As metrópoles superam diariamente grandes desafios e para seu enfrentamento é preciso utilizar estratégias políticas, econômicas, socioambientais e estruturais, bem como contar com instrumentos de participação da sociedade civil e o consequente exercício do controle social sobre as políticas públicas e de governo. Com o agravamento de práticas ambientais predatórias as cidades têm tido suas condições ambientais alteradas por ações ou atividades antrópicas e, também determinadas por comportamentos inadequados por parte de seus governantes e habitantes. A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental, instrumento de gestão ambiental, de planejamento e uso do solo, contribui como instrumento participativo para a organização do espaço urbano. Essa avaliação se dá por meio de etapas que compõe o procedimento administrativo e culmina com a concessão de licenças ambientais a fim de controlar atividades que utilizem recursos naturais ou que possam causar degradação. Uma de suas mais expressivas características é a participação social na tomada de decisões que se dá por meio de audiências públicas. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral investigar como se deu a participação da sociedade civil e da administração pública no processo de avaliação de impacto ambiental no Conselho Municipal do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - CADES da Secretaria do Verde e do Meio Ambiente, Município de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2016. Para atingir os objetivos propostos neste estudo, optou-se por realizar uma pesquisa qualiquantitativa. Devido às diferentes abordagens metodológicas utilizadas optou-se pela triangulação dos dados que foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com os Conselheiros e Gestores, análise documental e observação participante. Como resultado, verificou-se que se os instrumentos legais de participação da sociedade civil no processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental fossem utilizados, conjugando os objetivos da administração pública e as necessidades da população em todas as fases, haveria uma atuação mais efetiva e motivada da população, exigindo empreendimentos com menor impacto socioambiental e instrumentos mais inclusivos de consulta a população afetada pelos empreendimentos em análise no órgão ambiental. / The metropolises face big challenges on daily basis and their confrontation requires the use of political, economic, socio-environmental and structural strategies, as well as instruments of civil society participation and the consequent exercise of social control over public and government policies. With the worsening of predatory environmental practices, the cities have had their environmental conditions altered by anthropic actions or activities and also determined by inappropriate behaviour from their rulers and inhabitants. The Environmental Impact Assessment, an instrument of environmental management and planning and land use, contributes as a participatory instrument for the organization of urban space. This evaluation is done through steps that compose the administrative procedure and culminates with the granting of environmental licenses in order to control activities that use natural resources or that may cause degradation. One of its most expressive characteristics is the social participation in the decision-making process that takes place through public hearings. This research had as general objective to investigate how the civil society and the public administration participated in the environmental impact assessment process in the Municipal Council of Environment and Sustainable Development - CADES of the Secretariat of Green and Environment, Municipality of São Paulo, in the period from 2010 to 2016. To achieve the objectives proposed in this study, it was decided to carry out a qualitative research. Due to the different methodological approaches used, we opted for the triangulation of the data that were obtained through interviews with the Advisors and Public Administrators, documentary analysis and participant observation. As a result, it was verified that if the legal instruments of civil society participation in the process of Environmental Impact Assessment were used, combining the objectives of the public administration and the needs of the population in all phases, there would be a more effective and motivated action of the population requiring ventures with less socio-environmental impact and more inclusive instruments of consultation to the population affected by the projects under analysis in the environmental agency.

A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente visa compatibilizar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico com a qualidade ambiental. A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental, um de seus instrumentos, utiliza-se do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) na sua aplicação em projetos ou empreendimentos. A elaboração do EIA envolve a etapa de diagnóstico para análise da qualidade ambiental da área. A qualidade do EIA e do diagnóstico tem sido objeto de críticas e descrédito junto à sociedade, principalmente à comunidade científica e às associações ambientalistas. Sabe-se que a qualidade do diagnóstico influencia diretamente a efetividade processual do EIA e seu papel como influenciador da tomada de decisão; assim, uma avaliação da qualidade dessa etapa do EIA contribui com a aplicação mais efetiva desse instrumento. A pesquisa visou avaliar a qualidade do diagnóstico biótico dos EIAs do Estado de São Paulo elaborados entre 2005 e 2014. Para isso, proposições ao diagnóstico biótico foram reunidas em uma lista de verificação, utilizada para a avaliação de 55 diagnósticos bióticos e 35 termos de referência de EIAs. Os resultados foram analisados qualitativamente e em comparação com as recomendações dos termos de referência (TRs) analisados. Posteriormente, a qualidade dos diagnósticos foi analisada sob três perspectivas: aprovação dos estudos, tipo de empreendimento e ano de elaboração do EIA. Por fim, foi realizada análise de componentes principais não-linear (NLPCA) para os dados de diagnóstico, no intuito de testar a sugestão de aplicação dessa ferramenta para a identificação dos critérios determinantes para a qualidade dos diagnósticos e possíveis relações entre esses critérios e entre os estudos. A qualidade dos diagnósticos bióticos analisados foi mais satisfatória para aspectos descritivos do que analíticos. Foram determinantes para a qualidade dos estudos critérios relativos à coleta de dados quantitativos e levantamentos para espécies raras, segundo a NLPCA. Tempo de levantamento e sazonalidade foram considerados insatisfatórios, e apresentaram relação estatística com a identificação do grau de vulnerabilidade da área. Os resultados realçaram a importância da sistematização de dados de biodiversidade em fontes confiáveis e atualizadas para elaboração e análise de diagnósticos, e para TRs mais específicos, uma vez que, apesar de estarem sendo cumpridos pelos estudos, os TRs são genéricos e apresentam mais recomendações descritivas do que analíticas. Não houve diferença representativa entre a qualidade dos diagnósticos referentes a estudos aprovados e não aprovados, o setor de Obras Hidráulicas apresentou avaliações mais satisfatórias, o que foi salientado pela NLPCA e pode estar relacionado ao porte do projeto, e a análise temporal evidenciou uma tendência de melhora dos estudos e TRs. Tanto a lista de verificação quanto a NLPCA se mostraram ferramentas adequadas para a investigação da qualidade de diagnósticos biológicos de EIA / The Brazilian National Environmental Policy established Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as one of the 13 tools to reconcile socio-economic development with environmental quality. EIA involves the Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) in its application to development projects. EIS drafting involves a baseline step for analysis of environmental quality of the area. The quality of the EIS and the baseline process has been criticized by society, especially by scientific community and environmental groups, and this quality directly influences the effectiveness of the EIA procedure and its role as a decision making tool. Thus, an evaluation of the quality of this EIS step contributes to a more effective application of this instrument. The research aimed to evaluate the quality of biotic baseline studies of EIS drawn up between 2005 and 2014 in the state of São Paulo. We assessed 55 biotic baseline studies and 35 terms of reference (TRs) of EISs by a checklist which consists of a set of recommendations from literature and regulations to biotic baseline studies. The results of baseline and TRs were analyzed qualitatively and compared to one another. Then, we looked at the baseline quality under three approaches: license emission, sector and project type of activity, and year of EIS preparation. Finally, multivariate analysis was performed by Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis (NLPCA) for the baseline quality data in order to test the application of this analysis for the identification of critical and determinant criteria for the quality of baseline and the investigation of how these criteria and the EISs are related to one another. Results point to more satisfactory descriptive than analytical issues. Criteria of quantitative data collecting and surveys of rare species were determinants for baseline quality. Time of survey and seasonality was an unsatisfactory criterion, and statistically related to the vulnerability degree of the area. Results highlighted the importance of systematization of biodiversity data in reliable and updated sources useful for EISs preparation and analysis and for the draft of TRs in a more specific way. TRs were satisfactorily complied by the baseline content, but they are generic and present more descriptive than analytical recommendations. There was no representative difference between the quality of baseline of approved and not approved EISs. Hydraulic project showed more satisfactory evaluations, emphasized by NLPCA, and it may be related to the size of the project. Temporal analysis highlighted an improvement trend of studies and TRs. Thus, both the checklist as NLPCA proved to be suitable tools to the assessment of biological baseline studies of EIS

As metrópoles superam diariamente grandes desafios e para seu enfrentamento é preciso utilizar estratégias políticas, econômicas, socioambientais e estruturais, bem como contar com instrumentos de participação da sociedade civil e o consequente exercício do controle social sobre as políticas públicas e de governo. Com o agravamento de práticas ambientais predatórias as cidades têm tido suas condições ambientais alteradas por ações ou atividades antrópicas e, também determinadas por comportamentos inadequados por parte de seus governantes e habitantes. A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental, instrumento de gestão ambiental, de planejamento e uso do solo, contribui como instrumento participativo para a organização do espaço urbano. Essa avaliação se dá por meio de etapas que compõe o procedimento administrativo e culmina com a concessão de licenças ambientais a fim de controlar atividades que utilizem recursos naturais ou que possam causar degradação. Uma de suas mais expressivas características é a participação social na tomada de decisões que se dá por meio de audiências públicas. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral investigar como se deu a participação da sociedade civil e da administração pública no processo de avaliação de impacto ambiental no Conselho Municipal do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - CADES da Secretaria do Verde e do Meio Ambiente, Município de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2016. Para atingir os objetivos propostos neste estudo, optou-se por realizar uma pesquisa qualiquantitativa. Devido às diferentes abordagens metodológicas utilizadas optou-se pela triangulação dos dados que foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com os Conselheiros e Gestores, análise documental e observação participante. Como resultado, verificou-se que se os instrumentos legais de participação da sociedade civil no processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental fossem utilizados, conjugando os objetivos da administração pública e as necessidades da população em todas as fases, haveria uma atuação mais efetiva e motivada da população, exigindo empreendimentos com menor impacto socioambiental e instrumentos mais inclusivos de consulta a população afetada pelos empreendimentos em análise no órgão ambiental. / The metropolises face big challenges on daily basis and their confrontation requires the use of political, economic, socio-environmental and structural strategies, as well as instruments of civil society participation and the consequent exercise of social control over public and government policies. With the worsening of predatory environmental practices, the cities have had their environmental conditions altered by anthropic actions or activities and also determined by inappropriate behaviour from their rulers and inhabitants. The Environmental Impact Assessment, an instrument of environmental management and planning and land use, contributes as a participatory instrument for the organization of urban space. This evaluation is done through steps that compose the administrative procedure and culminates with the granting of environmental licenses in order to control activities that use natural resources or that may cause degradation. One of its most expressive characteristics is the social participation in the decision-making process that takes place through public hearings. This research had as general objective to investigate how the civil society and the public administration participated in the environmental impact assessment process in the Municipal Council of Environment and Sustainable Development - CADES of the Secretariat of Green and Environment, Municipality of São Paulo, in the period from 2010 to 2016. To achieve the objectives proposed in this study, it was decided to carry out a qualitative research. Due to the different methodological approaches used, we opted for the triangulation of the data that were obtained through interviews with the Advisors and Public Administrators, documentary analysis and participant observation. As a result, it was verified that if the legal instruments of civil society participation in the process of Environmental Impact Assessment were used, combining the objectives of the public administration and the needs of the population in all phases, there would be a more effective and motivated action of the population requiring ventures with less socio-environmental impact and more inclusive instruments of consultation to the population affected by the projects under analysis in the environmental agency.

Embora recente em termos históricos, a preocupação de indivíduos e governos quanto à capacidade de suporte do meio, face aos efeitos das intervenções antrópicas e da enorme probabilidade de danos irreparáveis para as condições de todas as formas de vida, implicou na necessidade da gestão dos recursos ambientais e do disciplinamento dessas intervenções, buscando-se instrumentos técnicos e jurídicos adequados. A avaliação de impacto ambiental (AIA) e o licenciamento ambiental com eficaz participação da sociedade, são cruciais para abalizar decisões e garantir um mínimo de sustentabilidade ambiental. A inserção do Brasil nesse contexto se dá com a lei nº 6938/81, que estabelece a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (PNMA), porém, ganha corpo na Constituição Federal de 1988, com a exigência sine quan non de prévia elaboração e publicidade do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) para as hipóteses de degradação ambiental significativa. Nada obstante, a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo edita a Resolução SMA nº 42/94, permitindo o licenciamento subsidiado apenas em um incógnito Relatório Ambiental Preliminar (RAP), instrumento técnico de elaboração prévia obrigatória, quebrando a aparente harmonia normativa até então vigente. Restou evidenciado neste trabalho que a própria Resolução SMA nº 42/94, assim como o RAP, que não tem seu conteúdo mínimo fixado na regra jurídica que o criou, são objetos de dissensões técnicas e jurídicas que possibilitam o questionamento do procedimento de licenciamento ambiental quanto à sua legitimidade, o que pode levar à anulação da licença ambiental expedida por vício de origem. / Although historically recent, the individual and governmental preoccupation towards the capacity of nature to provide for the human beings, due to their interventions and the enormous probability of irrecoverable damage to the conditions of life for all forms of lives, has engendered the necessity for the orderly management of the natural resources, seeking technical and legalized instruments for the task. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), and the environmental licensing, plus the efficient society participation, are crucial to backup decisions and assure a minimum of environmental sustainability. Brazil\'s insertion in this context begins with the Law nº6938/81, which establishes the National Environment Policy (PNMA, in Portuguese), and is enhanced in the Federal Constitution of 1988 by the sine qua non requirement of previous elaboration and publicity of the EIS. Notwithstanding, the rules imposed by the Environmental Office of the Government of São Paulo State (SMA, in Portuguese) Resolution nº 42/94 endorsing the licensing subsidized solely by an incognito Preliminary Environmental Report (RAP, in Portuguese), shattered the seemingly normative harmony existent and became a source for dissensions that make it possible to question the legitimacy of the license issued. It is evinced in this work that the very Resolution SMA nº 42/94, along with the RAP - which has not its minimum contents described by the rule that created it - are subject to technical and juridical dissensions that might give room to the questioning of the environmental licensing as to its legitimacy by a flaw, that might lead to the annulment of the issued license.

O etanol de cana-de-açúcar tem se destacado no cenário mundial como uma potencial fonte de energia alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis. Entretanto, sua produção é fortemente baseada na monocultura, intensificando os impactos adversos nos recursos ambientais. Esses impactos podem se combinar e persistir ao longo do tempo, possibilitando o acúmulo destes nos recursos ambientais, tornando-se necessário um planejamento mais adequado da produção do bioetanol, para que uma abordagem mais sistêmica seja integrada a esse processo. Em meio a esses fatores, a consideração de impactos cumulativos é um elemento essencial para a sustentabilidade do etanol, por conseguir avaliar de maneira mais holística as implicações da monocultura, sendo obrigatória durante o processo de licenciamento ambiental do setor. Essa prática pode ser viabilizada por meio da AIA, possibilitando que esses impactos possam ser identificados e avaliados para que a viabilidade ambiental dos empreendimentos do setor possa ser atestada, principalmente pela elaboração de um EIA. Apesar da exigência, há indícios de que a prática da inserção destes impactos não tem sido realizada adequadamente. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar de que maneira os impactos ambientais cumulativos estão sendo inseridos em Estudos de Impacto Ambiental do setor sucroenergético paulista, à luz dos elementos preconizados pela AIC. Para tal, foram caracterizados potenciais impactos ambientais cumulativos provenientes da monocultura de cana-de-açúcar nos componentes ambientais águas superficiais, águas subterrâneas, biota aquática e fauna e flora terrestre; além da definição de critérios para as análises nos estudos ambientais. Assim, verificou-se a prática atual da consideração desses impactos nos EIAs do setor canavieiro. A metodologia foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas semiestruturadas, modelo causal e análise documental. Como resultados, constatou-se que os impactos ambientais cumulativos não têm sido considerados adequadamente nos EIAs, tendo como base os critérios adotados na análise. Dentre as fragilidades encontradas, destaca-se a falta da identificação e consideração nas análises de outras atividades do passado, presente e futuro, bem como a definição de limites temporais. Além disso, observou-se que alguns dos impactos cumulativos identificados pela pesquisa são contemplados nos estudos como impactos diretos e indiretos. Considerando que as monoculturas podem ser caracterizadas como fontes de mudanças ambientais sob ampla perspectiva espacial e temporal, e diante de sua natureza repetitiva, há uma necessidade de estabelecimento de requisitos, procedimentos e métodos a serem empregados para avaliação destes impactos. Neste contexto, os Termos de Referência poderiam direcionar essa avaliação por meio da definição de critérios a serem contemplados nos estudos, possibilitando uma compreensão das perturbações das áreas de cultivo em sistemas ambientais e a definição de limites a serem observados, além de agregar valor aos processos de tomada de decisão sobre a viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos do setor sucroenergético no estado de São Paulo. / Sugarcane ethanol has distinguished itself worldwide as a potential alternative energy source to fossil fuels. However, its production is heavily based on monoculture, intensifying the adverse impacts on environmental resources. These impacts may combine to persist over time, allowing the accumulation of these on environmental resources, making necessary a more appropriate planning of bioethanol production, for a more systemic approach into this process. Amidst these factors, addressing cumulative impacts is an essential element for the ethanol sustainability, able to assess a more holistic manner the implications of monoculture, being required during the environmental licensing process industry. This practice can be conducted through the EIA, enabling these impacts can be identified and assessed for environmental feasibility of projects in the sector can be attested, mainly by establishing an EIS. Despite the demand, there is evidence that the practice of addressing these impacts have not been adequately performed. Given the above, the research aimed to analyze how the cumulative environmental impacts are being entered into the Environmental Impact Statements of São Paulo sugarcane industry in light of the elements recommended by the CIA. To this end, potential cumulative environmental impacts from sugarcane monoculture in the environmental components surface waters, groundwater, aquatic biota and terrestrial fauna and flora were characterized, beyond the definition of criteria for analysis in environmental studies. Thus, we found the current practice of considering these impacts in EIS of sugarcane industry. The methodology was based on a literature review, semi-structured interviews, document analysis and causal model. As a result, it was found that the cumulative environmental impacts have not been adequately considered in EIS, based on the criteria used in the analysis. Among the weaknesses found, there is a lack of identification and the analyze of other activities of the past, present and future, as well as setting time limits. Moreover, it was observed that some of the cumulative impacts identified by the survey are included in the studies as direct and indirect impacts. Whereas monocultures can be characterized as sources of environmental changes on large spatial and temporal perspective, and before their repetitive nature, there is a need to establish requirements, procedures and methods to be employed for the assessment of these impacts. In this context, the Terms of Reference could direct this review by defining the criteria to be included in the studies, enabling an understanding of the disturbances growing areas in environmental systems and setting limits to be observed, besides adding value to decision- making process on the environmental feasibility of the sugarcane industry developments in the state of São Paulo.

O aumento da inundação em áreas do baixo curso do rio Taquari, no Pantanal do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, tem transformado a pecuária desta região numa atividade com baixa rentabilidade, à medida que extensas áreas de campo passaram a ser inundadas vários meses durante o ano a partir da década de 70. A pecuária realizada em campos naturais de regiões úmidas do Pantanal indica que há necessidade de se investigar metodologias apropriadas para avaliação de impacto ambiental, que abordem impactos diretos, indiretos, cumulativos e processos do meio físico que alteram, de maneira prejudicial, o meio ambiente. Supõe-se que a inundação na planície do rio Taquari esteja relacionada com a ocupação antrópica nas áreas de planalto da bacia do rio Taquari. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos ambientais na planície de inundação do baixo curso do Taquari, decorrentes da ocupação antrópica da bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari em sua totalidade, considerando os impactos ambientais causados pela pecuária à medida que se configura como principal atividade econômica da bacia bem como os processos erosivos e de assoreamento no quadro atual do regime de inundações. As etapas de caracterização da área, de análise dos impactos e as propostas de ações mitigadoras, previstas num Estudo de Impacto Ambiental, foram aqui analisadas. Foram utilizadas informações sobre as características do meio físico, biótico e socioeconômico, selecionadas a partir do levantamento dos dados existentes com recorte efetuado para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari. Na maior parte dos temas, este foi um processo de levantamento, ordenamento e recuperação de informações, na escala original de 1:250.000, do Plano de Conservação da Bacia do Alto Paraguai-PCBAP, gerenciado no SPRING. Foram também realizadas viagens de campo para a complementação dos dados e para o levantamento de atividades antrópicas com verificações \"in loco\" da ocorrência de impacto ambiental. A maioria dos dados socioeconômicos compilados para o presente trabalho teve por base os censos agropecuários e demográficos realizados pelo IBGE. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os impactos ambientais decorrentes da pecuária no planalto interferem no regime de inundação na planície da bacia, o que só foi possível de ser identificado a partir de análises integradas em toda a bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari. Verificou-se que os métodos de EIA são adequados para identificar os impactos diretos decorrentes da pecuária, mas não são adequados para identificar os processos e seus efeitos cumulativos na extensão da bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari. Além disto, a abordagem da avaliação ambiental estratégica, como procedimento para análise ambiental em políticas, planos e programas, mostra-se adequada para as análises na BHRT à medida que está centralizada nos efeitos do ambiente sobre as necessidades e oportunidades de desenvolvimento. Contudo, somente a recuperação de danos ambientais, o controle das origens dos impactos no ambiente e um sistema de gestão consciente de seus compromissos podem levar, juntamente com a melhora dos procedimentos técnicos e administrativos para análises ambientais, à uma maior proximidade da sustentabilidade ambiental na BHRT. / The increase of flooding in the low course areas of Taquari river in the Pantanal - Mato Grosso do Sul state, has been transforming the cattle raising activity to a low profit activity in the region, when that extensive areas of pasture started to be flooded throughout several months a year from the 1970s. Since these areas are located in the Pantanal region where cattle raising activity is carried on in natural pasture it is necessary to investigate suitable methodologies for evaluation of the ambiental impact, approaching direct, indirect and cummulative impact as well as the processes that change, in a harmful way the environment. The flooding in the floodplain in Taquari river is supposed to be related to the anthropic ocupation in the upland areas of the Taquari river watershed. This work aims to evaluate the environmental impact caused by the anthropic ocupation, the cattle raising activity in the basin and the erosion and silting process in the flood plain of the Taquari river low course. The steps for the area characterization, the analysis of the impact and proposals viewing to diminish the problem, projected in an EIA (Environmental Impact Study), were also considered here. Information on the physical, biologic and socio-economic environment, selected from pre existent data survey, carried on for the Taquari river watershed (BHRT) were used here. For most of the themes, this was a process of surveying and recovering information in the original scale of 1:250.000 from the PCBAP managed in the SPRING GIS model. Field work to complement the existent data to survey the environmental impact of anthropic activities were also carried on. Most of socio-economic data used here were based on the cattle raising activity and demographic census data from IBGE. The results show that the environmental impact caused by cattle raising in the upland interferes in the flooding system in the watershed flood plain, and this fact could only be identified from the integrated analysis of the whole Taquari river watershed. It was observed that the EIA methods are suitable to identify the direct impact caused by the cattle raising activity, but they are not suitable to identify the process and its cummulative effects along the Taquari river watershed. Moreover, it was observed that the approach of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a procedure for environmental analysis in the policies, plans and programs is suitable for the analysis in the BHRT when it is centralized in the effects of environment on the necessities and opportunities of development. However, only the recovering of ambiental damage, the control of the effects caused by impacts on the environment and a system of conscient management can lead to an improvement in the technic and administrative procedures for a really possible ambiental sustentability in the BHRT.

Yuen Siu-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-180). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Tablcs --- p.xvi / List of Figures --- p.xix / List of Plates --- p.xx / List of Appendices --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- lntroduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Problem --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Towngas pipeline --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Environmental impact assessment (EIA) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Landscape restoration --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Ecosystem disturbance and soil impacts of pipeline construction --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Scope and baseline --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Mitigation and restoration guidelines --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the Study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of the Study --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Terminology in the Thesis --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Ecosystem Disturbance and Impacts of Pipeline Construction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Soil as an Important Natural Resource --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Theory and practice of EIA --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- EIA in Hong Kong --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Soil assessment in EIA --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Ecological impact assessment in EIA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Mitigation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Significance of impacts --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Weaknesses of EIA --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- "Post-project analysis, monitoring and audits" --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study Area and Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Climate --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Geology and Soils --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Plots --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methodology --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Experimental design --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Fieldwork --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Date processing and statistical analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- EIA report review --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Soil Baseline / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Texture --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Bulk density --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Soil acidity --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Exchangeable acidity and aluminum --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil organic matter (SOM) --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Total and mineral nitrogen --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- "Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), base saturation (BS) and aluminum saturation" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- C/N ratio --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Acidity problem --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Soil texture and bulk density --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil organic matter and nitrogen --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Soil phosphorus --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- "Exchangeable cations, ECEC. BS and aluminum saturation" --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Implications on landscape restoration --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Impacts of Pipeline Construction on Soils / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Soil acidity, exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum" --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Soil texture and bulk density --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Soil organic matter --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Soil TKN --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Phosphorus --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Soil exchangeable cations --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- "ECEC, BS and aluminum saturation" --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Nature of the soil impacts --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Causes of soil impact --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Spatial difference of soil impacts --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Significance of the impacts --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Mitigation measures --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Improvement of EIA on Soil Management / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2 --- Evaluation of Information Provided by the EIA --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Need of more detailed soil baseline --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Inadequate soil impact prediction --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Need of site-specific soil mitigation --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Soil management in EIA --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3 --- Soil Impact Assessment (SIA) --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Soil baseline --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Impact prediction and significance --- p.140 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Mitigation in SIA --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Monitoring in SIA --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Post-project evaluation in SIA --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Application of SIA --- p.145 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Undisturbed soil conditions --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Soil impacts and resultant soil properties --- p.149 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Evaluation of the EIA Report --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications --- p.152 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Challenge to Aber's disturbance level theory --- p.152 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Consolidation of impacts assessment in EIA --- p.153 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Information for soil impact assessment --- p.154 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of study --- p.154 / Chapter 7.4 --- Further Research --- p.156 / References --- p.158 / Appendices --- p.181

by Shu-Pan Yu. / Thesis submitted in: November 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF PLATES --- p.X / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XI / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objective --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- BACKGROUND TO STUDY --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2. --- Road SEA VIS-A-VIZ Project EIA --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction and Definition of SEA of Road Network --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- SEA as an Improvement on EIA system --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- The Environmental Indicators of Road Project EIA and SEA --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- SEA Approaches --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- The SEA Process --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3. --- Methodologies and Tools for SEA --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Needs for Tailor-made SEA Tools --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Desirable Attributes of SEA Assessment Tools --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4. --- Difficulties and Constraints of Road Building in Hong Kong --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Traffic Noise Problems in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Noise Emission vs Noise Immission Assessment --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Ecological Resources in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5. --- Environmental Assessment Systems in Hong Kong --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Noise Assessment in Project EIAs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Difficulties in Transposing Project EIA Noise Prediction Methodology to SEA --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Road Project Ecological Assessment --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Need for Proactive Nature Conservation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- SEA Systems in Hong Kong --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6. --- Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) as a Platform --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Potentials and Advantages of GIS Approach --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Limitations of GIS --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7. --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2. --- Noise Impacts --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Previous Overseas Experience of Strategic Noise Assessment Using GIS --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Development of An Appropriate Assessment Methodology for Hong Kong --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3. --- Ecological Impacts --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Past Experience of Strategic Ecological Assessment (SEcA) Using GIS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Assessment Methodology of Strategic Ecological Assessment --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4. --- Land Acquisition Assessment --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Assessment Method --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5. --- Summary --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- SYSTEM DESIGN --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- System Overview --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Functions of the System --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Design Features of the System --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- System Software --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- System Structure --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Base Maps Insertion --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Traffic Data Input --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Noise Assessment --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ecological Assessment --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Land Acquisition Assessment --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Summary of Overall Impacts --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Comparison of Options --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM : A PILOT STUDY --- p.116 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2. --- The Crosslinks Project --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- The Project Area - North-west New Territories --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Urban Development in the NWNT --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Ecological Habitats of the NWNT --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3. --- Execution of the Pilot Study --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4. --- Results and Discussions --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Environmental Assessment of the Crosslinks Project --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Assessment of Alternative Options --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- Experience Learned from the Pilot Study --- p.147 / Chapter 5.5. --- Summary --- p.148 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.149 / Chapter 6.1. --- Design Concepts and Features --- p.149 / Chapter 6.2. --- Limitations of the System --- p.153 / Chapter 6.3. --- Further Research --- p.154 / REFERENCES --- p.156 / APPENDICES --- p.166 / APPEMDIXI NOISE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY --- p.167 / "APPENDIX II R(A), R(B), R(C) NOISE ATTENUATION PATTERNS" --- p.171 / APPENDIX III PUBLICAHONS --- p.175

Poon Mei-yan, Pauline. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-118). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Plates --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The problem: deficiencies of EIA process --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Necessity of EIA follow-up --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and scope of the study --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the study --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Thesis outline --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- EIA FOLLOW-UP PRACTICES: TRENDS AND FUNCTIONS / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- EIA follow-up - the conceptual background --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Working definitions of monitoring and auditing --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Types of monitoring --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Types of auditing --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Trends of EIA follow-up practice --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Functions of EIA follow-up --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Role of EIA follow-up in EIA --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ingredients of an effective EIA follow-up system --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Independence of the monitoring and audit team --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Proactive project management --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Clearly defined EIA follow-up programme --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Well-designed monitoring scheme --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Good information flow and feedback mechanism --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7 --- EIA follow-up practice in some countries --- p.21 / Chapter 2.8 --- EIA follow-up practice in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Necessity of EIA follow-up in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Characteristics of EIA follow-up in Hong Kong --- p.23 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- How EM&A is implemented in Hong Kong? --- p.23 / Chapter 2.9 --- Conclusion --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of the study area --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Pak Skek Kok reclamation project --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- The EM&A programme --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methods of assessing the EM&A programme --- p.44 / Chapter 3.6 --- Use of the monitoring data --- p.47 / Chapter 3.7 --- Limitations of the study --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8 --- Conclusion --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF THE PROJECT / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Impact audit --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Noise impacts --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Dust impacts --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- Compliance audit --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Daytime noise level --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Evening noise level --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 24hr-average TSP level --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 24hr-average RSP level --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- 1hr-average TSP level --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Implementation audit --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Implementation of noise mitigation measures --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Implementation of dust mitigation measures --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effectiveness of dust mitigation measures --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.83 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EVALUATION OF THE EM&A PROGRAMME / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Fulfillment of the stated objectives of the EM&A programme --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effectiveness of the EM&A programme --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Independence of the monitoring and audit team --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Proactive project management --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Clearly defined EIA follow-up programme --- p.93 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Well-designed monitoring scheme --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Good information flow and feedback mechanism --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4 --- Recommendations for improving EM&A in Hong Kong --- p.101 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of findings --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3 --- Suggestions for further studies --- p.109 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.113

No Brasil, a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA), devido a exigência legal e por estar vinculada ao sistema de licenciamento ambiental, é o instrumento/procedimento de gestão ambiental mais conhecido. Porém somente após a publicação da Resolução CONAMA 001/86 é que a AIA, por meio da elaboração do EIA/RIMA e sua análise e discussão, passou efetivamente a ser implementada. Apesar de existirem exemplos de aplicação bem sucedida do processo, verifica-se que os resultados esperados não têm sido satisfatórios para o que se pretende com ele. Falhas tanto na elaboração dos EIAs como na condução das demais fases da AIA têm sido verificadas. Empresários vêem o processo de AIA, principalmente a elaboração do EIA/RIMA, como empecilho legal e burocrático. Enfim, têm-se verificado deficiências na condução, na eficácia da AIA e naquilo que se pretende com esse instrumento de política pública, que é a busca da sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento. Alguns o enxergam, inclusive, como um processo falido. Diante desse quadro, o presente trabalho buscou, principalmente com base em documentos disponíveis no órgão ambiental estadual e em informações obtidas junto às empresas, avaliar a eficácia da AIA como instrumento de gerenciamento ambiental junto de empreendimentos minerais localizados no Quadrilátero Ferrífero de Minas Gerais. Os resultados permitem observar, apesar das deficiências verificadas no seu desenvolvimento, que a AIA em função da gestão ambiental foi mais eficaz em alguns casos que em outros, porém em nenhum deles teve desempenho nulo. As principais falhas verificadas estão na análise dos impactos ambientais do projeto, na fragilidade dos levantamentos de dados de base relacionados ao plano de monitoramento e na condução dos planos de monitoramento. Para os empreendedores, a AIA pouco se relaciona com a pretensa certificação ambiental do empreendimento e unanimemente todos consideram, principalmente, a elaboração da AIA como apenas uma exigência para o licenciamento ambiental do empreendimento. / In Brazil, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a legal requirement and has being linked to the environmental licensing system. In addition, the EIA has been the most well known tool of environmental management. However, just after the approval of CONAMA Resolution 001/86, the EIA has been implemented through the elaboration of the EIA/RIMA report, its analysis and discussion. Although there are examples of wellsucceed process application, most of the results have been unsatisfactory. This is a consequence of errors both in the EIA\'s design and application.Many entrepreneurs have considered the EIA process, mainly the EIA/RIMA report, as a legal and bureaucratic constraint. Some see it as a tool with a failed process. In fact, a series of deficiencies have compromised the EIA efficiency, the results are expected from its application, and the search for environmental sustainability. Considering the situation described above, the present studies have the objective of evaluating the EIA efficiency as an environmental managing tool in mining companies of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Most of the basic information was obtained from the governmental environmental agency and the mining companies referred to above. The results of this work have allowed to conclude that the EIA, due to different environmental managing effort, has been more efficient in some cases than in others. Nonetheless, no null result was detected. Main deficiencies of the process reside in the analysis of the project environmental impacts, in the fragility of the field data, on the conduction of the monitoring plan, and the way those data are archived. According to the entrepreneurs, the EIA is poorly related to the environmental certification of the project, all of them consider the EIA application just a legal requirement for the project licensing.