I bakgrunden redogörs olika aspekter som berör kultur samt sjuksköterskos förhållning till patienters etnicitet. Patienters syn på vård skiljer sig åt beroende på kulturtillhörighet vilket påverkar mötet i vården. Sjuksköterskans ansvar är att ge vård samt behandla patienterna med respekt och värdighet oavsett etnicitet. Svårigheter kan finnas i att tillgodose detta i mötet med patienter då uppfattningen av sjukdomsorsak kan skilja sig ifrån sjuksköterskans. Svårigheter i kommunikationen samt i förståelsen för respektive kultur kan leda till missförstånd. Gränsen är hårfin gällande kulturell lyhördhet då patienten lätt kan särbehandlas eller diskrimineras. Syftet med examensarbetet är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser i möten med patienter med annan etnisk bakgrund än majoritetsbefolkningen. Metoden som användes var en systematisk litteraturstudie där vetenskapliga artiklar analyserats. Resultatet presenteras under fyra teman: Förståelse för genusperspektiv i vårdandet, Förståelse för olika uttrycksätt, Kunskap om sjukdomssyn samt Utbildningsbehov. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskor önskar mer kunskap om kultur i sin utbildning, samt mer förståelse för skillnader i genusdynamiken då kulturella möten uppfattas som svåra vilket kan medföra ett uteblivet vårdande möte speciellt när kommunikationsbrister fanns. Sjuksköterskor behöver och önskar mer utbildning om kulturella aspekter för att känna större trygghet i mötet med patienter med en annan etnicitet än dem själva. / The background describes cultural aspects and how nurses relate to patients' ethnicity. Patients' view on health care varies depending on cultural background, which affects the encounter with health care. Nurse's responsibility is to provide care for and treat patients with respect and dignity regardless of ethnicity. During the encounter with patients difficulties may arise in meeting these needs when the understanding of what caused the disease may differ from the nurse. Difficulties in communication and in understanding each culture can lead to misunderstandings. There is a fine line to cultural sensitivity as the patient can easily be treated differently or discriminated against because of their ethnicity. The aim of the thesis is to describe nurse’s experience in encounters between patients with another ethnic background than the majority ethnic population. The method used was a systematic literature review where scientific articles were analyzed. The result is presented in four themes: Understanding the gender perspective in caring, understanding of different modes of expression, knowledge of insight to disease and Educational needs. The result shows that nurses desire more knowledge about culture in their training, and a broader understanding of differences in gender dynamics as cultural encounters were perceived as difficult resulting in a non-caring encounter especially when communication deficiencies were found. Nurses need and want more training about different cultures.

The purpose with this thesis was to study the special pedagogical perspectives that stood out in documents written by the special teachers in preschool. In order to maintain the thesis research questions a text analysis was carried out on the document “Handledningssamtal” that was used by the special teachers in their contact with the teachers in preschool. The documents were analyzed based in the special educational perspectives and the results and measures from the analysis were divided into three levels; individual, group and organizational level. Finally a study of the connection between the analysis and the measures was carried out and the result was reported in a typology schedule inspired by earlier research. The result of the text analysis indicated that the special educational perspective that dominated was the relational (environmental) perspective. The level that was most frequent in the investigations was the individual level since half of the documents reported that the problems discovered were to be found on this level. The most measures were taken at both the group level and individual level. The most common connection between investigation and measure were individua lneeds/measures belonging to the environment.

Bakalauro darbe analizuojama nedidelių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčių mokinių tekstinių matematikos uždavinių sprendimo ypatumai, bandoma ieškoti mokymo būdų, padedančių suprasti ir teisingai išspręsti tekstinius uždavinius. Suformuluota hipotezė, kad nedidelių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčius mokinius išmokius tam tikrų apibendrintų tekstinių uždavinių sprendimo būdų, gerėja tekstinių uždavinių supratimas, išvengiama daugelio sprendimo klaidų. Tyrimas buvo vykdomas Kauno Medicinos Universiteto Klinikų vaikų neurologijos skyriuje, kuriame gydosi epilepsija sergantys ir kitų neurologinių sutrikimų turintys vaikai iš įvairių Lietuvos miestų bei kaimų. Tyrime dalyvavo 40 III–IV klasių nedidelių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčių mokinių, besimokančių bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose pagal modifikuotas matematikos programas. Visi šie mokiniai turi neurologinių sutrikimų. Konstatuojamojo tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad nedidelių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turintys mokiniai ne visus tekstinius uždavinius vienodai supranta. Aiškiausi jiems yra paprastieji tekstiniai uždaviniai. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad dauguma respondentų spręsdami sudėtinius tekstinius uždavinius, nesupranta uždavinio sąlygos, nesuvokia sąlygoje duotų dydžių prasmės ir santykių tarp jų, dėl nepasitikėjimo savo jėgomis daugelio uždavinių net nebando spręsti. Vyraujančios klaidos mokinių darbuose: neteisingas veiksmo parinkimas, skaičiavimo klaidos, apskaičiuojamų rezultatų dydžių klaidingas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Bachelor's work content the analysis of the garages of solution of small textual mathematical problems among learners having special educational needs, and attempts to seek for ways of training helping to understand and correctly solve textual problems. The hypothesis has been formulated that if children with special needs are trained in certain methods of solving generalised textual mathematical problems, the solution outcomes of textual problems improves and many mistakes can be avoided. The study was carried out in Kaunas Medical University Hospital, Children's Neurology Department, treating epileptic children and other children with neurological disorders from various Lithuanian towns and villages. The study included 40 learners of 3rd and 4th grades with neurological disorders, with low special educational needs, studying in general education schools, according to modified mathematics curricula. Declarative study result showed that children with special needs differently understand some of the textual problems. The clearest of them are plain text problems. The study showed that most of respondents, solving complex textual problems, do not understand the condition of the problem, do not understand the meaning of values given in the task and that relations between them, experience distrust in themselves and do not even try to begin solving most of the problems. The most prevalent errors in learners’ works: wrong choice of action, calculation errors, erroneous naming of... [to full text]

Bakalauro darbe analizuojamos specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčių vaikų ugdymo prielaidos, bei profesinio orientavimo ir konsultavimo ypatumai. Suformuluota hipotezė, kad Lietuvos mokyklose nėra skiriama pakankamai dėmesio SUP mokinių profesiniam orientavimui. Tyrime dalyvavo viena pagrindinių Šiaulių mokyklų ir joje besimokantys 5 mokiniai, turintys specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių. Etnografinio tyrimo metu buvo tiriama, kaip vykdomas ikiprofesinis ugdymas mokykloje bei kokios galimybės sudaromos specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių vaikams ugdyti savo gebėjimus. Metodinės pagalbos atliekant veiklos tyrimą metu buvo konsultuojami 5 specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių vaikai profesiniais klausimais. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis, buvo aiškinamasi ar pakankamai vykdomas profesinis ugdymas bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje, ar efektyviai įvykdytas veiklos planas metodinės pagalbos metu. Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad mokykloje nepakankamai skiriama dėmesio SUP mokinių profesiniam orientavimui. Metodinės pagalbos atliekant veiklos tyrimą metu buvo nustatyta, kad nepakako laiko efektyviai konsultuoti ir padėti mokiniams objektyviau vertinti savo galimybes. Dauguma mokinių savo galimybes toliau mokytis ir įgyti specialybę vertina ne objektyviai. / The bachelor’s thesis explores the educational assumptions of the children with special education needs and the peculiarities of their career guiding and counselling. The hypothesis has been brought forth that there is a lack of attention paid to career guiding of the children with SEN at the schools of Lithuania. 5 children with special educational needs attending one of the lower secondary schools of Šiauliai city participated in the research. The ethnographic research aimed to reveal the way the vocational education is being implemented at school and the opportunities provided to the children with special educational needs for development of their abilities. During the research 5 children with special educational needs were counselled on their career issues by employing methodological support tools. The analysis of the research data aimed to convey whether the education related to vocational issues is being sufficiently implemented at general education schools and whether the activity plan was successfully implemented during the methodological support.

<p>The number of children with disabilities under the age of 18 years around the world varies from 120 to 150 million. In many countries, throughout the world, the majority of children with disabilities either do not receive any form of education or, if they receive any, it is often inappropriate. UNESCO estimates that more than 90% of children with disabilities in developing countries do not attend schools. Rwanda has recently started inclusive education in a number of schools around the country for ensuring that children with disabilities have access to education. Despite this, in Rwanda, many children with disabilities do not attend school and this number is not known. This study aimed to identify the barriers to school attendance by children with disabilities in Rwanda.</p>

This paper examines how remedial teachers and subject teachers in two secondary schools talk about pupils with special education needs (SEN) both in general, and more specifically about boys and girls who need special education. The study is based on 6 interviews with teachers in two secondary schools in the Stockholm area. In the analysis of the interviews, two different theories have been used. Firstly, the teachers´ speech has been analyzed based on three perspectives; a compensatory-, a critical- and a dilemma perspective (see Nilholm, 2007). Secondly, discourse analysis has been used to examine how the teachers in the study talk about boys and girls in the special education. The two categories "boys" and "girls" have been analyzed regarding which qualities and actions they are associated with. The result shows that there are two different discourses about pupils with SEN that are used by teachers today, a medical-psychological discourse which fits into the compensatory perspective, and a socio-political that goes along the critical perspective, and focuses on environmental reasons for problems that occur in school, rather than laboring the individual as the problem. Also the dilemma perspective is found explicitly in one informant´s speech. All teachers but one can immediately name differences between boys and girls with SEN. The differences that are mentioned are for example that boys mature slower, need more practical support in remembering to sit still and bringing the correct material to class, and more often than girls, boys show their difficulties by being noisy in the classroom. Girls are described as the opposite. They mature more quickly, are able to focus in school, are more motivated and able to sit still and work effectively. One teacher feels uncomfortable in speaking about gender differences in behavior, and most teachers think that these differences are cultural and social, not biological. Even so, all teachers seem to have thought about gender differences and can name many. Generally the teachers seem quite aware of the order of the discourse that is what is okay to say about gender differences and pupils with SEN and what is not.

Mémoire (M.Ed.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Bibliogr. : f. [80]-86. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Human enhancement continues to be hotly debated by both 'professionals' and academics, and increasingly also by the general public. This is no surprise, given that the idea of making human beings better - individually and collectively - has existed for centuries. Parents appear to be especially receptive to new ways of improving the qualities of their offspring - first and foremost their cognitive abilities - in the hope of giving them the best life possible. At the same time, children as not-yet autonomous persons are vulnerable to the decisions made on their behalf. This dynamic has led to a long-running philosophical debate about the moral permissibility of paediatric enhancement. Unfortunately, this debate has somewhat stalled at the point of disagreement on general permissibility, with both sides strongly relying on the notion of well-being to support their respective positions. Rapid progress in the sciences, including the development of the new CRISPR-Cas9 technique, holds much promise for effective cognitive enhancement in children, and this makes proper ethical assessment an urgent matter. Arguing that enhancement is here to stay and that prohibition is not a feasible option in a globalised world, I suggest that the debate should instead focus on what cognitive enhancement in children is likely to mean for the welfare of children. Addressing the question of whether enhancement of intellectual abilities in children is likely to lead to the creation of 'superhuman' disabled children - that is, children with superior or even yet-unseen cognitive capacities but a disability in some other sense (medical, social or both) - I draw on evidence from various fields, including education, law, disability studies and sociology, to demonstrate that the positive effect of cognitive ability on individual well-being is frequently overestimated and can thus not serve as a moral justification for cognitive enhancement. Furthermore, the current legal environment with regard to children with higher intellectual abilities gives cause for concern about the well-being of future cognitively enhanced children and urges us to address prevailing shortcomings in educational provision before deliberately engaging in the creation of more cognitive potential. Suggesting that any moral judgment about cognitive enhancement should focus strongly on the ends pursued, I argue that the welfare of children is endangered not so much by the new possibilities and methods of enhancement as by the failure to fully appreciate children's need for the provision of appropriate opportunities to match their individual abilities.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / The number of children with disabilities under the age of 18 years around the world varies from 120 to 150 million. In many countries, throughout the world, the majority of children with disabilities either do not receive any form of education or, if they receive any, it is often inappropriate. UNESCO estimates that more than 90% of children with disabilities in developing countries do not attend schools. Rwanda has recently started inclusive education in a number of schools around the country for ensuring that children with disabilities have access to education. Despite this, in Rwanda, many children with disabilities do not attend school and this number is not known. This study aimed to identify the barriers to school attendance by children with disabilities in Rwanda. / South Africa

Behaviour difficulties displayed in childhood and adolescence have pervasive and long term effects into adulthood and across various domains of functioning (Healey, et al. 2004, Woodward, et al. 2002). The numbers of children who suffer with them remain worryingly high (Green et al. 2005). Children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) are considered particularly at risk of displaying behaviour difficulties; however, despite representing around one fifth of the school population (DfE 2011), little research to date has explicitly investigated these problems in this population. The present study therefore aimed to investigate risk, promotive and protective factors for behaviour difficulties in children with SEND across multiple ecological levels. Data were collected through a concurrent research project evaluating Achievement for All (Humphrey et al. 2011). The sample comprised children identified with SEND in years 1, 5, 7 and 10, from ten local authorities deemed representative of England. A final sample consisted of 2660 primary pupils nested in 248 primary schools and 1628 secondary pupils nested within 57 secondary schools. Predictor variables were measured at the individual and school levels at baseline, along with a teacher reported measure of behaviour difficulties which was assessed again eighteen months later. Analyses were carried out using multi-level modelling revealing that primary schools accounted for 15% and secondary schools 13% of the total variance in behaviour difficulties, with the remainder being at the individual level. Significant risk factors for these problems across both school types were: being male; eligibility for FSM; and being a bully. Risk factors specific to primary schools included being autumn born, being older in the school, having poor positive relationships, and attending schools with lower levels of academic achievement. Risk factors specific to secondary schools included being younger in the school, having poor attendance, having poor academic achievement, being a bystander to bullying and attending a larger school. Results showed evidence for a cumulative risk effect that increasing numbers of contextual risk factors, regardless of their exact nature, resulted in heightened behaviour difficulties. This relationship was non-linear with increasing risk factors in an individual’s background having a disproportional and detrimental increase in behaviour difficulties displayed. The specific type of risk was however, more important than number of risk factors present in an individual’s background in accounting for behaviour difficulties displayed. Finally, results revealed significant protective factors at the school level; specifically attending primary schools with high academic achievement and with more children on the SEND register at school action can protect against the display of behaviour difficulties when these children are at risk in terms of having poor positive relationships. Attending urban secondary schools can also protect against the display of behaviour difficulties, when these children are at risk in terms of having poor academic achievement. The implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.