waste lakes and spacial position in relation to groundwater level and rocky substratum. According to the analysis of the data obtained, the accidents in the area of industrial sanitary landfill and of the lakes of bauxite residues can be caused by infiltration, due to both a deficiency in its impermeabilization system and erosion. The current contamination in this area will not reach deep levels due to the presence of clayey sand silt layers of the Alter do Chão Formation, and low permeability, which impede the movement of pollutants in depth. On the other hand, this layer should promote the lateral dispersal controlled by the layers which behave as drains. The pollutants can be intercepted by the drainage channels, polluting the superficial waters and groundwater and, as a consequence, all the components of the environment.

I strävan efter att människor ska kunna bo hållbart krävs ett vidare perspektiv än de teknologiska lösningar som presenteras i enlighet med en ekologisk modernisering. Oexploaterade ytor att ta i anspråk på planeten minskar ständigt och ger därför motiv för studien att ta reda på vilka preferenser som finns för den egna bostaden, hur stor boyta de boende faktiskt önskar och hur de kopplar ihop sin boyta med dess miljöpåverkan. Resultatet visar att de tillfrågade värderar bostadens läge i förhållande till deras jobb, service och social kontext samt sociala ytor och boendet som en privat sfär. En lagom och samtidigt idealisk boyta uppgår till cirka 40-50 kvadratmeter per vuxen person. Samtliga kopplar sin boyta till någon form av miljöpåverkan, men energiaspekter i användningsfasen är det som genomsyrar det sammantagna svaret. Vidare perspektiv som markbrist och materialåtgång beskrivs mer begränsat. Förhoppningen med studien är att ge underlag för ett mer utbrett arbete för att bemöta de boendes behov och ta boytan i beaktande vid framtida planering av bostäder. / In the pursuit of sustainable housing, a wider perspective than the technological solutions presented in accordance with an ecological modernization is required. Unexploited areas to use on the planet decreases constantly and therefore gives motives for the study to find out what preferences exist for one's own accomodation, how much living space the residents actually want and how they connect their living space with its environmental impact. The results show that the individuals value the location in relation to jobs, service and social context together with social areas and housing as a private sphere. An adequate and at the same time an ideal living area is considered to approximately 40-50 square meters per adult. All of them link their living space to some kind of environmental impact, but energy aspects in the use phase are what permeate the overall answer. Further perspectives such as land scarcity and material use are described more limited. The study hopes to provide a basis for more widespread work to meet the needs of the residents and to take the living space into consideration when planning future housing.