A condição de vulnerabilidade social está associada a alguns fatores, tais como a inserção e estabilidade no mercado de trabalho, a debilidade das relações sociais e o grau de regularidade de acesso aos serviços públicos ou outras formas de proteção social. A exposição de sujeitos e grupos a riscos decorrentes de alterações significativas nestes fatores geram interferências de forma negativa em suas condições de vida individual, familiar e comunitária. Neste sentido, compreende-se que as experiências de vulnerabilidade social podem limitar o potencial das famílias de garantirem a sobrevivência e proteção de suas crianças e adolescentes e ter implicações negativas diretas no desenvolvimento destes. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar a condição de vida de famílias em vulnerabilidade social e sua potencial relação com a saúde mental e o desempenho ocupacional escolar das crianças e adolescentes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de método misto que se utilizou de questionário sociodemográfico, mapas corporais narrados e entrevistas semiestruturadas para a coleta de dados. Esta se deu em um dos Serviços de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos, desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Proteção Básica da Secretaria Municipal de Assistência Social do município de Ribeirão Preto. Participaram do estudo as crianças e adolescentes que frequentam o serviço, seus professores, familiares e a coordenadora do local da coleta; sendo o presente trabalho aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto (EERP-USP). Para análise estatística da etapa quantitativa foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS Statistic versão 24.0, na etapa qualitativa foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados identificaram a precária inserção das famílias tanto no eixo do trabalho, a partir de dados de desemprego, subemprego, baixos salários, quanto no eixo de redes sociais de suporte, evidenciando ruptura e/ou fragilização de vínculos, além da ausência de estratégias de cuidado. Foi possível, através das entrevistas e dos mapas corporais, identificar um sofrimento emocional por parte das crianças e adolescente, contudo notou-se grande dificuldade na percepção de tal estado, o qual não recebe a devida atenção por parte dos pais e professores. Observou-se também o prejuízo quanto ao desempenho escolar das crianças e adolescentes, devido a fatores principalmente relacionados à cultura de exclusão, à falta de estímulo da família, e o despreparo da escola e dos professores para trabalhar com tal população e sua realidade. Considera-se que há a necessidade de uma maior atenção aos grupos sociais vulneráveis a partir da formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, de programas de desenvolvimento social e ações efetivas do Estado e sociedade civil / Social vulnerability is associated to some factors, such as the insertion and stability in the labor market, weak social relations and the degree of regular access to public services or other forms of social protection. The exposure of subjects and groups to risks resulting from significant changes in these factors generate negative interferences in their individual, family and community living conditions. Thus, it is understood that experiences of social vulnerability may limit the potential of families to ensure the survival and protection of their children and adolescents and have direct negative implications for their development. This study aimed to analyze the life condition of families in social vulnerability and their potential relation with mental health and the educational occupational performance of children and adolescents. It is a mixed-method study which used a sociodemographic questionnaire, narrated body maps and semi-structured interviews for data collection. Data was collected at one of the units of the Services for Coexistence and Strengthening of Bonds, developed by the Department of Basic Protection of the Secretary of Social Assistance of the city of Ribeirão Preto. The children and adolescents attending the service, their teachers, family members and the local coordinator participated in the study. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (EERP-USP). Quantitative statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistic version 24.0 program, qualitative assessment was performed through content analysis. The results identified the precarious insertion of families in the work axis, based on data on unemployment, underemployment, low wages, and on the axis of social support networks, showing rupture and / or weakening of bonds as well as the absence of strategies for care. It was possible through the interviews and the physical maps to identify emotional suffering on the part of the children and adolescents, however, great difficulty in the perception of such state was noticed, which does not receive due attention from parents and teachers. The study also shows the impairment in the educational performance of children and adolescents due to factors mainly related to the culture of exclusion, lack of family encouragement, and the lack of preparation both from school and teachers to work with such population and their reality. There is a need for greater attention to vulnerable social groups through the formulation and implementation of public policies, social development programs and effective actions by the State and civil society.

CONTEXTO: O TelessaúdeRS faz parte do Programa Nacional de Telessaúde Brasil Redes. Entre os principais recursos ofertados pelo Núcleo está a teleconsultoria, definida como consulta registrada e realizada entre profissionais de saúde ou gestores da área. Para tanto, são utilizados recursos de telecomunicação bidirecionais, com o objetivo de esclarecer dúvidas desses profissionais, tanto clínicas, como sobre processo de trabalho ou ações em saúde. Essas teleconsultorias têm dois formatos: síncrona e assíncrona. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o padrão de solicitação de teleconsultorias por médicos da Atenção Primária à Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul e determinar fatores associados ao uso das mesmas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal no universo de médicos, usuários do TelessaúdeRS, nos 127 municípios integrantes que responderam ao formulário de Linha de Base (n=334) no período de dezembro de 2007 à dezembro de 2011. RESULTADOS: Ser do sexo feminino prediz maior uso em comparação ao sexo masculino (RP=1,58; p<0,001). Idade tem associação negativa com o uso de teleconsultorias (p=0,02). As teleconsultorias responderam totalmente as dúvidas de 84,7% dos casos (n=304) e, em 339 casos (95%), os solicitantes ficaram totalmente satisfeitos ou satisfeitos com as teleconsultorias realizadas. Entre os profissionais que pretendiam encaminhar o seu paciente, 70,1% (n=164) alterou a sua conduta, evitando encaminhamento. DISCUSSÃO: A associação positiva entre sexo feminino e solicitação de teleconsultoria pode ser relacionada ao processo de entrada de novos profissionais. A proporção de médicas aumentou nos últimos anos, com a feminização da profissão, além de serem mais jovens. CONCLUSÕES: As características dos médicos que utilizam teleconsultorias para responder dúvidas estão relacionadas a ser do sexo feminino. A idade tem impacto negativo. O fenômeno da feminização da medicina pode ser percebido na população do estudo e, confunde-se com o processo de renovação da mão de obra. Esses fatores devem ser levados em conta na elaboração de estratégias de implementação. Apesar da satisfação dos solicitantes e, a evitação de encaminhamentos de pacientes, as teleconsultorias são pouco utilizadas. / CONTEXT: The TelessaúdeRS is a part of the National Telehealth Program Brazil-Networks. The main features offered by is the teleconsulting, defined as a registered consultation, conducted between health professionals or health managers. Bidirectional telecommunication resources are used in order to answer clinics, work process or health actions questions. It has two forms: synchronous and asynchronous. The objective of this study is to describe the pattern of teleconsultation request by Primary Health Care physician in the Rio Grande do Sul and determine factors associated with use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in the population of physicians, TelessaúdeRS users from 127 cities who answered the baseline survey (n=334) from December 2007 to December 2011. RESULTS: Being female predicts higher use than males (PR=1.58; p <0.001). Age has a negative association with teleconsultation’s use (p=0.02). The teleconsultation fully answered the questions of 84.7% of the cases (n=304) and users were completely satisfied or satisfied with the teleconsultation performed in 339 cases (95%). Among the professionals who wanted to refer your patient 70.1% (n=164) changed their behavior, avoiding referral. DISCUSSION: The female association with teleconsulting solicitation may be related to the new professional’s entry process. The proportion of female physicians increased in recent years with the feminization of the medicine and are younger. CONCLUSIONS: Being female predicts wider use of teleconsultation to answer questions. Age has a negative impact. The phenomenon of feminization of medicine can be realized in the study population and merges with the process of renewal of labor. These factors should be taken into account when developing implementation strategies. Despite the users satisfaction and the avoidance of patient referrals, the teleconsultation are poor used.

Ainda que destinada a um grupo que vivencia e experimenta um corpo doente, a Educação para a Saúde não pode centrar-se nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos e nas terapias medicamentosas, porque seria desconsiderar a vida e as dimensões do ser humano que vão além da corporeidade. Temas transversais, cercados de conceitos pré-elaborados e enraizados em mitos, tabus, preconceitos e crendices, como a sexualidade e o lazer, são entendidos como demandas urgentes para colaborar com a qualidade de vida, uma vez que foram relegados na nossa história, ainda que partes integrantes da constituição do homem. Neste contexto o presente trabalho objetivou investigar, com portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, de um Centro de Saúde de uma cidade do noroeste do Estado do Paraná-Brasil, qual o impacto da Educação para a Saúde, levantando seus problemas relacionados às temáticas lazer e sexualidade, propondo desenvolver conjuntamente com os participantes ações educativas visando as possíveis soluções dessas dificuldades, através da pesquisa-ação.Tratou-se de um estudo qualitativo, mediatizado pela pesquisa-ação que permitiu desvelar as percepções dos participantes do grupo de uma unidade de saúde quanto à sexualidade, o lazer e a qualidade de vida programando, aplicando e avaliando atividades de Educação para a Saúde nestas temáticas. A população-alvo deste estudo se constituiu de 6 mulheres hipertensas, únicas com tal diagnóstico que participam do grupo de reunião semanal de um centro de saúde de uma cidade do noroeste do Estado do Paraná-Brasil. Adotou-se o referencial-metodológico de Freire (1990) adaptado por Bueno (1997-8) delimitado por duas fases: a primeira, quando ocorreu o levantamento do universo temático, elencando-se os temas geradores; a segunda, constituída da ação educativa. A representação social de Moscovici (1979) foi a base da discussão das categorias e colaboraram para elencar os temas geradores. Estes foram o referencial para a discussão e elaboração das práticas educativas, apoiadas na pedagogia da autonomia de Freire. Identificou-se que, quanto à sexualidade, houve dificuldade de seu entendimento, pois foi reduzida ao sexo, manifestou-se por relações de afeto, companheirismo e por cuidados corporais. Quanto ao lazer, foi visto como enfrentamento da solidão. A hipertensão arterial foi descrita quanto aos seus fatores causais, houve valorização exacerbada ao tratamento farmacológico e a convivência com a doença foi considerada difícil. Os temas geradores permitiram a elaboração de uma ação educativa dialógica, em que dinâmicas e discussões foram programadas. Os participantes avaliam que as estratégias adotadas foram de grande valia para a troca de saberes, para a valorização das relações humanas e para um contato prazeroso com os temas abordados. / Even though it is meant for a group which deeply experiences a sick body, Education for Health cannot merely focus on physiopathological mechanisms and medicamental therapies as it would disregard life and the human being\'s dimensions - which are beyond corporeity. Transversal themes, surrounded by preelaborated concepts and enrooted in myths, taboos, biases and superstition such as sexuality and leisure are understood as urgent demands to contribute with quality of life since they were put aside throughout history, despite being constituent parts of man. Within this context, this study had the purpose of investigating what the impact of Education for Health is on systemic hypertension patients by surveying issues related to leisure and sexuality in order to to develop, together with the participants, education actions towards possible solutions via research-action. It was a qualitative study mediated by research-action which enabled disclosing the perceptions of a group within a health unit with respect to sexuality, leisure and quality of life by developing, applying and assessing Education for Health activities on those themes. The target population for this study was constituted of six women with hypertension - the only ones to present such diagnosis who participated in a group meeting weekly at a Health center in a city in the Northwest of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Freire\'s (1990) reference methodologies, adapted by Bueno (1997-8) were outlined into two phases: first, when the survey of the thematic universe occurred, bringing about the generative themes; the second, constituted by the education action. Moscovici\'s (1979) social representation was the fundament for the discussion concerning the categories and helped to set up the generative themes. These were the references for discussion and elaboration of the educational practices supported by Freire\'s pedagogy of autonomy. It was difficult to understand sexuality as it was confined to sex and manifested via affective relations, partnership, and corporal care. Leisure was found to be the confrontation of loneliness. Hypertension was described regarding its causal factors. There was exacerbated valorization of the pharmacological treatment and coping with disease was considered difficult. Generative themes enabled the elaboration of a dialogic education action in which dynamics and discussions were performed. Participants reported that the strategies adopted proved to be valuable for knowledge exchange, valorization of human relations and pleasant contact with the themes approached.

Recent research clearly demonstrates that a decrease of physical activity has occurred among young people. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of external motivation on physical activity. Drawn from self-determination theory, the specific research question examined if academic incentives effectively motivated 7th grade students to participate in a 3-week fitness program. A quasi-experimental pre-post design examined treatment and control groups drawn from a sample of 24 students from three physical education classes. The treatment group received academic incentives whereas the control group received no external incentives but were asked to complete the same fitness Program. Independent-sample t-test of the physical activity section of the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior System Survey (YRBS) revealed no group differences on the posttest. Dependent-sample tests indicated little pretest-posttest change in YRBS scores, leading to the conclusion the academic incentive had no major effect on students' motivation to be physically active outside the school environment. This research contributes to positive social change by provided additional insight into what motivates or does not motivate 7th graders to be physically active.

<p>Bullying is a serious problem for many children and youths in today’s society. Surveys have shown that more than 145 000 children and youths are concerned by the problem as a victim or as bullies. The purpose with this survey is to obtain a clear picture of the students’ views of bullying in physical education and health.</p><p>The main questions in this study are:</p><p>·         Does bullying occur in a bigger extent within the subject physical education and health than within other subjects?</p><p>·         In which elements during physical education lessons is the risk highest to be exposed to bullying?</p><p>·         Are there any differences concerning the students’ views of physical education in relation to what age they are. </p><p>To acquire an understandable picture of bullying I have chosen to do a literature study where different kinds of definitions are presented. There are also different varieties of bullying such as physical or social.  Further, to answer my research questions, I have done interviews with students in secondary school.</p><p>Physical education and health is a subject where bullying is more common than in other school subjects according to my results. Further the survey shows that lessons in swimming is an element where the risk to be exposed to bullying is highest.</p><p>Since bullying is a big problem in today`s school I think that it`s important that the staff has good knowledge when it comes to bullying. With open eyes and a big commitment I think that we can go far when it comes to the problems with bullying.</p> / <p>Mobbning är i dagens samhälle ett allvarligt problem för många barn och ungdomar, och då framförallt i skolan men även på fritiden. Undersökningar har visat att mer än 145 000 barn och ungdomar är berörda av problemet som offer eller som mobbare. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att få en inblick i elevers uppfattningar angående mobbning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa.</p><p>Frågeställningarna jag använt mig av är:</p><p>·         Förekommer mobbning i större utsträckning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa än inom övriga ämnen?</p><p>·         Under vilket moment inom ramarna för idrott och hälsa är det störst risk att bli utsatt för mobbning?</p><p>·         Hur skiljer sig uppfattningarna i årskurserna 5-9 åt då det gäller mobbning under lektioner i idrott och hälsa?</p><p>Jag har genomfört en litteraturundersökning för att få en klarare bild av begreppet mobbning. I denna undersökning presenteras olika definitioner, liksom att det finns olika typer av mobbning såsom fysisk och social. För att få svar på mina frågeställningar har jag gjort en intervjuundersökning med elever i årskurserna 5-9.  Enligt mina resultat är ämnet idrott och hälsa ett ämne där mobbning förekommer i större utsträckning än inom övriga ämnen. Vidare visar också min undersökning på att bad är det moment inom ämnet där risken att bli utsatt för mobbning är som störst</p><p>Eftersom mobbning är ett stort problem i dagens skola anser jag att det är viktigt att all berörd personal har goda kunskaper om mobbning. Med öppna ögon och ett stort engagemang tror jag att det går att komma långt med mobbningsproblematiken.</p>

Bullying is a serious problem for many children and youths in today’s society. Surveys have shown that more than 145 000 children and youths are concerned by the problem as a victim or as bullies. The purpose with this survey is to obtain a clear picture of the students’ views of bullying in physical education and health. The main questions in this study are: ·         Does bullying occur in a bigger extent within the subject physical education and health than within other subjects? ·         In which elements during physical education lessons is the risk highest to be exposed to bullying? ·         Are there any differences concerning the students’ views of physical education in relation to what age they are.  To acquire an understandable picture of bullying I have chosen to do a literature study where different kinds of definitions are presented. There are also different varieties of bullying such as physical or social.  Further, to answer my research questions, I have done interviews with students in secondary school. Physical education and health is a subject where bullying is more common than in other school subjects according to my results. Further the survey shows that lessons in swimming is an element where the risk to be exposed to bullying is highest. Since bullying is a big problem in today`s school I think that it`s important that the staff has good knowledge when it comes to bullying. With open eyes and a big commitment I think that we can go far when it comes to the problems with bullying. / Mobbning är i dagens samhälle ett allvarligt problem för många barn och ungdomar, och då framförallt i skolan men även på fritiden. Undersökningar har visat att mer än 145 000 barn och ungdomar är berörda av problemet som offer eller som mobbare. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att få en inblick i elevers uppfattningar angående mobbning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa. Frågeställningarna jag använt mig av är: ·         Förekommer mobbning i större utsträckning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa än inom övriga ämnen? ·         Under vilket moment inom ramarna för idrott och hälsa är det störst risk att bli utsatt för mobbning? ·         Hur skiljer sig uppfattningarna i årskurserna 5-9 åt då det gäller mobbning under lektioner i idrott och hälsa? Jag har genomfört en litteraturundersökning för att få en klarare bild av begreppet mobbning. I denna undersökning presenteras olika definitioner, liksom att det finns olika typer av mobbning såsom fysisk och social. För att få svar på mina frågeställningar har jag gjort en intervjuundersökning med elever i årskurserna 5-9.  Enligt mina resultat är ämnet idrott och hälsa ett ämne där mobbning förekommer i större utsträckning än inom övriga ämnen. Vidare visar också min undersökning på att bad är det moment inom ämnet där risken att bli utsatt för mobbning är som störst Eftersom mobbning är ett stort problem i dagens skola anser jag att det är viktigt att all berörd personal har goda kunskaper om mobbning. Med öppna ögon och ett stort engagemang tror jag att det går att komma långt med mobbningsproblematiken.

This is an empirical study based on Physical Education and health (PE) teachers' experiences and builds on, for the study, significant literature. The study is about PE teachers’ consideration of gender in the assessment as well as in the selection of lesson content. Semi-structured interviews were employed as method for the data collecting process. Four teachers were interviewed, teachers of PE in elementary and upper secondary school with varied length of professional experience and ages. The interviews were analyzed by the means of content analysis. The results indicate that teachers are gender-aware in sense that they see the student or individual rather than a group of individuals, assesses students' progression rather than the immediate performance and offer a wide range of lesson content so that it will fit all students. Furthermore, the results indicate that gender-aware teachers reflect on their own gender awareness and on what they can do better. Without a gender thinking in school the teaching quality will suffer.   Keywords: Gender, Gender systems, Physical education and health, Sex, Pedagogy

Bakgrund: Skillnaden mellan de fysisk aktiva och de fysiskt inaktiva ungdomarna blir allt större idag. Hjärt och kärl-sjukdomar är en av de dominerande folksjukdomarna som kan uppstå av fysisk inaktivitet. Skolan är en arena där barn utvecklas och får en möjlighet att röra på sig under skoltid. Som blivande idrottslärare är det då viktigt att kunna motivera eleverna i ämnet för ett fortsatt fysisk aktivitet. Syfte: Det primära syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka hur några idrottslärare arbetar för att motivera sina elever i idrott och hälsa. Därför valdes det att studera hur ett begränsat urval av idrottslärare i Karlstad kommun motiverar sina elever i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Metod: Arbetat är en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer vilket också har använts i undersökningen. Sex idrottslärare, tre som arbetar på ett högstadium och tre idrottslärare inom Karlstad kommun har undersökts. Intervjuerna har sammanställts och blivit resultatet av min studie. Respondenterna är konfidentiella och är skyddade av etiska rättigheter. Resultat: Resultaten visar att många av respondenterna upplever att motivationen är bra på skolorna och det har och göra med att många är fysiskt aktiva på fritiden. Resultaten visar även att variation i undervisningen och att det är viktigt att se eleverna och kunna erbjuda aktiviteter där varje elevs behov tillfredsställs samtidigt som eleverna får inflytande på idrottslektionerna. Detta leder i sin tur att de tre psykologiska behoven som kompetens, självständighet och samhörighet uppfylls och den inre motivationen stärks i ämnet. Studien har även kopplats i hop med tidigare studier och Self Determination Theory som är studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt. Nyckelord: Idrottslärare. Idrott och hälsa. Motivation. Skola. / Background: The difference between the physically active and the physically inactive young people is increasing today. Cardiovascular disease is one of the dominant endemic diseases that can be caused by physical inactivity. The school is an arena in which children develop and get an opportunity to move on during school hours. As future physical education teachers, it is then important to be able to motivate students in the subject of continued physical activity. Purpose: The primary objective of the study is to examine how physical education teachers can work to motivate their students in sports and health. Therefore it was chosen to study how a limited selection of the teachers in Karlstad municipality works to motivate their students in physical education and health. Method: I have used a qualitative approach in the form of interviews, which has also been used in the investigation. Six education teachers, three working at a high school and three physical education teachers in the municipality of Karlstad have participated in the investigation. The interviews were compiled and became the result of my study. The respondents are confidential and are protected by moral rights. Result: The results show that many of the respondents feel that the motivation is good at the schools and it has to do with the fact that many are physically active during their leisure time. The results also show that the variation in teaching, and that it is important to see the students on a more personal level and offer activities where each student's needs are met while students gain influence in PE classes. This leads in turn to the three psychological needs of competence, autonomy and affinity are met and internal motivation is strengthened in the subject. The study has also been linked to previous studies and Self Determination Theory is the study's theoretical base.   Keywords: Physical education teacher. Physical education and health. Motivation. School.

Aim The aim of this study has been to examine how health enhancement teachers in Montana, USA, view the value of physical activity from a lifelong perspective. In what way does the health enhancement teacher think the importance of physical activity from a lifelong perspective could be presented? What resources are available for teachers to present the value of physical activity from a lifelong perspective? Method The issue has been answered through qualitative interviews consisting of six health enhancement teachers, four women and two men, in Montana, USA. One of the teachers worked at an elementary school (for 30 years), three teachers worked at middle schools (20, 10 and 8 years of work experience) and two of the teachers interviewed worked at a high school (30 and 3 years).   Results The majority of teachers feel that a wide variety of activities, adapted to an individual level, and the understanding of a healthy lifestyle are important in order for the teacher to present the value of physical activity from a lifelong perspective. The teachers felt they had sufficient material in order to present the value of physical activity, where the school budget provided the teachers with materials every year. In addition to the budget, all the teachers had 12 hours of professional development every year where they could attend conferences or their own choice of professional development. Conclusion With the help in forms of professional development offered by the school, conferences, meeting with other teachers, and their own choice of development, the teachers instruction techniques could increase which could help the teachers to find the pupils’ interest for different kinds of physical activities. Keywords Physical education and health, physical activity, SOC, sense of coherence. / Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur lärare, i ämnet idrott och hälsa på skolor i Montana, USA, ser på värdet av fysisk aktivitet i ett livslångt perspektiv. På vilket sätt anser läraren i idrott och hälsa att vikten av fysisk aktivitet i ett livslångt perspektiv kan förmedlas till eleverna?  Vilka hjälpmedel finns till förfogande för läraren att förmedla värdet av fysisk aktivitet i ett livslångt perspektiv? Metod Frågeställningen har besvarats genom kvalitativa intervjuer gjorda på sex lärare, i ämnet idrott och hälsa, i Montana, USA. Lärarna som medverkade bestod av fyra kvinnor och två män. En lärare arbetade på låg- och mellanstadiet (30 år som lärare), tre lärare på högstadiet (20, 10 respektive 8 år som lärare) samt två lärare på gymnasienivå (30 respektive 3 år inom yrket). Resultat Majoriteten av lärarna ansåg att en bred variation av aktiviteter, anpassning till individnivå samt kunskaper om en hälsosam livsstil är viktiga medel för att kunna förmedla vikten av fysisk aktivitet i ett livslångt perspektiv. Lärarna ansåg sig ha tillräckligt med hjälpmedel, i form av utrustning, för att förmedla värdet av fysisk aktivitet, där skolans budget erbjuder lärarna att inhandla material varje år. Utöver budgeten hade samtliga lärare 12 timmar av professionell utveckling varje år i form av konferencer eller annan egen vald professionell utveckling. Slutsats Med hjälp av de hjälpmedel som skolan erbjuder i form av konferenser, samtal med andra lärare samt egna valda alternativ för utveckling, kan lärarens undervisning förbättras och på sätt fånga fler elevers intressen. Nyckelord Idrott och hälsa, fysisk aktivitet, KASAM, känsla av sammanhang.

<p> The efficiency and efficacy of the U.S. healthcare system has been in question for decades. We spend more per capita than any other industrialized nation while consistently realizing inferior health outcomes for our population as a whole when compared with many industrialized nations. In 1965, the proportion of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) attributed to healthcare was approximately 6%. Today, the share of GDP spent on healthcare by the United States is almost 18%. This number is 5% higher than the next two countries, the Netherlands and France (spending 12.0% and 11.8% of their GDP on healthcare respectively) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The proportion of GDP spent on healthcare in 2020 is estimated to reach 20%, with the nation's increasing healthcare expeditors reducing resources available for other worthy government programs, eroding wages, and undermining the competitiveness of U.S. industry. </p><p> This dissertation explores longitudinal outcome data for Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recipients in healthcare in the dimensions of patient outcomes (mortality, complications and patient safety), as well as hospital financial and efficiency measures (average length of stay, expense per discharge and profitability). Source data from Truven Health Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) are used to evaluate changes in level, immediacy/latency and trend in the years prior to versus the years after becoming a Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recipient. In support of the hypothesis, being a recipient of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in healthcare explains slight enhancements in clinical outcomes, while hospital financial and efficiency measures all showed overwhelmingly positive operating results.</p>