This thesis deals with political-economic globalization from the view of International Political Economy. The first chapter represents a theoretical framework and focuses, especially, on theoretical approaches towards globalization, role of nation state in a globalised environment, and global governance. The second chapter elaborately analyses the state of political-economic globalization during the Great Depression and the Great Recession at the outset of the 21st century, and examines the development of its economic and political aspects. In the end of the second chapter, these crises are compared to answer the research question, i.e. if and to what extend there has been a progress in the process of political-economic globalization since the Great Depression up to the present time.

En rejoignant l’Union européenne en 2004 et alors que le pays appartenait jusqu’à récemment au groupe des bénéficiaires de l’aide au développement, la Pologne passe de l’autre "côté du miroir" :elle est incluse dans le groupe des pays riches et devient un donateur d'aide, en acceptant par la même occasion les engagements internationaux concernant les volumes de l’aide publique au développement. De façon tout à fait significative et symbolique, cette évolution change la place de la Pologne sur la carte du monde. En effet, la coopération au développement ne représente pas seulement la solidarité avec les pays du Sud, mais elle est aussi un moyen d’existence dans la politique internationale. <p>L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de documenter, d’analyser et de comprendre l’approche et le comportement de la Pologne en matière de la coopération au développement. En nous référant à deux champs disciplinaires :les théories des relations internationales et l’Analyse de la politique étrangère (APÉ) nous étudions la politique polonaise d'aide au développement avec comme point de départ un triple questionnement :pourquoi, par qui et comment cette politique est-elle construite ?Afin de répondre à nos questions de recherche nous analysons d’abord une évolution du système d’aide polonaise liée aux changements que le pays subit au cours de la période étudiée. Ensuite, nous étudions en détail le milieu externe et interne de la coopération polonaise au développement. <p>Les résultats démontrent que la formulation et la conduite de la politique d’aide au développement de la Pologne s’inscrivent très profondément dans son environnement interne et externe et que des décisions concernant la politique d’aide ne sont pas un choix unilatéral des décideurs, mais plutôt le produit des enjeux entre plusieurs types d’acteurs et facteurs provenant de ces deux environnements. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In the recent years, the PRC has demonstrated strong economic growth and intensified its diplomatic connections with the globalized world. The Deng reforms of the 1970s were the starting point for this ‘open-up’ approach. The particular relevance for the LAC region became an utmost important part in the development of the PRC in the 21st century. Therefore, natural resources are the driving force of their economic growth and a high supply of agricultural products is essential to feed their growing population. These two economic aspects are in the center of the foreign political and economic interests of the PRC. However, the intentions of nation states are always unclear, which gives room for various theoretical interpretations. The possible threat of the rising PRC is consequently contrasted by the perspective of a ‘peaceful rise of the PRC’. It is inevitable that the LAC region looms large over this debate.  This research will analyze and contribute towards a better understanding of the rise of the PRC. To be able to provide a precise contribution, this research focuses on the case of the China-Chile economic and foreign political relations after the coming into force of the FTA in 2006. Based on a conceptual analysis of the foreign and economic relations of the PRC with Chile, this research will also apply defensive neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism to provide a better understanding of the strategies and motivations of the PRC towards Chile. Even though Chile is an independent country of the LAC region, this research will also partly integrate the research finding into the bigger picture of the relations between the PRC and the LAC region in general.

Thesis (M. Com. (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Investment as one of the main macroeconomic variables can ensure development of infrastructure and economic growth through increasing productivity and attracting investors. This study examined key determinants of investment activities by means of a comparative analysis between the SADC and BRICS groups during the period 2004- 2019. The key variables were the real exchange rate, real interest rate and trade openness. The analysis began by reporting unit roots tests, which paved way for employing Panel Autoregressive Distributive Lag (PARDL) methodology in the existence of different orders of integration. To estimate the long run relationship between the variables, we made use of the panel Johansen cointegration test, Pedroni test, Kao test and the Johansen Fisher cointegration test. Through the PARDL, the exchange rate and trade openness were found to be positive and statistically significant determinants of investment in SADC although statistically insignificant in the BRICS group. In addition, interest rates yielded insignificant results in the SADC region while, on the contrary, yielded a negative and statistically significant relationship in the BRICS group. The Granger causality test indicated a bi-directional causality in the exchange rate-investment and trade openness investment nexus for the SADC group while there was no causality in the BRICS group. It can be concluded that trade openness and exchange rate are key determinants of investment in the SADC region while interest rates are key in the BRICS group. It is therefore recommended that in order to attract investors and boost investment activities the SADC group need to focus more on exchange rate stability and trade openness while the BRICS group need to pay more attention to the flexibility of interest rates. This is beneficial on trading patterns, more for South Africa as it can be found in both groups.

In Germany so-called three pillar system of export support has developed over the centuries. The Czech-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry is a part of the Foreign Chambers of Commerce, which is one of the key institutions of the system. It has become, over more than 20 years of its operation, the most important bilateral chamber of commerce in the Czech Republic. Institutions that are participating in the system of export support are encouraging elimination of obstacles, which are preventing entrepreneurs in their expansion to foreign markets. By offering of counseling and analytical services, the Czech-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry aims small businessmen, and tries to minimize the obstacles of their participation on the Czech-German economic exchange. By using the foundations of institutional economy and with the help of sources and literature defines this thesis the placement of the Czech-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the German system of export support. Alongside, it tries to prove the key position of the Chamber in the system of export support by analyzing competence, organizational structure and suggested services of other actors that are involved in the system of export support.

The paper reviewed the existing methodological approaches to the assessment of the export business of industrial regions of Russia. On their basis, we proposed the author's methodology for researching the working-out and development of the region's commodity export strategy, which consists in a comparative analysis of the potential of the industrial regions of Russia in the system of indicators, on exports of different countries and the Sverdlovsk region, on the commodity structure of regional exports; in the context analysis of the concepts and strategies of foreign economic activity of the regions; in determining the orientation of foreign economic relations of the Sverdlovsk region; in determining the level of internationalization of the largest exporters of Sverdlovsk region and their integration into the World Economic System; in the calculation of deferred dividends. The result of this methodology is the development of analysis findings and direction to increase the attractiveness of territories and increase exports, the national share in the global value chains, incl. mechanisms, methods, ways, etc. Next, we conducted an approbation of the proposed author's methodology, based on it, developed a new strategy for the development of exports of goods in the Sverdlovsk region and showed that the existing export development strategy for Sverdlovsk region's products implies an increase in exports in the standard way, that is, through the search for new markets, increase production of intermediate goods, the creation of a single commodity by different enterprises and the maintenance of relations with already existing trading and strategic partners. The new model of the strategy is based on combining of the maximum efforts of enterprises to create a large finished product and the output with this product in a new economic space, as well as an increase in the output of goods with high added value. In addition, it is proposed to conclude not only a classical contract of sale, but also a profit sharing agreement. In other words, our strategy is based on the geo-economic approach, which implies the creation of long internationalized investment-reproduction cycles. The new approach should not just increase exports, create new finished goods, but also increase the competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the region. / В работе были рассмотрены существующие методические подходы к оценке экспортной деятельности индустриальных регионов России. На их основании мы предложили авторскую методику исследования развития и разработки стратегии товарного экспорта регионов, которая заключается в сравнительном анализе потенциала индустриальных регионов России по системе показателей, по экспорту разных стран и СО, по товарной структуре экспорта регионов; в контен-анализе концепций и стратегий внешнеэкономической деятельности регионов; в определении ориентированности внешнеэкономических связей Свердловской области; в определении уровня интернационализации курпнейших экспортеров СО и их интеграции в МЭС; в расчете отложенных дивидендов. Итогом такой методики является разработка выводов анализа и направления для повышения привлекательности территорий и увеличение объемов экспорта, национальной доли в ГЦДС, в т.ч. механизмы, методы, способы и т.д. Далее мы провели апробацию предложенной авторской методики, на ее основании разработали новую стратегию развития экспорта товаров Свердловской области и показали , что существующая стратегия развития экспорта товаров Свердловской области подразумевает увеличение объемов экспорта стандартным путем, то есть через поиск новых рынков сбыта, увеличение производства промежуточных товаров, создание единичного товара разными предприятиями и поддержание отношений с уже существующими торговыми и стратегическими партнерами. Новая же модель стратегии основана на объединении максимальных усилий предприятий для создания крупного готового продукта и выход с этим продуктом в новое экономическое пространство, а также увеличение выпуска товара с высокой добавленной стоимостью. Кроме того, предлагается заключать не только классический договор купли-продажи, но и договор участия в прибылях. Другими словами наша стратегия основана на геоэкономическом подходе, который подразумевает создание длинных интернационализированных инвестиционно-воспроизводственных циклов. Новый подход должен не просто увеличить объемы экспорта, создать новыt готовые товары, но также повысить конкурентоспособность и инвестиционную привлекательность региона.

Цель исследования – изучить развития торговой деятельности Китая с Россией и европейскими странами в рамках внешнеторговой политики, проводимой правителями Цинской империи в разные периоды. Объект данного исследования – торгово-экономические отношения Китая с Россией и Европой в 1722-1820 гг. Предмет исследования – торговая деятельность Китая с Европой и Россией и политика экономического развития, проводимая цинским правительством в указанный хронологический период. Представленная магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка используемых источников и литературы, приложений. В первой главе рассматривается развитие межгосударственных торговых контактов Китая с Европой и Россией в эру Юнчжэн. Во второй главе исследуется этап активизации русско-китайских торговых отношений на Севере Китая в Кяхте и становление особой системы монопольной торговли с иностранцами в Гуанчжоу в эру Цяньлун. В третьей главе проанализированы особенности торговли на территории Кяхты и Гуанчжоу при императоре Цзяцине. В заключении приводятся краткие выводы по проведенным исследованиям. / The aim of the study is to examine the development of China's trade activities with Russia and European countries within the foreign trade policy pursued by the rulers of the Qing Empire in different periods. The object of this study is trade and economic relations of China with Russia and Europe. Subject of the research is China's trade activities with Europe and Russia and economic development policies pursued by the Qing government in the specified chronological period. This master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of used sources and literature, and appendices. The first chapter examines the development of China's interstate trade contacts with Europe and Russia in the Yongzheng era. The second chapter examines the stage of activation of the Russian-Chinese trade relations in the North China and formation of the special monopoly trade system with foreigners in Guangzhou in the Qianlong era. The third chapter analyses peculiarities of trade in the territories of Kyakhta and Guangzhou under the Jiaqing Emperor. The conclusion concludes with brief conclusions of the research.

This thesis examines the economic impacts of China's engagement in Nigeria. Various books and journals were used to help in formulating various objectives which include examination of how China’s economic activities in Nigeria perpetuate or challenge neo-colonial structure to find out the socio-political implications of China's economic engagement in Nigeria. To achieve the stated objectives, the study used a narrative literature review methodology (secondary data) in analyzing its findings. The study used Google Scholar for multidisciplinary sources as a search strategy and applying relevant keywords such as "China-Nigeria relations", "Chinese investments in Nigeria", and "economic impacts of China's engagement in Nigeria", one can retrieve a diverse range of scholarly literature spanning multiple disciplines. Thematic analysis (TA) was used to identify, examine, and report patterns found in data to highlight important concepts and ideas.The findings include that there are several economic impacts of Chinese investments in Nigeria such as GDP growth, employment creation, industrialization, and trade expansion. The thesis underscores the presence of neo-colonial elements within Nigeria, with colonial-era administrative systems and extractive economic practices continuing to shape governance frameworks and societal inequalities. China's involvement introduced alternative economic partnerships that offered opportunities for greater autonomy and development. It was also observed that Nigeria's increasing reliance on Chinese investments, loans, and trade partnerships, indicates a growing dependency that influenced policy decisions and domestic priorities. This economic dependency raised concerns about the potential for unequal trade relations and reliance on external aid and investment, echoing neo-colonial power dynamics.

La présente thèse a pour objet l’étude du régionalisme. Ce dernier se réfère ici à des régions mondiales constituant une dimension médiane entre le niveau étatique et le système mondial. Notre analyse porte donc sur les nouvelles expériences régionales qui ont émergé dans le contexte de la globalisation néolibérale et de la post-guerre froide. Le régionalisme est analysé en tant qu’objet des relations internationales et l’étude de cas choisi est celui du régionalisme latino-américain, et plus précisément le Marché commun du Sud (MERCOSUR). Une importante partie des travaux consacrés à l'explication du régionalisme partent d'une approche essentiellement endogène accordant une attention distraite aux déterminants exogènes. Pour comprendre la nature du nouveau régionalisme, il faut le situer dans une perspective globale qui tient compte de l’interrelation entre les niveaux national, régional et global. Bien que le régionalisme renvoie à des logiques internes propres, le phénomène est fortement conditionné et façonné par l’extérieur du fait qu’il évolue en interaction directe et constante avec le monde économique et politique international, et qu’il fait l’objet de politiques menées par des acteurs dominants de l’arène mondiale. Les déterminants extérieurs sont donc essentiels pour comprendre l’évolution du régionalisme. Dès lors, la thèse se propose de répondre à la question suivante :comment et en quoi la nature et l’évolution du régionalisme se trouve façonnée par le cadre exogène et comment ce dernier interagit avec les facteurs d’ordre interne ?Pour répondre à cette question il convient de resituer le MERCOSUR dans le cadre du triangle atlantique (Amérique du Sud/Union européenne/Etats-Unis) qui lui-même doit être placé dans le contexte plus large de la globalisation néolibérale. / Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This case-study establishes the influences of power-knowledge relationships on capacity-building for sustainability in the European Union Funded ‘Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programme’ (EU Programme). It aims to capture the lessons learned for capacitybuilding to support nature-based tourism initiatives on the Wild Coast. The EU Programme aimed to achieve economic and social development of previously disadvantaged communities through nature-based tourism enterprises, and to develop capacity of local authorities and communities to support environmental management. The study discusses common trends in thematic categories emerging from the research data, and contextualises research findings in a broader development landscape. This study indicates that power-knowledge relations were reflected in the EU Programme’s development ideology by an exclusionary development approach, which lacked a participatory ethos. This exclusionary approach did not support an enabling environment for capacity-building. This development approach, guiding the programme conceptualization, design and implementation processes, resulted in a programme with unrealistic objectives, time-frames and resource allocations; a programme resisted by provincial and local government. The study provides a causal link between participation, programme relevance, programme ownership, commitment of stakeholders, effective management and capacity-building for sustainable programme implementation. The study argues that the underlying motivation for the exclusionary EU development ideology in the programme is driven by a risk management strategy. This approach allows the EU to hold power in the development process, whereas, an inclusionary participative development methodology would require a more in-depth negotiation with stakeholders, thereby requiring the EU to relinquish existing levels of power and control. This may increase the risk of an unexpected programme design outcome and associated exposure to financial risk. It may also have a significant financial effect on donor countries' consultancies and consultants currently driving the development industry. This study recommends an interactive-participative methodology for programme design and implementation, if an enabling environment for capacity-building is to be created. In addition, all programme stakeholders must share contractual accountability for programme outcomes. This requires a paradigm shift in the EU development ideology to an inclusionary methodology. However, this research suggests that the current EU development approach will not voluntarily change. I, therefore, argue that South Africa needs to develop a legislative framework that will guide donor-funded development programme methodology, to support an enabling environment for capacity-building.