Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-08T11:19:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Madalena Lopes Cravo Roxo.pdf: 1314342 bytes, checksum: 3ebe1b74268e4e44771a6fe56850be01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T11:19:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Madalena Lopes Cravo Roxo.pdf: 1314342 bytes, checksum: 3ebe1b74268e4e44771a6fe56850be01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study aims to investigate, from the perspective of teachers and pedagogical coordinators, the possibilities of using the results of the external state evaluations so-called SARESP (Evaluation System of Learning Achievement in the State of São Paulo) on Mathematics to initiate changes in the educational process, in three public state schools from Itapecerica da Serra city, in the state of São Paulo. This is a qualitative research whose data were collected through documentary analysis (legislation and documents guiding the proposal and implementation of external evaluations in the São Paulo public education network), through a questionnaire for collection of views from mathematics teachers - 9th grade, and to interviews with the pedagogical coordinators of the three target schools researched. Vinao Frago’s concepts of school cultures, teachers' culture and managerial culture as well Gimeno Sacristán’s constructs of "curriculum" and "evaluation" made up our theoretical framework. Data obtained are presented in summary tables and charts. The results confirm the hypothesis that the use of the results of SARESP evaluations is not guiding, as it should be, decisions and actions of the school units and classrooms. External evaluations like SARESP / Mathematics are part of the education reform that have been carried out in the state public education system in São Paulo since the 1990s. This has been done through laws, decrees, regulations, as part of mechanisms, actions and programs instituted by the SEE / SP (Secretary of Education in the State of São Paulo), as a means to control and standardize work in schools. As such, it has left teachers and administrators with no other option but to adhere to a specific and standardized model of school and of a teacher / O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar - em três escolas públicas estaduais paulistas da Diretoria de Ensino da Região de Itapecerica da Serra, na perspectiva de professores coordenadores pedagógicos e de professores, as possibilidades de utilização dos resultados das avaliações externas (SARESP/Matemática) para desencadear mudanças no processo educacional. Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de análise documental (legislação e documentos norteadores da proposta e implementação das avaliações externas na rede pública de ensino paulista) e por meio de questionário para coleta de depoimentos dos professores de matemática - 9º ano, além de entrevista com os professores coordenadores pedagógicos das três escolas alvos da pesquisa. Como norte teórico foram utilizados os conceitos de culturas escolares, cultura dos professores e cultura dos gestores de Viñao Frago e os conceitos de “currículo” e “avaliação” de Gimeno Sacristán. Os dados obtidos são apresentados em quadros-síntese e tabelas. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmam a hipótese de que o uso dos resultados das avaliações SARESP não vem orientando - como deveria - decisões e ações nos âmbitos das unidades escolares e salas de aula. Ou seja: avaliações externas como SARESP - Matemática compõem a reforma educativa levada a cabo no sistema de ensino público estadual paulista, desde os anos 1990, por meio de leis, decretos, regulamentos, e como parte de mecanismos, ações e programas instituídos pela SEE/SP, como forma de controle e padronização do trabalho nas escolas – o que vem deixando professores e gestores sem saída, a não ser aderirem a um modelo específico e padronizado de escola e de professor

有鑑於高等教育評鑑中的課程評鑑混入行政評鑑、教學評鑑或是研究評鑑中，忽視課程評鑑的實際。從學習者被提供的課程選擇機會、以及從系所有意規劃的學習內容來看，實際開課科目是課程整體中最具體、也最能被直接檢視的部分。故本研究試圖以大學院校系所開課科目為研究重點，建構其課程評鑑指標，希望未來能有助於各系所檢視其實際開課的情況，進而做為開課科目課程評鑑的參考。 因此，本研究透過研究者文獻探析、小型專家座談、問卷調查法，彙整課程領域專家學者的意見，再經由研究者調整修改指標後，建構出本研究的大學院校系所開課科目課程評鑑指標。 本研究所建構出的大學院校系所實際開課科目課程評鑑指標共計十七條，除了作為各系所檢視與評鑑實際開課的參考，也提供未來相關研究在指標建構與課程評鑑研究的建議。 / Higher education evaluation is emphasis on administration evaluation, instruction evaluation or research evaluation, but ignores the curriculum evaluation on course offerings. Besides, from the opportunities of choosing courses by learners and from the point of view of courses planning, course offerings are the most substantial and can be examination directly from curriculum. Therefore, my research is focused on the course offerings in universities and to construct a curriculum evaluation indicator to help universities examine the effectiveness of the curriculum offered, in addition, to provide a comparison on evaluating the course offerings. In order to complete this research, the following methods were used: research literature review, small expert panel, the questionnaire survey, and compiling opinions from scholars and experts in the field course. The researcher then adjusted the index by combining the data collected to construct the indicators for the higher education curriculum evaluation. From this research at universities and colleges concerning curriculum evaluation, a total of seventeen indicators of curriculum evaluation were developed. These seventeen indicators not only can help universities examine the effectiveness of the curriculum offered, but also can help future educators plan their curriculum in an effective manner.

Increasing enrollment of students and declining availability of qualified and experienced faculty are leading to increased assessment loads of the existing faculty. Moreover, the assessment techniques are changing drastically due to the ever-increasing demand of new knowledge and abilities from the students. The tools offered by information technology can now be effectively used in enhancing the productivity of a teacher. This thesis proposes a mechanism for creating both summative and formative assessment instruments for a course in an engineering program. The assessment instruments will vary widely in nature depending on the subject. With increasing prevalence of digital devices in all walks of life a first level knowledge of digital systems is considered necessary for all engineers especially under electrical and computer engineering curricula. The first level course ‘Basics of Digital Systems’ is chosen for developing a framework of computer assisted evaluation. Creation of assessment instruments is best done in the context of an instructional system design (ISD) model. ADDIE, a generic model is chosen for the study. Bloom’s classification of levels of cognition, Vincenti’s categorization of engineering knowledge, and ‘Gronlund 2-level’ method for writing the learning objectives are integrated to create a ‘Bloom-Vincenti–Gronlund’(BVG)framework for preparing the learning objectives/assessment instruments. Developing tools for evaluation of performance of students in the assessment tests requires consideration of many issues: analysis of problems and their solution methods, errors normally committed by students, grading preferences of the instructor and feedback to students. A set of tools are developed that are able to evaluate the truth tables, state tables, excitation tables, timing diagram and VHDL codes. The developed tools are validated. The submission of the assignment and the integration of all the tools for evaluation will be more effective if they can be integrated in a learning management system (LMS). ‘MOODLE’, an open source LMS, is identified for the integration of the tools. The developed tools execute the files submitted by the students, evaluate them, and provide feedback to the students. In summary, the thesis addressed some key issues related to “assessment and evaluation of students’ performance” and proposed an integrated computer assisted system for the evaluation of students’ performance in the course ‘Basics of Digital Systems’.

本研究係採用貝瑞德(G. Z. F. Bereday) 所提出之比較教育研究法，針對台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度進行比較分析，並以訪談法訪問承辦幼稚園評鑑業務之政府官員、專家學者人員，蒐集現況資料，以期達成研究目的。 壹、本研究之目的為： 一、探討台灣幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 二、瞭解香港幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 三、比較與分析台灣及香港幼稚園評鑑制度之異同。 四、綜合研究結果，提出結論與建議，供有關單位及政策制訂參考。 貳、本研究獲致之結論為： 一、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相同點為： （一）評鑑計劃及標準在網頁中公開：台灣地區各縣市於進行評鑑前也會將評鑑計劃公開於教育局網頁中，主要對象是針對受評幼稚園為主，若家長欲選擇幼稚園，通常到全國幼教資訊網進行搜尋，香港幼稚園評鑑之評鑑計劃與標準，在教育局網頁中皆可獲得，其內容相當完整，可以滿足家長、專業人員以及受評幼稚園的各種資料的需求。 （二）評鑑前舉辦幼稚園評鑑說明會：台灣及香港在進行評鑑之前皆先舉辦說明會，香港以為期數日之工作坊或研討會來說明評鑑工作的進行，台灣則以一日之評鑑標準說明會來說明評鑑標準，都有助於雙方在評鑑進行前的溝通。 （三）評鑑前先進行自我評鑑：台灣與香港幼稚園在進行評鑑前必須先以評鑑標準進行自我評估，由於評鑑指標採大項目，由評鑑人員針對受評幼稚園提出之資料進行評鑑，因此，幼稚園無不努力在自我評鑑時，努力呈現屬於該園之進行方式及特色。 （四）評鑑前輔導之影響：台灣評鑑前探訪通常依各縣市評鑑經費編列而所不同，台北縣設有先其輔導制度，對幼稚園接受評鑑有所幫助，香港的評鑑團隊隊長也會在幼稚園進行評鑑前二星期，會先到幼稚園進行評鑑前探訪，瞭解目前受評幼稚園的準備情形以及溝通評鑑之進行方式。 （五）評鑑報告以質性說明為主：台灣及香港的幼稚園評鑑報告皆以文字說明來傳達評鑑結果，文字內容淺顯，對於幼稚園不作過度的批評，但是會指出其應改善之處，使幼稚園瞭解其努力的方向。 二、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相異點為： （一）評鑑工作的持續進行：台灣大多數縣市的幼稚園以幼教輔導暫代評鑑，有的縣市僅持續評鑑公立幼稚園，有的縣市則是評鑑與幼教輔導計劃並行，香港地區則在近年內持續進行評鑑工作。 （二）評鑑的心態不同：台灣政府單位一直視評鑑為提昇幼稚園品質的一項重要工具，如果幼稚園不符合要求，彷彿是一項不該犯的錯誤，評鑑的進行所需花費的時間、精力，以及害怕等第不佳等心顧忌，因此，對於評鑑的心態多半抗拒以對，香港的幼稚園評鑑是以學券計劃為評鑑的誘因，因此幼稚園對於評鑑的心態，是較為開放且願意去接受的。 （三）評鑑標準的設計理念不同：台灣因為各縣市各自發展其評鑑標準，使其呈現多元的樣貌，因此在評鑑的標準或多或少，皆無定論，評鑑的多寡沒有一定的優缺點，各縣市在選擇評鑑標準時，都會有其考量，並配合其評鑑的時間以及實施的設計，而香港的評鑑標準是相當完整而統一，多年來一直使用相同的版本，只有少數細項有所修訂。 （四）評鑑人員專職及其專業背景的多元化：台灣各縣市的評鑑人員都是屬於兼任的型態，當年度有評鑑工作將進行時才由承辦單位召集後成軍，香港則由督學固定來進行評鑑，信賴度也比較高。 （五）評鑑前輔導之重要性：台灣評鑑前探訪目前並未普遍實施，前期輔導的人於與外部評鑑委員為不同人員進行，前期輔導可作為先行改善之依據，幫助幼稚園評鑑得的結果更好，香港在評鑑前二星期的探訪，主要在溝通評鑑當天的進行流程。 （六）自評的時間、工作要求不同：自評的內容並未有特定的要求，僅要求針對評鑑標準進行自我評量，在評鑑前完成即可，香港的自評則有一評定之時間表及程序，對幼稚園的文件收集以及問卷分析，都有很詳細之規定。 （七）外部評鑑進行時間長短不同：台灣對幼稚園評鑑的時間短則半天，最長不超過一天，時間過短，無法發掘及瞭解幼稚園之優點，過長對於幼稚園而言，必須承受較大的壓力，香港的評鑑時間長達三天，幼稚園受評鑑時間相當長，評鑑人員能提供專業協助的角色，評鑑時間的安排，在評鑑制度應能加以深思考量。 （八）評鑑結果的應用不同：台灣的評鑑結果，分為績優者獲得表揚與獎勵，不佳者列為輔導，雖有「退場機制」之聲浪一直出現，但是目前並未真正進行退場的要求，香港則給予評鑑通過者學券補助，未通過者加以輔導。 叁、本研究提出之結論為： 一、在幼兒教育政策方面 （一）設立專責評鑑機構：由政府單位或是由民間或學術等團體來推動幼稚園評鑑工作，使幼稚園評鑑制度正常運作，並朝專業發展。 （二）評鑑人員的甄選與訓練：進行評鑑人員的培訓，以提高評鑑人員之素質及達到評分者一致性的信度。 （三）提供幼托整合政策研擬之參考：增加更多不同國家優良之政策及制度研究，供國內幼托整合制度的建立參考。 二、在評鑑制度實務方面 （一）訪評時間應能充足瞭解幼稚園現況：幼稚園評鑑時間少則一日，多則三日，以求達到評鑑目標。 （二）具彈性之評鑑標準：應設計具彈性化之評鑑標準，評鑑後，再依需要修訂評鑑標準。 （三）確保評鑑目的之達成：將評鑑結果能呼應評鑑目的，並能確實達成。 （四）加強自我評鑑的深度：應能將自我評鑑列為應做到之重要前置作業。 （五）評鑑結果應用及報告應公開：公告評鑑結果於縣市政府之網頁上，提供家長參考並長期作維護及更新。 （六）確實進行追蹤輔導：通過評鑑的幼稚園持續進行年度考核，評鑑結果不佳之幼稚園應有輔導改善及退場機制。 三、未來研究方向 （一）增加國外評鑑制度比較研究：增加更多不同國家幼兒教育評鑑議題研究，提供國內評鑑參考。 （二）使用不同研究法來進行研究分析：除了本研究之文獻探討及訪談法外，可採用其他適切之研究方法來進行研究。 關鍵字：台灣、香港、幼稚園、幼兒教育、評鑑、教育評鑑、質素評核、比較教育研究。 本研究係採用貝瑞德(G. Z. F. Bereday) 所提出之比較教育研究法，針對台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度進行比較分析，並以訪談法訪問承辦幼稚園評鑑業務之政府官員、專家學者人員，蒐集現況資料，以期達成研究目的。 壹、本研究之目的為： 一、探討台灣幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 二、瞭解香港幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 三、比較與分析台灣及香港幼稚園評鑑制度之異同。 四、綜合研究結果，提出結論與建議，供有關單位及政策制訂參考。 貳、本研究獲致之結論為： 一、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相同點為： （一）評鑑計劃及標準在網頁中公開：台灣地區各縣市於進行評鑑前也會將評鑑計劃公開於教育局網頁中，主要對象是針對受評幼稚園為主，若家長欲選擇幼稚園，通常到全國幼教資訊網進行搜尋，香港幼稚園評鑑之評鑑計劃與標準，在教育局網頁中皆可獲得，其內容相當完整，可以滿足家長、專業人員以及受評幼稚園的各種資料的需求。 （二）評鑑前舉辦幼稚園評鑑說明會：台灣及香港在進行評鑑之前皆先舉辦說明會，香港以為期數日之工作坊或研討會來說明評鑑工作的進行，台灣則以一日之評鑑標準說明會來說明評鑑標準，都有助於雙方在評鑑進行前的溝通。 （三）評鑑前先進行自我評鑑：台灣與香港幼稚園在進行評鑑前必須先以評鑑標準進行自我評估，由於評鑑指標採大項目，由評鑑人員針對受評幼稚園提出之資料進行評鑑，因此，幼稚園無不努力在自我評鑑時，努力呈現屬於該園之進行方式及特色。 （四）評鑑前輔導之影響：台灣評鑑前探訪通常依各縣市評鑑經費編列而所不同，台北縣設有先其輔導制度，對幼稚園接受評鑑有所幫助，香港的評鑑團隊隊長也會在幼稚園進行評鑑前二星期，會先到幼稚園進行評鑑前探訪，瞭解目前受評幼稚園的準備情形以及溝通評鑑之進行方式。 （五）評鑑報告以質性說明為主：台灣及香港的幼稚園評鑑報告皆以文字說明來傳達評鑑結果，文字內容淺顯，對於幼稚園不作過度的批評，但是會指出其應改善之處，使幼稚園瞭解其努力的方向。 二、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相異點為： （一）評鑑工作的持續進行：台灣大多數縣市的幼稚園以幼教輔導暫代評鑑，有的縣市僅持續評鑑公立幼稚園，有的縣市則是評鑑與幼教輔導計劃並行，香港地區則在近年內持續進行評鑑工作。 （二）評鑑的心態不同：台灣政府單位一直視評鑑為提昇幼稚園品質的一項重要工具，如果幼稚園不符合要求，彷彿是一項不該犯的錯誤，評鑑的進行所需花費的時間、精力，以及害怕等第不佳等心顧忌，因此，對於評鑑的心態多半抗拒以對，香港的幼稚園評鑑是以學券計劃為評鑑的誘因，因此幼稚園對於評鑑的心態，是較為開放且願意去接受的。 （三）評鑑標準的設計理念不同：台灣因為各縣市各自發展其評鑑標準，使其呈現多元的樣貌，因此在評鑑的標準或多或少，皆無定論，評鑑的多寡沒有一定的優缺點，各縣市在選擇評鑑標準時，都會有其考量，並配合其評鑑的時間以及實施的設計，而香港的評鑑標準是相當完整而統一，多年來一直使用相同的版本，只有少數細項有所修訂。 （四）評鑑人員專職及其專業背景的多元化：台灣各縣市的評鑑人員都是屬於兼任的型態，當年度有評鑑工作將進行時才由承辦單位召集後成軍，香港則由督學固定來進行評鑑，信賴度也比較高。 （五）評鑑前輔導之重要性：台灣評鑑前探訪目前並未普遍實施，前期輔導的人於與外部評鑑委員為不同人員進行，前期輔導可作為先行改善之依據，幫助幼稚園評鑑得的結果更好，香港在評鑑前二星期的探訪，主要在溝通評鑑當天的進行流程。 （六）自評的時間、工作要求不同：自評的內容並未有特定的要求，僅要求針對評鑑標準進行自我評量，在評鑑前完成即可，香港的自評則有一評定之時間表及程序，對幼稚園的文件收集以及問卷分析，都有很詳細之規定。 （七）外部評鑑進行時間長短不同：台灣對幼稚園評鑑的時間短則半天，最長不超過一天，時間過短，無法發掘及瞭解幼稚園之優點，過長對於幼稚園而言，必須承受較大的壓力，香港的評鑑時間長達三天，幼稚園受評鑑時間相當長，評鑑人員能提供專業協助的角色，評鑑時間的安排，在評鑑制度應能加以深思考量。 （八）評鑑結果的應用不同：台灣的評鑑結果，分為績優者獲得表揚與獎勵，不佳者列為輔導，雖有「退場機制」之聲浪一直出現，但是目前並未真正進行退場的要求，香港則給予評鑑通過者學券補助，未通過者加以輔導。 叁、本研究提出之結論為： 一、在幼兒教育政策方面 （一）設立專責評鑑機構：由政府單位或是由民間或學術等團體來推動幼稚園評鑑工作，使幼稚園評鑑制度正常運作，並朝專業發展。 （二）評鑑人員的甄選與訓練：進行評鑑人員的培訓，以提高評鑑人員之素質及達到評分者一致性的信度。 （三）提供幼托整合政策研擬之參考：增加更多不同國家優良之政策及制度研究，供國內幼托整合制度的建立參考。 二、在評鑑制度實務方面 （一）訪評時間應能充足瞭解幼稚園現況：幼稚園評鑑時間少則一日，多則三日，以求達到評鑑目標。 （二）具彈性之評鑑標準：應設計具彈性化之評鑑標準，評鑑後，再依需要修訂評鑑標準。 （三）確保評鑑目的之達成：將評鑑結果能呼應評鑑目的，並能確實達成。 （四）加強自我評鑑的深度：應能將自我評鑑列為應做到之重要前置作業。 （五）評鑑結果應用及報告應公開：公告評鑑結果於縣市政府之網頁上，提供家長參考並長期作維護及更新。 （六）確實進行追蹤輔導：通過評鑑的幼稚園持續進行年度考核，評鑑結果不佳之幼稚園應有輔導改善及退場機制。 三、未來研究方向 （一）增加國外評鑑制度比較研究：增加更多不同國家幼兒教育評鑑議題研究，提供國內評鑑參考。 （二）使用不同研究法來進行研究分析：除了本研究之文獻探討及訪談法外，可採用其他適切之研究方法來進行研究。 關鍵字：台灣、香港、幼稚園、幼兒教育、評鑑、教育評鑑、質素評核、比較教育研究。 本研究係採用貝瑞德(G. Z. F. Bereday) 所提出之比較教育研究法，針對台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度進行比較分析，並以訪談法訪問承辦幼稚園評鑑業務之政府官員、專家學者人員，蒐集現況資料，以期達成研究目的。 壹、本研究之目的為： 一、探討台灣幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 二、瞭解香港幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 三、比較與分析台灣及香港幼稚園評鑑制度之異同。 四、綜合研究結果，提出結論與建議，供有關單位及政策制訂參考。 貳、本研究獲致之結論為： 一、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相同點為： （一）評鑑計劃及標準在網頁中公開：台灣地區各縣市於進行評鑑前也會將評鑑計劃公開於教育局網頁中，主要對象是針對受評幼稚園為主，若家長欲選擇幼稚園，通常到全國幼教資訊網進行搜尋，香港幼稚園評鑑之評鑑計劃與標準，在教育局網頁中皆可獲得，其內容相當完整，可以滿足家長、專業人員以及受評幼稚園的各種資料的需求。 （二）評鑑前舉辦幼稚園評鑑說明會：台灣及香港在進行評鑑之前皆先舉辦說明會，香港以為期數日之工作坊或研討會來說明評鑑工作的進行，台灣則以一日之評鑑標準說明會來說明評鑑標準，都有助於雙方在評鑑進行前的溝通。 （三）評鑑前先進行自我評鑑：台灣與香港幼稚園在進行評鑑前必須先以評鑑標準進行自我評估，由於評鑑指標採大項目，由評鑑人員針對受評幼稚園提出之資料進行評鑑，因此，幼稚園無不努力在自我評鑑時，努力呈現屬於該園之進行方式及特色。 （四）評鑑前輔導之影響：台灣評鑑前探訪通常依各縣市評鑑經費編列而所不同，台北縣設有先其輔導制度，對幼稚園接受評鑑有所幫助，香港的評鑑團隊隊長也會在幼稚園進行評鑑前二星期，會先到幼稚園進行評鑑前探訪，瞭解目前受評幼稚園的準備情形以及溝通評鑑之進行方式。 （五）評鑑報告以質性說明為主：台灣及香港的幼稚園評鑑報告皆以文字說明來傳達評鑑結果，文字內容淺顯，對於幼稚園不作過度的批評，但是會指出其應改善之處，使幼稚園瞭解其努力的方向。 二、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相異點為： （一）評鑑工作的持續進行：台灣大多數縣市的幼稚園以幼教輔導暫代評鑑，有的縣市僅持續評鑑公立幼稚園，有的縣市則是評鑑與幼教輔導計劃並行，香港地區則在近年內持續進行評鑑工作。 （二）評鑑的心態不同：台灣政府單位一直視評鑑為提昇幼稚園品質的一項重要工具，如果幼稚園不符合要求，彷彿是一項不該犯的錯誤，評鑑的進行所需花費的時間、精力，以及害怕等第不佳等心顧忌，因此，對於評鑑的心態多半抗拒以對，香港的幼稚園評鑑是以學券計劃為評鑑的誘因，因此幼稚園對於評鑑的心態，是較為開放且願意去接受的。 （三）評鑑標準的設計理念不同：台灣因為各縣市各自發展其評鑑標準，使其呈現多元的樣貌，因此在評鑑的標準或多或少，皆無定論，評鑑的多寡沒有一定的優缺點，各縣市在選擇評鑑標準時，都會有其考量，並配合其評鑑的時間以及實施的設計，而香港的評鑑標準是相當完整而統一，多年來一直使用相同的版本，只有少數細項有所修訂。 （四）評鑑人員專職及其專業背景的多元化：台灣各縣市的評鑑人員都是屬於兼任的型態，當年度有評鑑工作將進行時才由承辦單位召集後成軍，香港則由督學固定來進行評鑑，信賴度也比較高。 （五）評鑑前輔導之重要性：台灣評鑑前探訪目前並未普遍實施，前期輔導的人於與外部評鑑委員為不同人員進行，前期輔導可作為先行改善之依據，幫助幼稚園評鑑得的結果更好，香港在評鑑前二星期的探訪，主要在溝通評鑑當天的進行流程。 （六）自評的時間、工作要求不同：自評的內容並未有特定的要求，僅要求針對評鑑標準進行自我評量，在評鑑前完成即可，香港的自評則有一評定之時間表及程序，對幼稚園的文件收集以及問卷分析，都有很詳細之規定。 （七）外部評鑑進行時間長短不同：台灣對幼稚園評鑑的時間短則半天，最長不超過一天，時間過短，無法發掘及瞭解幼稚園之優點，過長對於幼稚園而言，必須承受較大的壓力，香港的評鑑時間長達三天，幼稚園受評鑑時間相當長，評鑑人員能提供專業協助的角色，評鑑時間的安排，在評鑑制度應能加以深思考量。 （八）評鑑結果的應用不同：台灣的評鑑結果，分為績優者獲得表揚與獎勵，不佳者列為輔導，雖有「退場機制」之聲浪一直出現，但是目前並未真正進行退場的要求，香港則給予評鑑通過者學券補助，未通過者加以輔導。 叁、本研究提出之結論為： 一、在幼兒教育政策方面 （一）設立專責評鑑機構：由政府單位或是由民間或學術等團體來推動幼稚園評鑑工作，使幼稚園評鑑制度正常運作，並朝專業發展。 （二）評鑑人員的甄選與訓練：進行評鑑人員的培訓，以提高評鑑人員之素質及達到評分者一致性的信度。 （三）提供幼托整合政策研擬之參考：增加更多不同國家優良之政策及制度研究，供國內幼托整合制度的建立參考。 二、在評鑑制度實務方面 （一）訪評時間應能充足瞭解幼稚園現況：幼稚園評鑑時間少則一日，多則三日，以求達到評鑑目標。 （二）具彈性之評鑑標準：應設計具彈性化之評鑑標準，評鑑後，再依需要修訂評鑑標準。 （三）確保評鑑目的之達成：將評鑑結果能呼應評鑑目的，並能確實達成。 （四）加強自我評鑑的深度：應能將自我評鑑列為應做到之重要前置作業。 （五）評鑑結果應用及報告應公開：公告評鑑結果於縣市政府之網頁上，提供家長參考並長期作維護及更新。 （六）確實進行追蹤輔導：通過評鑑的幼稚園持續進行年度考核，評鑑結果不佳之幼稚園應有輔導改善及退場機制。 三、未來研究方向 （一）增加國外評鑑制度比較研究：增加更多不同國家幼兒教育評鑑議題研究，提供國內評鑑參考。 （二）使用不同研究法來進行研究分析：除了本研究之文獻探討及訪談法外，可採用其他適切之研究方法來進行研究。 關鍵字：台灣、香港、幼稚園、幼兒教育、評鑑、教育評鑑、質素評核、比較教育研究。 本研究係採用貝瑞德(G. Z. F. Bereday) 所提出之比較教育研究法，針對台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度進行比較分析，並以訪談法訪問承辦幼稚園評鑑業務之政府官員、專家學者人員，蒐集現況資料，以期達成研究目的。 壹、本研究之目的為： 一、探討台灣幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 二、瞭解香港幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 三、比較與分析台灣及香港幼稚園評鑑制度之異同。 四、綜合研究結果，提出結論與建議，供有關單位及政策制訂參考。 貳、本研究獲致之結論為： 一、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相同點為： （一）評鑑計劃及標準在網頁中公開：台灣地區各縣市於進行評鑑前也會將評鑑計劃公開於教育局網頁中，主要對象是針對受評幼稚園為主，若家長欲選擇幼稚園，通常到全國幼教資訊網進行搜尋，香港幼稚園評鑑之評鑑計劃與標準，在教育局網頁中皆可獲得，其內容相當完整，可以滿足家長、專業人員以及受評幼稚園的各種資料的需求。 （二）評鑑前舉辦幼稚園評鑑說明會：台灣及香港在進行評鑑之前皆先舉辦說明會，香港以為期數日之工作坊或研討會來說明評鑑工作的進行，台灣則以一日之評鑑標準說明會來說明評鑑標準，都有助於雙方在評鑑進行前的溝通。 （三）評鑑前先進行自我評鑑：台灣與香港幼稚園在進行評鑑前必須先以評鑑標準進行自我評估，由於評鑑指標採大項目，由評鑑人員針對受評幼稚園提出之資料進行評鑑，因此，幼稚園無不努力在自我評鑑時，努力呈現屬於該園之進行方式及特色。 （四）評鑑前輔導之影響：台灣評鑑前探訪通常依各縣市評鑑經費編列而所不同，台北縣設有先其輔導制度，對幼稚園接受評鑑有所幫助，香港的評鑑團隊隊長也會在幼稚園進行評鑑前二星期，會先到幼稚園進行評鑑前探訪，瞭解目前受評幼稚園的準備情形以及溝通評鑑之進行方式。 （五）評鑑報告以質性說明為主：台灣及香港的幼稚園評鑑報告皆以文字說明來傳達評鑑結果，文字內容淺顯，對於幼稚園不作過度的批評，但是會指出其應改善之處，使幼稚園瞭解其努力的方向。 二、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相異點為： （一）評鑑工作的持續進行：台灣大多數縣市的幼稚園以幼教輔導暫代評鑑，有的縣市僅持續評鑑公立幼稚園，有的縣市則是評鑑與幼教輔導計劃並行，香港地區則在近年內持續進行評鑑工作。 （二）評鑑的心態不同：台灣政府單位一直視評鑑為提昇幼稚園品質的一項重要工具，如果幼稚園不符合要求，彷彿是一項不該犯的錯誤，評鑑的進行所需花費的時間、精力，以及害怕等第不佳等心顧忌，因此，對於評鑑的心態多半抗拒以對，香港的幼稚園評鑑是以學券計劃為評鑑的誘因，因此幼稚園對於評鑑的心態，是較為開放且願意去接受的。 （三）評鑑標準的設計理念不同：台灣因為各縣市各自發展其評鑑標準，使其呈現多元的樣貌，因此在評鑑的標準或多或少，皆無定論，評鑑的多寡沒有一定的優缺點，各縣市在選擇評鑑標準時，都會有其考量，並配合其評鑑的時間以及實施的設計，而香港的評鑑標準是相當完整而統一，多年來一直使用相同的版本，只有少數細項有所修訂。 （四）評鑑人員專職及其專業背景的多元化：台灣各縣市的評鑑人員都是屬於兼任的型態，當年度有評鑑工作將進行時才由承辦單位召集後成軍，香港則由督學固定來進行評鑑，信賴度也比較高。 （五）評鑑前輔導之重要性：台灣評鑑前探訪目前並未普遍實施，前期輔導的人於與外部評鑑委員為不同人員進行，前期輔導可作為先行改善之依據，幫助幼稚園評鑑得的結果更好，香港在評鑑前二星期的探訪，主要在溝通評鑑當天的進行流程。 （六）自評的時間、工作要求不同：自評的內容並未有特定的要求，僅要求針對評鑑標準進行自我評量，在評鑑前完成即可，香港的自評則有一評定之時間表及程序，對幼稚園的文件收集以及問卷分析，都有很詳細之規定。 （七）外部評鑑進行時間長短不同：台灣對幼稚園評鑑的時間短則半天，最長不超過一天，時間過短，無法發掘及瞭解幼稚園之優點，過長對於幼稚園而言，必須承受較大的壓力，香港的評鑑時間長達三天，幼稚園受評鑑時間相當長，評鑑人員能提供專業協助的角色，評鑑時間的安排，在評鑑制度應能加以深思考量。 （八）評鑑結果的應用不同：台灣的評鑑結果，分為績優者獲得表揚與獎勵，不佳者列為輔導，雖有「退場機制」之聲浪一直出現，但是目前並未真正進行退場的要求，香港則給予評鑑通過者學券補助，未通過者加以輔導。 叁、本研究提出之結論為： 一、在幼兒教育政策方面 （一）設立專責評鑑機構：由政府單位或是由民間或學術等團體來推動幼稚園評鑑工作，使幼稚園評鑑制度正常運作，並朝專業發展。 （二）評鑑人員的甄選與訓練：進行評鑑人員的培訓，以提高評鑑人員之素質及達到評分者一致性的信度。 （三）提供幼托整合政策研擬之參考：增加更多不同國家優良之政策及制度研究，供國內幼托整合制度的建立參考。 二、在評鑑制度實務方面 （一）訪評時間應能充足瞭解幼稚園現況：幼稚園評鑑時間少則一日，多則三日，以求達到評鑑目標。 （二）具彈性之評鑑標準：應設計具彈性化之評鑑標準，評鑑後，再依需要修訂評鑑標準。 （三）確保評鑑目的之達成：將評鑑結果能呼應評鑑目的，並能確實達成。 （四）加強自我評鑑的深度：應能將自我評鑑列為應做到之重要前置作業。 （五）評鑑結果應用及報告應公開：公告評鑑結果於縣市政府之網頁上，提供家長參考並長期作維護及更新。 （六）確實進行追蹤輔導：通過評鑑的幼稚園持續進行年度考核，評鑑結果不佳之幼稚園應有輔導改善及退場機制。 三、未來研究方向 （一）增加國外評鑑制度比較研究：增加更多不同國家幼兒教育評鑑議題研究，提供國內評鑑參考。 （二）使用不同研究法來進行研究分析：除了本研究之文獻探討及訪談法外，可採用其他適切之研究方法來進行研究。 關鍵字：台灣、香港、幼稚園、幼兒教育、評鑑、教育評鑑、質素評核、比較教育研究。 本研究係採用貝瑞德(G. Z. F. Bereday) 所提出之比較教育研究法，針對台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度進行比較分析，並以訪談法訪問承辦幼稚園評鑑業務之政府官員、專家學者人員，蒐集現況資料，以期達成研究目的。 壹、本研究之目的為： 一、探討台灣幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 二、瞭解香港幼稚園評鑑制度之内容與實施現況。 三、比較與分析台灣及香港幼稚園評鑑制度之異同。 四、綜合研究結果，提出結論與建議，供有關單位及政策制訂參考。 貳、本研究獲致之結論為： 一、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相同點為： （一）評鑑計劃及標準在網頁中公開：台灣地區各縣市於進行評鑑前也會將評鑑計劃公開於教育局網頁中，主要對象是針對受評幼稚園為主，若家長欲選擇幼稚園，通常到全國幼教資訊網進行搜尋，香港幼稚園評鑑之評鑑計劃與標準，在教育局網頁中皆可獲得，其內容相當完整，可以滿足家長、專業人員以及受評幼稚園的各種資料的需求。 （二）評鑑前舉辦幼稚園評鑑說明會：台灣及香港在進行評鑑之前皆先舉辦說明會，香港以為期數日之工作坊或研討會來說明評鑑工作的進行，台灣則以一日之評鑑標準說明會來說明評鑑標準，都有助於雙方在評鑑進行前的溝通。 （三）評鑑前先進行自我評鑑：台灣與香港幼稚園在進行評鑑前必須先以評鑑標準進行自我評估，由於評鑑指標採大項目，由評鑑人員針對受評幼稚園提出之資料進行評鑑，因此，幼稚園無不努力在自我評鑑時，努力呈現屬於該園之進行方式及特色。 （四）評鑑前輔導之影響：台灣評鑑前探訪通常依各縣市評鑑經費編列而所不同，台北縣設有先其輔導制度，對幼稚園接受評鑑有所幫助，香港的評鑑團隊隊長也會在幼稚園進行評鑑前二星期，會先到幼稚園進行評鑑前探訪，瞭解目前受評幼稚園的準備情形以及溝通評鑑之進行方式。 （五）評鑑報告以質性說明為主：台灣及香港的幼稚園評鑑報告皆以文字說明來傳達評鑑結果，文字內容淺顯，對於幼稚園不作過度的批評，但是會指出其應改善之處，使幼稚園瞭解其努力的方向。 二、台灣與香港幼稚園評鑑制度之相異點為： （一）評鑑工作的持續進行：台灣大多數縣市的幼稚園以幼教輔導暫代評鑑，有的縣市僅持續評鑑公立幼稚園，有的縣市則是評鑑與幼教輔導計劃並行，香港地區則在近年內持續進行評鑑工作。 （二）評鑑的心態不同：台灣政府單位一直視評鑑為提昇幼稚園品質的一項重要工具，如果幼稚園不符合要求，彷彿是一項不該犯的錯誤，評鑑的進行所需花費的時間、精力，以及害怕等第不佳等心顧忌，因此，對於評鑑的心態多半抗拒以對，香港的幼稚園評鑑是以學券計劃為評鑑的誘因，因此幼稚園對於評鑑的心態，是較為開放且願意去接受的。 （三）評鑑標準的設計理念不同：台灣因為各縣市各自發展其評鑑標準，使其呈現多元的樣貌，因此在評鑑的標準或多或少，皆無定論，評鑑的多寡沒有一定的優缺點，各縣市在選擇評鑑標準時，都會有其考量，並配合其評鑑的時間以及實施的設計，而香港的評鑑標準是相當完整而統一，多年來一直使用相同的版本，只有少數細項有所修訂。 （四）評鑑人員專職及其專業背景的多元化：台灣各縣市的評鑑人員都是屬於兼任的型態，當年度有評鑑工作將進行時才由承辦單位召集後成軍，香港則由督學固定來進行評 / A Comparative Study on Kindergarten Evaluation System between Taiwan and Hong Kong Abstract This study uses the comparative education theory proposed by G. Z. F. Bereday with the aim of analyzing the kindergarten accreditation system of Taiwan and Hong Kong. Interviews were accomplished with school administrators, scholars (experts) who are responsible for the kindergarten accreditation in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Research objectives were as follows: Objectives: 1. To understand the underlying factors and current situation of the Kindergarten accreditation system in Taiwan, 2. To understand the underlying factors and current situation of the Kindergarten accreditation system in Hong Kong, and 3. To undertake a comparative analysis of the two accreditation systems and note its differences and similarities. Based on the findings, the following conclusions and recommendations are presented as such, Similarities: 1. Publication of evaluation standards and procedures online – Before the evaluations are conducted, criteria and standards are announced on the Education Bureau’s website, 2. Conducting of evaluation meetings before the evaluation – Forums regarding the kindergarten evaluation are held before the evaluation period starts, 3. Self-evaluation are accomplished before the actual evaluation – both in Taiwan and Hong Kong, schools are required to conduct self-evaluations before the actual formal evaluations, 4. Evaluation reports are qualitative by nature – both in Taiwan and Hong Kong, the schools’ positive and negative feedbacks resulting from the evaluation are generally given in the qualitative form (or express in words and statements). Differences: 1. On-going evaluation works – in cities and counties in Taiwan, the kindergarten and pre-school counseling are considered to be temporarily evaluation, and some counties haven’t started to evaluate public kindergartens, and while some counties even uses a parallel system of evaluation and early childhood education counseling program. However, in Hong Kong, evaluation has been ongoing already for the past several years, 2. Perception of evaluation – In Taiwan, evaluation is mostly regarded negatively, while in Hong Kong evaluation is regarded as a positive undertaking, 3. Concept of evaluation – Taiwan has multiple standards, while Hong Kong has only one. 4. Background of evaluators and the diversified nature of their profession – Taiwan have different evaluators each evaluation, while Hong Kong assigns the same evaluators, 5. Importance of pre-evaluation counseling – this varies from regions to regions in Taiwan, while in Hong Kong this are done two weeks before the actual evaluation, 6. Duration, content and tasks related to pre-evaluation – inconsistencies in duration, content and tasks related to pre-evaluation in Taiwan, while in Hong Kong pre-evaluation tasks are standardize and the same all throughout, 7. Duration of external evaluations – sometimes half-day or at most a day in Taiwan, while in Hong Kong the formal evaluation lasts for three days, 8. Applications of evaluation results – In Taiwan, evaluation results are just filed and excellent schools are noted, while schools who failed are given counseling. In Hong Kong, excellent are given rewards and subsidy, while failing schools are given counseling. Recommendations: 1. Policy a. Setting up of a special evaluation agency – to establish a formal organization with members coming from both the government and private sector, to undertake and govern kindergarten evaluation, b. Selection and training of evaluators – trainings shall be done to further uplift the credentials and professionalism of the evaluators, c. To develop a source of reference – gather information regarding kindergarten evaluation from other countries, hence, provide additional resources for both researchers and practitioners. 2. Practical aspects of evaluation a. Ample evaluation time is needed during in order to fully understand the current situation of a school undergoing evaluation – minimum of one day to a maximum of three days are needed to ensure attainment of evaluation goals, b. Flexible evaluation criteria – standards should be flexible and revise accordingly, c. Attainment of evaluation objectives – evaluation results should reflect evaluation goals and objectives, d. Strengthen the self-evaluation procedures – emphasis on the importance of self-evaluation should be given to help improve the formal evaluation, e. Make public evaluation results – results should be made public in the government websites, thus provide a means of reference for the general public, f. Follow through on institutional counseling – evaluation should be an ongoing process at the same time counseling for failing schools should be done continuously to help them improve. 3. Future research trends a. Additional cross-country comparisons and provide future researchers and administrators additional information, b. Application of different research methodologies – further methodologies could be apply to provide other views in the kindergarten evaluation system. key word:Hong Kong,Taiwan,kindergarten,evaluation,education ,evaluation;comparative method in education

1. This pilot study is a survey of practices of natural sciences educators at Cape College of Education to establish if they reflect the conceptual development, development of skills, change of attitudes and values that are the pillars of the Outcomes Based Education (OBE). Their approaches of lecturing have been assessed to determine if they incorporate investigative approaches based on social constructivism, the theory underpinning Curriculum 2005. The status of science education in the college has been analyzed to establish whether the curriculum can adapt itself to the specifications of the new curriculum. It has been concluded that the educators at Cape College of Education need to be empowered about strategies that will help them function along the principles embracing Curriculum 2005 specifications. The educators have shown not to be ready to practice social constructivism and the assessment strategies incorporated in their programmes do not embrace a variety of approaches that will enable their learners to develop conceptually, skill wise and enable them to develop change in attitudes and values. Investigative approaches to practical work appear to be lacking in the college teaching/learning and this also indicates that Curriculum 2005 will take time to be properly implemented at Cape College of Education. 2. This study is based on the practices of science educators in the squatter-camp school in Khayelitsha, a densely populated area for blacks near Cape Town. Teachers at Vuselela primary school were interviewed about their teaching assessment strategies to establish whether they incorporate a learner centred approach, which is the necessity for the Outcomes Based Education approach. Also some of the lessons they taught were observed in order to find out whether they validate what transpired from the interviews through a process of triangulation. It has become evident that the teachers are to some extent aware of the changes the education system is going through in South Africa. It also became clear from the study that the teachers are still lacking expertise as to how to practice along the lines of Curriculum 2005, the South African version of Outcomes Based Education (OBE). They also showed that they are keen to learn and practice OBE even though more opportunities need to be created for their epistemological empowerment as well as empowerment on the content of science.

This study considers a Grade 9 Integrated Environmental Research Project which was implemented as a vehicle to induce knowledge-based change in learners. It was noted that change did not occur as hoped, and this study was undertaken to review the Grade 9 Project in order to improve it and to probe the apparent gap between knowledge and action. The study generated evidence on the learning processes within the project. This revealed a number of contradictions and tensions which limit change initiatives within the local environment. Notable here was a contradictory mandate between undertaking a research-based change project and responding to the rubric of assessment which was not linked to the research done. It was found that faced with this dual mandate, learners chose to focus on the assessment-laden mandate as this was the ultimate agenda that would reap the reward within the traditional school environment. The study examines the gap between knowledge and practice to probe ways in which to close this gap in the context of an environmental research assignment. The outcome is a recommendation that we as the project designers review the evidence of tensions and contradictions revealed in the study to reflect on the underlying purpose of the project and reshape it in light of recent literature on the challenges of social learning and change.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Julia Brandão versão final site biblioteca.pdf: 3437366 bytes, checksum: a17a0fda742a4c84df8b90580b2ca3c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / One quarter of all of the Value Added Tax (VAT) collected by Brazilian states is distributed among the municipalities. Three quarters of this transfer is based on the value added by each municipality, but states have the discretion to set their own rules to distribute the remaining quarter. Some states have (recently) changed their laws to condition the distribution on performance indicators as an incentive for better governance. In the state of Ceará all of the discretionary portion of the VAT is distributed according to a rule based on the indicators of performance in the areas of education (72%), health (20%), and environment (8%). This study aims to estimate the impact of the introduction of such rule in Ceará on municipalities performance in education, measured by the IDEB and Prova Brasil. This was done by employing the double difference method to compare the change in performance around the introduction of the new rules in municipalities in Ceará and in neighboring states. Two alternative ways to define the treatment and control groups were used, one relying on geographical proximity and the other on standard matching techniques. In addition to the basic comparison between treatment and control groups, we also separated municipalities into winners and losers of the new law, and into the best and worst GDP per capita performances. The results indicate a positive impact on both the IDEB and Prova Brasil. Even those municipalities that lost resources with the change in the VAT distribution rules have improved their performance in education. The poorer municipalities in the state, which have performed worse than the richest ones, increased their performance by decreasing the performance deficit relative to the richest municipalities. In this sense, there is evidence that the change in the VAT Law implemented by Ceará generated positive impacts in municipality performance in both IDEB and Prova Brasil. / De todo ICMS arrecadado pelos estados brasileiros, 25% é distribuído aos municípios. Os estados são responsáveis por definir as regras de distribuição de 25% destes 25% do ICMS que é transferido aos municípios, os outros 75% seguem o critério do Valor Adicionado Fiscal. Alguns estados alteraram suas leis para que a distribuição seja realizada em função do desempenho dos municípios em algumas áreas com o intuito de incentiva-lo a melhorarem sua performance em busca de uma maior fatia do ICMS. Seguindo esta lógica está o estado do Ceará onde 100% do ICMS distribuído segundo regras estaduais é calculado a partir do desempenho dos municípios em indicadores de resultado nas áreas da educação (72%), saúde (20%) e meio ambiente (8%). Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar o efeito que a mudança da Lei de distribuição do ICMS do Ceará teve em indicadores de resultado da área da educação: IDEB e Prova Brasil. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método da Dupla Diferença por meio da construção de grupos de controle e tratamento. Assim, comparou-se a evolução do desempenho, anteriormente e posteriormente à mudança, de municípios cearenses com municípios parecidos de estados vizinhos, porém, não submetidos a mesma regra de distribuição de ICMS. De forma complementar, foram feitas outras duas analises separando os municípios do estado do Ceará entre ganhadores e perdedores de recursos de ICMS com a mudança na Lei e entre os detentores dos melhores e piores desempenhos de PIB per capita. Os resultados apontam impactos positivos no desempenho dos municípios cearenses tanto no IDEB quanto na Prova Brasil. Mesmo os municípios que perderam recursos com mudança das regras de distribuição de ICMS, melhoraram sua performance na educação. Os municípios mais pobres do estado, que apresentam desempenho pior do que os municípios mais ricos, aumentaram o desempenho reduzindo a diferença de proficiência se comparada aos municípios mais ricos. Neste sentido, há indícios de que a mudança na Lei do ICMS implementada pelo estado do Ceará gerou impactos positivos no desempenho dos municípios no IDEB e na Prova Brasil.

Despite widespread use of web-based e-learning applications, insufficient attention is paid to their usability. There is a need to conduct evaluation using one or more of the various usability evaluation methods. Given that heuristic evaluation is known to be easy to use and cost effective, this study investigates the extent to which it can identify usability problems in a web-based e-learning application at a tertiary institution. In a comparative case study, heuristic evaluation by experts and survey evaluation among end users (learners) are conducted and the results of the two compared. Following literature studies in e-learning - particularly web-based learning - and usability, the researcher generates an extensive set of criteria/heuristics and uses it in the two evaluations. The object of evaluation is a website for a 3rd year Information Systems course. The findings indicate a high correspondence between the results of the two evaluations, demonstrating that heuristic evaluation is an appropriate, effective and sufficient usability evaluation method, as well as relatively easy to conduct. It identified a high percentage of usability problems. / Computing / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

Text in English / The question the researcher set out to answer during this research study was: "What is the Educational Focus of a Nursing College, when viewed within Bevis and Watson's Humanistic·Educative-Caring Curriculum Paradigm versus a Stimulus-Response Curriculum Paradigm?" To answer this question, an exploratory, descriptive and contextual study was undertaken. The population consisted of tutors employed at a College of Nursing. From this population a purposive sample was drawn. Data was collected by means of formal, semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. It was found that during the first year of students' education and training, the Educational Focus of the College was on training but during the second year, the focus changed to the transitional phase. The transitional phase is situated between training and education. During the third and fourth year, the focus was also in transition, but the way students learn was at the training phase. / Health Studies / M.A. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an instructor-led and a self-managed computer training course. A sample of forty nine (n=49) previously disadvantaged South African adult learners was used. Half the sample was randomly assigned to the instructor-led course, while the other half was assigned to the self-managed course. Data dealing with the course content and design, subject demographics, previous computer experience, preferred learning style, and learning potential was collected prior to each course. After the course, the ability to create key outcomes using the learned software was assessed, as well as subject perceptions of the course and various support and performance system factors. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the performance on the competence assessment of the students from the two groups. The data did, however, indicate a stronger preference for the self-managed approach. A number of limitations to the study were also noted. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)