Syftet med detta examensarbete var att ta reda på vilka typer av djurögon applicerade på en mänsklig karaktär som kan uppfattas som mer eller mindre skrämmande. Arbetet grundar sig på teorier om fiendedesign i skräckspel samt ögonens anatomi. Sex konceptbilder skapades och användes till 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem frågor rörande de sex karaktärerna med olika djurögon gav svar på frågeställningen i arbetet. Resultatet från denna undersökning visar att färg och form har en viss betydelse för hur en betraktare upplever vad som är skrämmande för de utvalda ögonen.

Torra ögon beror på en tårfilmsdefekt och ger symtom såsom skav, irritation och dimsyn. Symtomen kan orsakas av till exempel sjukdomar, läkemedelbiverkningar eller miljöfaktorer. Syftet med denna pilotstudie var att undersöka patienters upplevelser av att ha torra ögon. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats. Databearbetningen genomfördes med hjälp av en manifest innehållsanalys. Följande kategorier framkom: fysisk påverkan, begränsningar, att bli tagen på allvar, utvecklat ett förhållningssätt till sin situation samt stöd och social gemenskap. Patienter med torra ögon upplever att de påverkas fysiskt genom att ögonen till exempel skaver, kliar och smärtar. Vissa miljöer och aktiviteter påverkar symtomen i negativ riktning. Patienterna påverkas i sin vardag på så sätt att de har svårigheter att se på tv, att köra bil under längre tid eller att läsa. Vissa miljöer kan vara ansträngande att arbeta i. Bemötande och information från ögonsjukvården upplevs ibland som bristfällig. Patienterna verkar ändå acceptera sin situation, prövar sig fram och försöker hitta lösningar. Att kunna träffa och diskutera sin situation och sina behandlingar kring torra ögon med andra patienter i samma situation upplevs som positivt, då detta bidrar till social gemenskap och utveckling av egenvården. Ökad förståelse för hur patienter med torra ögon påverkas och upplever sin situation är viktigt för att kunna tillgodose patienternas egenvårdsbehov och för att ge sjukvårdspersonal evidensbaserad kunskap. Mer forskning, såväl flera som mer omfattande studier behövs för att öka kunskapen om patienter med torra ögon. / Dry eyes are due to a tear film defect, give symptoms such as chafing, eye irritation and blurred vision. The symptoms may be caused by, diseases, medication side effects or environmental factors. The aim of this pilot study was to examine patients ' experiences of having dry eyes. The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. Data processing was performed using a manifest content analysis. The following categories emerged; physical impact, limitations, to be taken seriously, developed an approach to his/her situation, and support and social community. Patients with dry eyes feel they are physically affected by chafing, itching and pain. Some environments and activities affect the symptoms in a negative direction. The patients are affected in daily life, such as difficulties watching television, to drive a car for longer periods of time, or to read. The personal treatment and information from staff in an eye department are sometimes seen as failing. Patients seem to accept their situation, they are testing their own ways trying to find solutions. To be able to meet and discuss their situation and their treatments of dry eye with other patients in the same situation is perceived as positive, as this contributes to a sense of social relationship and a development of patient self-care. Better understanding of how patients with dry eye are affected by and experiences their situation is important in order to meet patients ' self-care needs and to provide the medical staff evidence-based knowledge. There is a need to increase the knowledge about patients with dry eyes and their experiences to this problem. More extensive studies in this area need to be accomplished.

Tirtos šunų akių vokų ligos ir joms gydyti taikomų metodų patikimumas. Tyrimas atliktas veterinarijos gydykloje “GATTO”. Tyrime analizuoti įvairių veislių, skirtingo amžiaus ir lyčių 92 šunys, turintys akių vokų ligų klinikinius simptomus. Tyrimai truko pusantrų metų laiko. Tirtos ligos: trečiojo voko hiperplazija ir konjunktyvitas, vokų įsivertimai, trauminiai pažeidimai, parazitiniai, bakteriniai susirgimai. Nustatyta, kad trumpasnukių veislių šunų ir jų mišrūnų patinams šios ligos diagnozuotos dažniau. / Topic of my research was canine eyelid diseases and effectiveness of their treatment. The research was conducted at veterinary clinic "Gatto”. 92 dogs that differed in breed, age and gender and all with history of eyelid diseases were involved. Diseases investigated were: third eyelid hyperplasia and conjunctivitis, eyelid trespassing, obstruction, parasitic, bacterial diseases. It was found that the short-nosed dog breeds and their crossbred males tend to be diagnosed with eyelid diseases more often.

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: Billions of people world wide suffer from refractive errors requiring glasses, contact lenses, or other means of correction to enable them to see better. Many people seeking permanent means to correct their vision consider undergoing corneal refractive laser surgeries (CRLS), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK), or laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). These surgeries have been shown to improve vision, but are not without risks for complications intra-operatively and postoperatively. Few studies have looked at the long-term incidence of postoperative complications such as dry eyes and visual aberrations and the associated preoperative risk factors. It is the aim of this study to examine the long-term incidence of dry eyes and visual aberrations (starbursts, halos, glare) after CRLS, and assess for preoperative risk factors associated with the persistence of these symptoms after surgery. METHODS: This study consisted of 319 patients identified for undergoing PRK, LASEK, or LASIK, at Boston Laser between December 2009 and January 2014. The participants in this study completed a novel online questionnaire consisting of questions to assess dry eye and visual aberration symptoms, and included questions adapted from the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Postoperative dry eye symptoms were measured based on the OSDI score and a new dry eye measurement score created for this study's questionnaire. Presence or absence of visual aberration symptoms postoperatively were measured based on a score created for this study and derived from the calculation of the OSDI score. Additionally, a retrospective chart review was conducted of the 319 participants' medical charts to gather and assess for preoperative risk factors related to the long-term incidence of both dry eye and visual aberration symptoms. RESULTS: Our data found a significant association (p < 0.05) that suggests a relationship between development of long-term dry eye symptoms and the following preoperative variables: pupil size, flap thickness, and dry eye risk assessment (including: Zone Quick test values ≤ 9.0mm, contact lens use, and dry eyes with and without contact lenses). No significant association (p > 0.05) was found between the novel dry eye score and the preoperative factors, but it did approach significance with two variables, necessitating further investigation: gender and actual ablation. No significance (p >0.05) was found in the association between the preoperative dry eye risk assessment and severity of postoperative symptoms as gathered using the OSDI score. Our data found a significant association (p < 0.05) that suggests an increased risk for development of long-term visual aberrations symptoms postoperatively with the following preoperative variables: cylindrical manifest refraction, flat K, and greater actual flap thickness. As well as identifying two other possible variables that approached significance requiring further investigation: steep K and preoperative visual aberrations risk (including: spherical manifest refraction &#8805; -6.00, astigmatic manifest refraction ≥ -2.00, and pupil diameter ≥ 7.0). The data showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between postoperative symptom presence and the aforementioned preoperative visual aberrations risk. Our data showed no significance (p > 0.05) when comparing the difference between mean OSDI, dry eye, and visual aberration scores between participants grouped by years since surgery. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Our data found a significant relationship between long-term dry eye risk after CRLS and preoperative pupil size, flap thickness, and dry eye risk assessment. Similarly the data also displayed a significant association between long-term visual aberration risk after CRLS and greater preoperative cylindrical manifest refraction, flat K, and flap thickness. These findings contribute to the risk factors identified in similar short-term follow-up studies, and support the need for increased research into the risk factors and long-term incidence of dry eyes and visual aberrations after CRLS. While the data showed no significance between participants grouped by years since surgery and reported postoperative symptoms, the OSDI mean scores did approach significance (p = 0.088), suggesting that further research with a greater survey population is required.

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to accurately predict and reason about the mental states and beliefs of others, has yet to be explored in Emerging Adulthood, the 18-25 age range characterized by variability and developing a flexible worldview. The current study attempts to predict accuracy and response time on two ToM tasks, The Mind in the Eyes task (MiE), and the Empathetic Accuracy Paradigm (EAP) task by acting experience (whether the participant has acted in a live theater performance) and college experience (freshmen, sophomore, etc.) in 116 college participants. It was hypothesized that regression models including acting experience and college experience will account for more variance than models including only demographic variables and that the models including acting and college experience will significantly predict accuracy and response time on all ToM tasks. All such models predicting accuracy were significant, while only a model predicting response time on the EAP task was significantly predictive. It was hypothesized that acting experience will enable participants to use Theory of Mind skills faster and more accurately (Goldstein & Winner, 2012). Multiple regression analyses confirmed that acting experience is a significant predictor in all models predicting accuracy on Theory of Mind tasks, however response time was a significant predictor in only one of two tasks. It was also hypothesized that college experience will result in a more flexible worldview, open to multiple viewpoints and opinions, significantly influencing response time and accuracy. Multiple regression analyses revealed college experience approached significance in a model predicting accuracy on the MiE task, but no other significant contributions. Implications for the benefits of acting and college experience, the study of Theory of Mind in Emerging Adulthood, and practical applications of the findings in academia and therapeutic settings are discussed.

Theory of Mind (ToM) is often defined as “the ability to reason about mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, and to understand how mental states feature in everyday explanations and predictions of people’s behavior” (Apperly, 2012, p. 825). Recent research has introduced questions about performance on ToM tasks in emerging adulthood, a developmental period (ages 18-27) where exploration and identity formation occurs. The current study examined group differences between college students with acting experience, a population hypothesized to excel in ToM and empathy, and students without acting experience on cognitive and affective measures of ToM and empathy. The current study (N=162) used multiple tasks to measure ToM the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task (RME), Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC), Faux Pas task (detection and belief subscales). All four subscales (perspective taking, fantasizing, empathic concern, personal distress) of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was used to measure empathy. It was hypothesized that students with acting experience would perform significantly better than those without acting experience on all measures of ToM and empathy. It was also hypothesized that the way emerging adults process identity relevant information, as assessed by the Identity Style Inventory (ISI), would be related to ToM and empathy. Students with acting experience performed significantly better on the RME task and the belief subscale of the Faux Pas task. Better performance on the RME task and the belief subscale of the Faux pas task suggest advantages in emotion processing and belief reasoning for students with acting experience. No group differences were observed on the IRI. Informational processing style was positively related to all measures of ToM and all empathy measures except the personal distress subscale of the IRI. Normative and diffuse-avoidant identity processing style was negatively related to all measures of ToM and the personal distress subscale of the IRI. Normative identity processing style was negatively related to the fantasizing subscale of the IRI. The current study supports a relationship between identity processing style in emerging adulthood and measures of ToM and empathy. A factor analysis was conducted to examine relationships between ToM and empathy, finding no distinctions between affective and cognitive dimensions but a clear difference between ToM and empathy. Students with acting experience performed significantly better on the ToM factor but no other factors, supporting the previous analyses. Implications for further research, therapeutic interventions, and occupational training integrating acting experience are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodriguesjunior_ef_me_jabo.pdf: 359523 bytes, checksum: 2c23cc1e2be735e8fdf242ca84017e13 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A ultra-sonografia do segmento posterior do bulbo do olho é procedimento necessário para a avaliação de cães com catarata, que serão submetidos à facectomia, uma vez que a oftalmoscopia não é factível quando há opacificação da lente, notadamente nas cataratas maduras. Foram avaliados 30 cães (56 olhos), machos ou fêmeas, com idade entre 3 a 14 anos, portadores de diferentes tipos de catarata, em estágios variados de evolução. Realizou-se a ecografia nos modos A e B para o exame da lente e do segmento posterior. Clinicamente, diagnosticou-se catarata madura em 41 olhos (73,21%), catarata imatura em 14 olhos (25%) e catarata hipermatura em apenas um caso (1,78%). Verificou-se, ainda, catarata cortical anterior, posterior e nuclear em 12 olhos (21,42%), catarata cortical anterior, posterior, nuclear e capsular posterior em 23 olhos (41,07%), catarata cortical anterior, posterior e capsular posterior em um olho (1,78%), catarata cortical anterior e nuclear em um olho (1,78%), catarata cortical anterior, nuclear e capsular posterior em cinco olhos (8,92%) e catarata cortical anterior em sete dos olhos (12,5%). Diferentes alterações ultra-sonográficas foram observadas no segmento posterior em 26 dos 56 olhos avaliados (46,42%), incluindo alterações como degeneração vítrea (12 olhos, 21,42%), exsudato ou hemorragia (sete olhos, 12,5%), persistência de artéria hialóide (quatro olhos, 7,14%) e sub-luxação do cristalino (três olhos, 5,35%). A partir dos resultados obtidos, reitera-se a relevância em se realizar a ultra-sonografia em pacientes da espécie canina candidatos à facectomia, dado que alterações do segmento posterior do bulbo do olho são de difícil identificação, quando a lente encontra-se opacificada. / The ultrasound inspection of bulb posterior segment of eyes is a necessary procedure for the evaluation of dogs with cataracts, which will be submitted to the surgery extraction, since the ophthalmoscopy is not feasible when there is opacification of the lens, specially in mature cataracts. Thirty dogs were evaluated (56 eyes), males or females, from 3 to 14 years, affected with different types of cataracts in various developing stages. There was an ultrasound A and B in order to examine the lens and the posterior segment. The dogs were clinically diagnosed to the presence of cataract, demonstrating that 41 eyes (73.21%) was mature, 14 eyes (25%) imature and only one case (1.78%) hypermature. It was verified that 12 dogs eyes (21.42%) showed earlier cortical cataracts, posterior and nuclear, 23 eyes (41.07%) capsular earlier cortical cataracts, posterior and nuclear, one eye (1.78%) capsular earlier cortical cataracts and posterior capsular in cortical cataracts and nuclear up in one eye (1.78%), cortical cataracts earlier, nuclear and capsular in five eyes (8.92%) and cortical cataracts in seven previous eyes (12.5%). Changes in ultrasound evaluation were observed in the posterior segment in 26 of the 56 eyes evaluated (46.42%), including changes as vitreous degeneration 12 eyes, (21.42%), exudate or bleeding 7 eyes (12.5%), continuing artery hyaloid 4 eyes (7.14%) and sub dislocation of the lens 3 eyes (5.35%). From the results reaffirms the importance to take place in the ultrasound patients in the species canine candidates for extraction, since changes in the posterior segment of the bulb of the eyes are difficult to identify, when the lens is opacified.

Orientador: Mary Luci de Souza Queiroz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T09:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eberlin_Samara_D.pdf: 2378892 bytes, checksum: 98a7ab7699a5cebee6b0d53463f9f52c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Desordens periorbitais (DPO) é um nome atribuído a um conjunto de disfunções estéticas caracterizadas por alterações na coloração e na forma das pálpebras. As principais manifestações observadas são, hipercromia da região infraorbital, formação de bolsas de gordura, de edema e de rugas finas. A hipercromia ocorre em função de um distúrbio microvascular que pode gerar a formação de edema e alteração da tonalidade da pele. A formação de bolsas de gordura é caracterizada por uma hipertrofia nos adipócitos devido ao acúmulo de triacilglicerol intracelular. Pela ação deletéria da radiação UV observa-se a degradação do tecido conectivo, o que é refletido através do aparecimento de rugas ao redor dos olhos. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a possível aplicação da associação dos extratos hidroglicólicos de Pfaffia paniculata e Ptychopetalum olacoides (AEHPPPO) na prevenção e tratamento da DPO. Os resultados clínicos obtidos demonstraram que AEHPPPO promoveu uma redução da hipercromia, do edema e das linhas finas de expressão na região periorbital. Estes efeitos podem ser atribuídos àqueles observados in vitro, onde AEHPPPO demonstrou atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória, estimuladora da síntese dos componentes da matriz extracelular e do metabolismo do tecido adiposo. Estes resultados nos levam a sugerir que este composto poderia ser utilizado como uma alternativa eficaz em produtos para o cuidados da pele, particularmente aqueles destinados à região dos olhos, com o propósito de prevenir ou minimizar a presença da hipercromia, bolsas e rugas finas nesta área específica. / Abstract: Despite the frequency in which occurs, little has been written in scientific literature on the treatment of periorbital disorders (POD). POD are characterized by alterations in color and shape of the upper and lower eyelids, manifested by hyperpigmentation ("dark circles") and puffiness resulted by fat and fluid accumulation. It has been reported that darkening around the eyes is caused by a process of postinflammatory hemodynamic congestion, characterized by melanin and hemoglobin accumulation. The puffiness caused by orbital adipose tissue is due to an overload of triacylglycerol in the adipocyte, probably as a consequence of circulatory disturbance. Another consequence of the inflammatory process is the local edema due to capillary vasodilatation, which is caused by the release of inflammatory mediators. In addition, POD is usually accompanied by local wrinkling formation, due to deterioration of extracellular matrix (ECM), especially provoked by UV radiation exposure. In this work, we have demonstrated the effects of Pfaffia paniculata/Ptychopetalum olacoides-associated compound (PPLAC) as a dermocosmetic active in the clinical improvement of periorbital disorders. The clinical evaluation showed significant improvements in skin hyperchromia, edema and flaccidity in periorbital area. These clinical observations were also confirmed by in vitro studies, which demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and lipolytic effects, besides the ability to stimulate ECM compounds production. Our results clearly encourage the use of this compound as an adjuvant to eyecare dermocosmetics products with the purpose to reduce the local bruised appearance and puffiness improvement. / Doutorado / Doutor em Farmacologia

Abstract Vision is capable of providing an animal with a wealth of information very fast. Visually guided behaviours are numerous, ranging from foraging to navigation. Vision can be quite reliable in bright light, but the signals produced by the photoreceptors become progressively more unreliable with falling light intensities. In this thesis the usefulness of a novel virtual reality-based environment for insect vision research is reviewed, and the low-light vision of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is assessed using the optomotor behavioural paradigm and intracellular photoreceptor recordings. The optomotor reaction is visual behaviour where an animal responds to a rotation of its environment by following the movement of its surroundings with its eyes or - like insects - by rotating its body in the direction of the movement. Placing the cockroach on a trackball in the middle of the virtual reality apparatus and projecting a rotating pattern of vertical stripes around it invariably causes an optomotor reaction if the cockroach is able to see the moving pattern. Presenting the cockroaches with the stimulus pattern at different low light levels and observing their abilities to follow the movement reveal the lowest light intensity at which they are able to use vision in guiding their behaviour. The compound eye photoreceptor signals at this behavioural threshold consist of singlephoton absorption events called ‘bumps’ at the extremely low rate of one bump every ten seconds. Furthermore, the role of the simple eyes or ocelli in the low-light vision of the cockroach is studied in the virtual reality by covering the compound eyes, the ocelli, or both. The ocelli seem to measure the light intensity and communicate this information to the compound eyes, and also have a direct effect on the general activity level of the cockroach.

This study is an attempt to understand if backgrounds with color impact physiology and the ability of a viewer to see color.