Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Joao Name.pdf: 43545230 bytes, checksum: 93f414005c68b2c4bc1d2e5f02c05515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-06 / Street photography or urban photography, in terms of photographic style, historically results not only from a new instrumentalization made available by technological progress in the first half of the XIXth century, but also, and above all, from social and psychological conditions which started to reign in that period. This new way of representing the objective world brought innovative particularities like the combination of elements such as mental image, double, objective traces and aura in one perception object: photography. Such particularities are found in the concept of photogeny, one of the denominations given to the charm of photographic images, which is examined here based on Edgar Morin s studies. The analysis of the concept of photogeny leads us, in search of precursors, to the idea of aura in Walter Benjamin s writings, showing intersections which are particularly interesting and elucidative of both concepts. In Walter Benjamin s reflections are included phenomena such as crowd, shock and flâneur upon which are based our own reflections on the conditions which caused changes in the perception, receptiveness and response of the growing stimuli resulting from new ways of coexistence and mobility in the metropolis. Another approach related to the charm, the aura and the temporality of the photography, such as the temporal punctum, is integrated into these previous concepts and analyzed with the concept of photogeny. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is the constitution of a more embracing corpus enabling the understanding of the complexity of the photographic phenomenon. The metropolis, object of the urban photographer, through its physiognomy, plays a major role in this dissertation, showing itself, like on a photograph, as a psychophysical mechanism whose charm dwells in the indistinguishable relation between the objective world and the imaginary / A fotografia de rua ou fotografia urbana, enquanto estilo fotográfico, decorre historicamente não apenas de uma nova instrumentalização proporcionada pelos avanços tecnológicos que se iniciaram na primeira metade do século XIX, mas, sobretudo, das condições sociais que vigoraram a partir desse período. Esse novo meio de representação do mundo objetivo trouxe consigo particularidades inovadoras, como a combinação de imagem mental, duplo, vestígios e aura em um objeto de percepção: a fotografia. Essas particularidades encontram uma confluência no conceito de fotogenia, uma das denominações atribuídas ao encanto das imagens fotográficas, que, aqui, é trabalhado tomando por base a trabalho de Edgar Morin. A análise do conceito de fotogenia remete-nos, na busca por precursores, à noção de aura em Walter Benjamin e apresenta interseções particularmente interessantes e elucidativas para ambos os conceitos. Nas reflexões deste último autor, que incluem os fenômenos da multidão, do choque, do flâneur, baseiam-se nossas análises sobre as condições que provocaram alterações na percepção, receptividade e resposta aos estímulos crescentes originados pelas novas formas de convivência e mobilidade na metrópole. Outra abordagem relacionada ao encanto, a aura e a temporalidade na fotografia, como o punctum temporal, é integrada às concepções anteriores e analisada em conjunto com a concepção de fotogenia. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta dissertação é constituir um corpus mais abrangente que dê conta da complexidade do fenômeno fotográfico. A metrópole, objeto do fotógrafo urbano, através da sua fisionomia e fisiognomia, ocupa um papel central nesta dissertação, revelando-se, como em uma fotografia, um mecanismo psicofísico, cujo encanto possui a sua base na relação indistinguível entre o mundo objetivo e o imaginário

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Guilherme Vieira Allegro.pdf: 496551 bytes, checksum: a55ce0430c845a9cc25c3e05b66c2df8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-28 / This dissertation aims at following the emergence of issues concerning human feelings through the works of Edgar Morin by delving into the vortex which makes up mankind and going as far as the ethics and the utopia unfolded by the complexity theory. Love will also be addressed as part of these reflections / Esta dissertação acompanhar a emergência da problemática da afetividade humana ao longo da obra de Edgar Morin, realizando uma incursão que parte do turbilhão afetivo constituinte do homem e se estende até a ética e a utopia vislumbradas a partir do pensamento complexo. Nesse percurso, será destacada também a questão do amor

Esta dissertação consiste no estudo de um grupo de 5 professores comunistas gaúchos, composto por Demetrio Ribeiro Neto, Edgar Albuquerque Graeff, Edvaldo Ruy Pereira Paiva, Enilda Ribeiro e Nelson Souza, membros do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), docentes expurgados da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) pela ditadura civil-militar, em 1964, e reunidos, principalmente, pelo desejo de mudança. Atraídos por semelhanças intelectuais, profissionais e de conduta, e por dessemelhanças que, no outro, encontram seu complemento, estes profissionais uniram-se em prol de um desejo de emancipação, a eles comum, tornando o caráter de grupo indispensável ao alcance dos seus objetivos. Como intelectuais progressistas ligados organicamente à classe proletária, os 5 se autoatribuíram o compromisso de atuar ao lado do povo, mesmo no âmbito da profissão, contribuindo para a desalienação e para a construção de um projeto ideológico de cidade e sociedade. Por meio de um longo processo de estímulo ao pensamento, a qual se caracterizou por revolucionário, uma vez que pretendia mudanças irreversíveis e qualitativas, incitaram aos colegas de profissão e alunos a conhecerem a realidade social do país e, nela, intervirem de forma crítica. Orientados pelas resoluções políticas do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) e regulamentados por seus Estatutos, os 5 professores comunistas da Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul tiveram nas questões políticas propostas pelo Partido, como o anti-imperialismo, o latifúndio e a cultura nacional, tema da reflexão teórica sobre os fenômenos arquitetônicos. Por meio da docência, da militância em entidades de classe, da escrita, e como técnicos da arquitetura e do urbanismo fizeram cumprir a função social a eles conferida pelo PCB. / This dissertation consists of the study of a group of 5 Gaucho communist teachers, composed of Demetrio Ribeiro Neto, Edgar Albuquerque Graeff, Edvaldo Ruy Pereira Paiva, Enilda Ribeiro and Nelson Souza, members of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), expurgated teachers of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) by the civil- military dictatorship, in 1964, and reunited, mainly, by the desire of change. Attracted by intellectual, professional and behavioral similarities, and by dissimilarities that, in the other, they find their complement, these professionals have united in favor of a desire for emancipation, common to them, making group character indispensable to reach their objectives. As progressive intellectuals organically linked to the proletarian class, the 5 self-commit the commitment to act alongside the people, even not within the scope of the profession, contributing to the desalienation and construction of an ideological project of City and Society. Through a long process of stimulus to thought, a characteristic that characterized by a revolutionary, since simulating irreversible and qualitative changes, encouraged classmates and students to get to know the social reality of the country and to intervene critically in it. Guided by political resolutions of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) and regulated by its statutes, the five communist professors of the Architecture College of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul are concerned with political issues by the Party, such as anti-imperialism, latifundia and the National Culture, theme of the theoretical reflection on the architectural phenomena. Through teaching, militancy in class entities, writing and as technicians of architecture and urbanism did fulfill the social function conferred on them by the PCB.

Entre avril et juin 2008, le prix des commodités (blé, maïs, riz) a atteint un niveau impressionnant, mais pas exceptionnel. Les populations de 48 pays ont été affectées par une sévère sous-alimentation. La plupart d’entre eux avait déjà été affaiblie par des conflits et des catastrophes naturelles inhabituelles et dramatiques. Ces facteurs ont souvent interagi pour aggraver la situation. Pourtant, si la crise de 2007-2008 a été un «problème extraordinaire», c’est aussi parce que la connaissance scientifique «normale» a échoué face à la complexité de la «poly-crises» alimentaire (Morin, 2011). En réponse, nous avons conçu un cadre épistémologique, méthodologique, et technique, à partir de deux approches face à la complexité, celles de Hayek (1899-1992) et de Simon (1916-2001), avec un objectif, satisfaire au critère de cumulativité, un reproche traditionnellement adressé à ce type d’approche. Ce travail a produit deux enseignements. Premièrement, les fondements épistémologiques de la production de la connaissance en économie doivent être révisés en environnement complexe et incertain: 1) du certain/de l’objectif vers l’incertain/le subjectif; 2) de la prédiction exacte vers la conception; 3) de la causalité linéaire inappropriée, ou pire, menaçant la liberté individuelle, vers une causalité complexe. Deuxièmement, dans le processus d’adaptation, le rôle de la production et du partage de la connaissance «tacite» est central. Pour cette raison, le problème économique n’est plus un problème d’allocation des ressources. Il est de savoir comment des êtres humains aux capacités cognitives «limitées» computent et socialisent (Nonaka et alii, 1994, 2001) la connaissance et l’information disponibles, mais dispersées, pour la convertir en heuristiques ou patterns favorisant l’adaptation. Deux autres hypothèses les renforcent : 1) les dynamiques du changement s’enracinent «dans la pensée et la créativité des gens impliqués dans des situations complexes et dans leur capacité à restructurer leurs propres modèles d’interactions», (Ostrom, 2011) ; 2) l’altruisme réciproque (Simon, 1992, 1993) est un comportement rationnel qui peut être plus efficient dans les interactions sociales en environnement complexe que le comportement maximisateur ou égoïste. Ces résultats ont été synthétisés dans une interface que nous avons créée et qui a pris la forme d’une boucle de la connaissance à deux allèles, une pour la connaissance générique, l’autre, pour la tacite, qui, par récursion, produisent une méta-connaissance. Cette interface est à la fois ouverte et fermée et reflète ainsi la position défendue par Hayek et Simon pour qui la science économique est une «science frontière». Une part de la recherche est consacrée à la création d’outils, par exemple à un indicateur de perception de la contribution des facteurs au déclenchement et/ou à l’aggravation de la crise, à partir : 1) des allocutions des 138 Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement présents à la Conférence de Haut Niveau sur la Sécurité alimentaire mondiale (3-5 juin 2008) ; 2) des analyses des économistes, 3) des témoignages des gens qui ont subi la sous-nutrition ou la hausse des prix des denrées alimentaires (database IRIN). Nous proposons également une typologie actualisée des policy-mix mis en œuvre par 18 pays divisés en 3 groupes : des pays en développement, pour la plupart importateurs nets, sévèrement touchés par la crise et qui ont connu des «émeutes de la faim» (Égypte, Tunisie, Cameroun, Côte d’Ivoire, Sénégal, Mauritanie, Haïti, Bangladesh) ; des pays Membres du groupe de Cairns ayant connu soit des «émeutes de la faim», soit des désordres sociaux (Indonésie, Philippines, Thaïlande, Afrique du Sud) ; enfin, des pays ayant adopté des restrictions et/ou prohibitions aux exportations (Chine, Inde, Indonésie, Égypte, Cambodge, Ukraine, Vietnam) [...]. / Over the April-June 2008 period, prices of the commodities such as wheat, maize, rice and vegetable oils, reached impressive yet not exceptional peaks. By contrast, the populations of 48 countries were stricken by severe under nutrition. Most of them had already been weakened not only by conflicts, social disorders, dramatic and unusual climatic and natural disasters, but also by outbreaks, epizooties, and population displacements. In some cases, all these factors together played a significant role in the worsening situation. However, another important reason could be advanced to explain why the 2008 food crisis was an “extraordinary problem”. This one is that “normal” scientific knowledge was defeated by the complexity of what it appears now as a food “poly-crises” (Morin, 2011). We answered by designing an epistemological, methodological, and technical knowledge base from two very different and alternative economics approaches of facing complexity. The first is the Hayekian approach (1899-1992), and the second, the Simonian approach (1916-2001). The research intends to fulfill cumulativity criteria, traditionally difficult to satisfy with the ones of complexity. From the following analysis we mostly learned two things. First, epistemological grounds of economics needed to be broken in complex environment(s): 1) from certainty/objectivity to uncertainty/subjectivity, 2) from accurate prediction to design, 3) from linear causality deemed inappropriate or, worse, threatening people freedoms, to complex causality. Second, in the adaptation process, the role of “tacit” knowledge production and sharing is central. For that reason, the core of economics problem is not allocation of resources anymore. Now, the main problem for humans whose cognitive capacity are “bounded” is to compute, to “socialize” (Nonaka et alii, 1994, 2001), available but dispersed information and knowledge and to converse them into heuristics or patterns allowing the adaptation to complex and uncertain environment(s). Two others auxiliary hypotheses –E. Ostrom (2011) will endorse them later- can be drawn from that preliminary work: 1) the dynamics of change rooted “in the thinking and in the creativity of people involved in complex situations and their capacity to restructure their own models for interactions”, 2) reciprocal altruism (Simon, 1992, 1993) is a rational behavior which can be more effective in/for the social interactions in complex environment(s) than maximizing or selfish behavior. To present preliminary results in an effective way, we created a very simple interface scheme. It takes the form of a three-dimensional knowledge loop with two strands, “generic” and “tacit” knowledge connected between themselves to produce by recursion a meta-knowledge. We made the choice of the interface because it reflects with the most accuracy the position defended by Hayek and Simon which is that economics is a frontier science. Moreover, the interface has the advantage of being both open and closed. A part of the research is more specifically dedicated to design tools increasing the understanding of the “polyfood” crises. We elaborated a three-level indicator with: 1) perceptions of the contribution of each factor to the outbreak and the worsening of the situation; 2) contributions of actors to the explanation of the food crisis proposed in 2008. It was developed from: 1) a case study comparing and contrasting explanations proposed a) in their statements by 138 Heads of State and Government attended the High Level Conference on World Food Security (3-5 June 2008), b) in their analyses by economists, c) in their testimonies by people hit by under nutrition/rising food prices (database IRIN); 2) a new and more updated typology focused on the responses addressed by 18 countries split into 3 groups [...].

When seen among the constellation of Edgar Allan Poe's works culminating in Eureka, "The Colloquy of Monos and Una" and "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt," take on an important role as vehicles for scientific contemplation. Similar to early quantum physicists, such as Einstein and Schrödinger, Poe uses macro-level analogies to explore the unity of individual entities, which becomes an important tenet of his explanation of the universe. His thought experiments also resemble those of modern physics in their approach to reality as probabilistic, an idea that finds its echo in quantum field theory, which distinguishes between observed particles and their underlying existence as vibrations in a field rather than distinct units. In this thesis, I use specific examples from "Monos and Una" to demonstrate that the barrier between individuals blurs when viewed from the perspective of a unified field. I also examine ways that "Marie Rogêt" expands the idea of a unified field in terms of entangled individuals and correlated events, and pushes against the Newtonian deterministic tradition. In the context of Poe's body of work, these stories depart from the aesthetic that characterizes many of his most widely-read stories, in that their exploration of the scientific seems to overtake the narrative. However, their composition, which leaves some readers dissatisfied, expertly comments on the dichotomy between the observed and the real, and the role that narrative plays in interpreting experience.

The purpose of this thesis is to show that Charles Brockden Brown was influenced by the American Revolution and the incidents that come after it. It is suggested that Brown created a gothic fiction that was intended to be a critique on the American Revolution by using murder narrratives present during the time to create his characters. Gothic fiction consists of many elements such as setting arechetypal characters, terror, emotion, psychological turmoil and language use.

Cette thèse se propose de donner une lecture bouddhique d'Edgar Allan Poe en étudiant les nombreuses analogies qui existent entre sa pensée telle qu'elle apparaît dans " Eurêka " et un certain nombre de contes, et la pensée bouddhique du Grand Véhicule ou bouddhisme Mahayana. Il s'agit dans un premier temps, au sein de la première partie, de justifier le choix du bouddhisme et de définir les écoles et aspects du bouddhisme en rapport avec les données poesques dans eurêka et les contes. La deuxième étape consiste à établir un bilan des influences de l'Orient en Amérique à l'époque de Poe et à situer notre auteur par rapport à ces mêmes influences et à ses contemporains orientalistes. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude d'" Eurêka " et plus particulièrement de tous ses éléments d'essence bouddhique. C'est le lieu ici de mettre en évidence toutes les convergences de vues ainsi que les différences entre les deux courants de pensée poesque et bouddhique. Ce parallélisme permettra de dégager une sphère commune à la science, au bouddhisme et à Poe, dont les ramifications sont multiples : l'ontologie bouddhico-poesque interpelle la science moderne à travers les résultats actuels de l'astrophysique. L'analyse des conclusions et implications profondes de la sphère bouddhico-poesque conduit, dans la troisième partie de la thèse, à l'examen de leur dramatisation à travers six familles de contes totalisant quelque quarante-sept récits. Cette dernière partie mettra l'accent sur l'osmose réussie entre les arguments ontologiques eurekéens et une création artistique largement dominée par le souci métaphysique

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This study examines the ritual of tarring and feathering within specific American cultural contexts and literary works of the nineteenth-century to show how the discourse surrounding the actual and figurative practice functioned as part of a larger process of discursive and visual racialization. The study illustrates how the practice and discourse of blackening white bodies enforced embodiment, stigmatized imagined interiority, and divorced the victims from inalienable rights. To be tarred and feathered was to be marked as anti-social, duplicitous and even anarchic. The study examines the works of major American authors including John Trumbull, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, analyzing how their works evidence a larger national conflation of character, race, and morality. Sometimes drawing on racial imagery implicitly, and sometimes engaging in the issues of race and slavery explicitly, their works feature tarring and feathering to portray their anxieties about social coercion and victimization in the context of the “experiment” of democracy. Trumbull’s mock-epic genre satirizes the plight of the Tory and diminishes the forms of the revolution; Cooper’s novel works as a rhetorical vehicle to prevent a perceived downfall of the republic; the short fiction of Poe exaggerates the horror of uneven and racialized power relations; and Hawthorne’s body of work ironizes the original parody of tar and feathers to expose the violent nature of democratic foundation. Relying on an interdisciplinary approach, this first, in-depth study of tarring and feathering in America reveals that the ritual is a fertile ground for understanding the multivalent social constructs of the time. Examining tarring and feathering incidents can tell scholars about the status of racial feeling, moral values (including sexual and gender norms), and economic fissures of the context in which they occur. Abjecting the body of the victim, the act rewrites the individual’s relationship to the body politic, and the performance of the ritual reveals the continuously emergent, publically sanctioned forms of belonging to the community and the nation. Moreover, examining the representation of tarring and feathering can tell scholars about an author’s relationship to the ideology of an American way.

The writing style of a number of authors writing in English was empirically investigated for the purpose of detecting stylistic patterns in relation to advancing age. The aim was to identify the type of stylistic markers among lexical, syntactical, phonemic, entropic, character-based, and content ones that would be most able to discriminate between early, middle, and late works of the selected authors, and the best classification or prediction algorithm most suited for this task. Two pilot studies were initially conducted. The first one concentrated on Christina Georgina Rossetti and Edgar Allan Poe from whom personal letters and poetry were selected as the genres of study, along with a limited selection of variables. Results suggested that authors and genre vary inconsistently. The second pilot study was based on Shakespeare's plays using a wider selection of variables to assess their discriminating power in relation to a past study. It was observed that the selected variables were of satisfactory predictive power, hence judged suitable for the task. Subsequently, four experiments were conducted using the variables tested in the second pilot study and personal correspondence and poetry from two additional authors, Edna St Vincent Millay and William Butler Yeats. Stepwise multiple linear regression and regression trees were selected to deal with the first two prediction experiments, and ordinal logistic regression and artificial neural networks for two classification experiments. The first experiment revealed inconsistency in accuracy of prediction and total number of variables in the final models affected by differences in authorship and genre. The second experiment revealed inconsistencies for the same factors in terms of accuracy only. The third experiment showed total number of variables in the model and error in the final model to be affected in various degrees by authorship, genre, different variable types and order in which the variables had been calculated. The last experiment had all measurements affected by the four factors. Examination of whether differences in method within each task play an important part revealed significant influences of method, authorship, and genre for the prediction problems, whereas all factors including method and various interactions dominated in the classification problems. Given the current data and methods used, as well as the results obtained, generalizable conclusions for the wider author population have been avoided.