From the perspective of educators, games are viewed as a medium in which the younger generation both thrive and excel. Students navigate game environments with ease and regularly solve problems, engage in advanced collaborative efforts, and communicate complex concepts and strategies to one another during their private gaming sessions at home. Games invite the player to form an understanding of intricate systems and mechanics based on participation and experimentation rather than mere observation, and on these merits games are often prophesized as a medium that will significantly change the face of education as we know it. However, while teacher interest in using games is increasing, wide-spread and successful examples of games being implemented in formal educational contexts (e.g. schools and university courses) remain rare. This thesis aims to examine why this is the case and identifies some of the more prevalent obstacles educators and developers both face when embarking on learning game projects as users and creators. In order to examine the situation from both of these perspectives, the research takes a mixed-method approach that entails extensive literature studies coupled with several studies with both educators and developers. Interviews were conducted in order to investigate attitudes and experiences, and more direct researcher participation and case studies were used to examine the processes of implementing and developing learning games as they were carried out. The studied cases and literature have revealed obstacles that indicate that “traditional” entertainment game development is incommensurable with learning game development, and that the use of games in formal educational settings introduces heavy demands on the recipient organization’s infrastructure, culture, and working processes. The conclusion of this research is that learning games embody a unique mixture of utility and game experience, and the formal context which they are to be used in significantly influence the process of developing and using them. Learning games can’t be understood if they’re solely seen as a teaching utility or solely as a game experience and to make them viable both educators and developers need to change their internal processes, their own perceptions of games and teaching, as well as the way they collaborate and communicate with each other. There are also several obstacles that are outside individual institutions and developers’ control, for example the practicalities of the economic constraints that both developers and educators work under that put the sustainability of pursuing learning games for formal education as a business into question. However, the continuous incremental improvements on the infrastructure of educational institutions (e.g. availability of technology and teachers’ familiarity with technology) can likely alleviate many of the obstacles currently inhibiting the impact learning games can potentially have in formal education. / Scandinavian Game Developers

[pt] Neste projeto, inspirados pelas áreas de Pedagogia e Entretenimento, buscamos criar uma plataforma de desenvolvimento de jogos eletrônicos, cujo o objetivo é facilitar a criação de jogos educativos do sub-gênero JRPG (Japanese Role Playing Games), mais interessantes do que a maioria dos jogos educativos disponíveis no momento. O gênero RPG é, por definição, baseado em contação de histórias e interpretação de papéis, identificadas pela literatura como importantes ferramentas cognitivas capazes de estimular a imaginação dos estudantes, envolvê-los emocionalmente e despertar seus interesses por tópicos do currículo escolar tradicional. O sub-gênero JRPG, por sua vez, representa uma categoria especial de RPGs eletrônicos que, herda essas mesmas características educativas, mas possuem delimitações claras acerca de mecânicas de jogo e identidade artística. Tais delimitações são positivas no sentido em que funcionam como uma espécie de guia para que o desenvolvedor se oriente durante o processo de criação de jogos desta natureza. / [en] In this project, inspired by the fields of Pedagogy and Entertainment, we aim to develop a digital games development framework in order to facilitate the creation of educational games of the sub-genre JRPG (Japanese Role-Playing Games), more interesting than the majority of educational games available for now. The RPG genre is, by definition, based in storytelling and role-playing principles, identified by the literature as important tools that stimulates the students imagination, engage them emotionally and arouse their interests for the traditional educational program. The subgenre JRPG, in turn, represents a special category of eletronic RPGs that inherit those same educational principles, but have well defined delimitations in respect of game mechanics and artistic identity. These delimitations are positive in a sense that they work as guidelines for the development process of this kind of games.

This research examines the nature and level of educational computer-based game techniques adoption by Milken Educator Award winning teachers in achieving success in their classrooms. The focus of the research is on their level of acceptance of educational computer-based games and the nature of game usage to increase student performance in the classroom. With Davis' (1985) Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1985) as the conceptual framework, the research also examines how teachers' perceptions of educational computer-based games influence their willingness to incorporate these teaching methods in their classroom. The approach utilizes a descriptive survey to develop and evaluate responses from exemplar teachers about the level and nature of their use (or lack thereof) of educational computer-based games and implementation in the classroom. Further, this research seeks to identify successful and unsuccessful techniques in the use of educational computer-based games in the classroom. In addition, data collection and analysis will seek to identify the strength of relationships between content-specific educational computer-based games and subject; educational computer-based games and gender; educational computer-based games and age; etc. A teacher who is exemplary as defined by Milken Educator Awards possesses, "exceptional educational talent as evidenced by effective instructional practices and student learning results in the classroom and school". Survey findings are placed within the Technology Acceptance Model framework developed by Davis.

Stories are the oldest medium to entertain and transfer information. Naturally, storytelling is also a fundamental aspect of digital games. In other words, narratives are the basis or framework of games. This thesis examines and tests two approaches in linear narrative design: the Minimal Linear Approach and the Enriched Linear Approach with the learning goal of fundamentals of cyber-security. The same story is examined with two different narrative designs by how they impact the immersion aspect of the pilot game. Although the two prototypes' main stories are identical, the enriched linear approach with more gaming elements and content is more immersive according to the collected and analyzed data. / <p>There are other digital material (eg film images or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

Nurse educators are faced with many challenges while preparing students to safely enter clinical practice. Due to technological advances in the health care field and student demographic changes, educators have been looking for alternative methods to traditional lecture format to meet the needs of current learners. Using the framework of Adult Learning Theory, this quasi-experimental two-group, repeated measures study explored the use of gaming in the classroom on cognitive performance, course engagement, and metamotivational state in undergraduate nursing students. The study was conducted with a convenience sample of 63 nursing students enrolled in a nursing pharmacology course during the second year of the nursing curriculum. The intervention consisted of three sessions of Kahoot! “Teach with Slides” lasting approximately 60 minutes to reinforce course content each week during scheduled class sessions. Instruments to measure outcomes included: (a) Student Course Engagement Questionnaire (SCEQ), (b) Telic/Paratelic State Inventory (T/PSI), and (c) module examination developed by faculty. The English Language Acculturation Scale (ELAS) was used to measure study participants’ use of English providing insight to the effect of gaming on students with varied levels of English acculturation. The sample exhibited a wide range of ELAS scores, 5-25 (M = 19.95; SD = 7.32), indicating students in both groups had varying English language acculturation levels. An independent sample t test showed no significant difference between intervention and control groups, t(54) = 1.093, p = .140. The first study used a quasi-experimental two-group, pretest-posttest design to assess cognitive performance and course engagement. An independent samples t test showed a statistically significant difference in cognitive performance between groups, t(61) = 2.160, p = .035. English Language Acculturation was a statistically significant predictor of cognitive performance; however, there was no difference between intervention and control groups in language acculturation. There was no statistically significant interaction between group and time of testing for course engagement scores between groups over time. There was no correlation between cognitive performance and course engagement, r(34) = .102, p = .565. The second study employed a quasi-experimental two-group, repeated measures design to assess the metamotivational states of students along with the relationship of metamotivational state to cognitive performance and course engagement. Chi-square analyses of metamotivational states between groups revealed no statistical difference between intervention and control groups. A two-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between gaming and metamotivational state, F(1,30) = 4.603, p = .041. Paratelic students in the intervention group had statistically significantly higher course engagement, t(18) = -3.06, p = .007. The study findings indicate that gaming is a comparable activity to non-gaming active teaching strategies such as group discussion and case studies. There was an increase in course engagement for those in the paratelic state of the intervention group indicating that those who are playful can be engaged in the classroom. The results of this study indicate that Kahoot! is a gaming activity that can be used in nursing education to increase cognitive performance. Further research is needed to explore other student learning outcomes.

At an unrivaled and enduring pace, computing has transformed the world, resulting in demand for a universal fourth foundation beyond reading, writing, and arithmetic: computational thinking (CT). Despite increasingly widespread acceptance of CT as a crucial competency for all, transforming education systems accordingly has proven complex. The principal hypothesis of this thesis is that we can improve the efficiency and efficacy of teaching and learning CT by building gameful learning and assessment systems on top of block-based programming environments. Additionally, we believe this can be accomplished at scale and cost conducive to accelerating CT dissemination for all. After introducing the requirements, approach, and architecture, we present a solution named Gameful Direct Instruction. This involves embedding Parsons Programming Puzzles (PPPs) in Scratch, which is a block-based programming environment currently used prevalently in grades 6-8. PPPs encourage students to practice CT by assembling into correct order sets of mixed-up blocks that comprise samples of well-written code which focus on individual concepts. The structure provided by PPPs enable instructors to design games that steer learner attention toward targeted learning goals through puzzle-solving play. Learners receive continuous automated feedback as they attempt to arrange programming constructs in correct order, leading to more efficient comprehension of core CT concepts than they might otherwise attain through less structured Scratch assignments. We measure this efficiency first via a pilot study conducted after the initial integration of PPPs with Scratch, and second after the addition of scaffolding enhancements in a study involving a larger adult general population. We complement Gameful Direct Instruction with a solution named Gameful Constructionism. This involves integrating with Scratch implicit assessment functionality that facilitates constructionist video game (CVG) design and play. CVGs enable learner to explore CT using construction tools sufficiently expressive for personally meaningful gameplay. Instructors are enabled to guide learning by defining game objectives useful for implicit assessment, while affording learners the opportunity to take ownership of the experience and progress through the sequence of interest and motivation toward sustained engagement. When strategically arranged within a learning progression after PPP gameplay produces evidence of efficient comprehension, CVGs amplify the impact of direct instruction by providing the sculpted context in which learners can apply CT concepts more freely, thereby broadening and deepening understanding, and improving learning efficacy. We measure this efficacy in a study of the general adult population. Since these approaches leverage low fidelity yet motivating gameful techniques, they facilitate the development of learning content at scale and cost supportive of widespread CT uptake. We conclude this thesis with a glance at future work that anticipates further progress in scalability via a solution named Gameful Intelligent Tutoring. This involves augmenting Scratch with Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) functionality that offers across-activity next-game recommendations, and within-activity just-in-time and on-demand hints. Since these data-driven methods operate without requiring knowledge engineering for each game designed, the instructor can evolve her role from one focused on knowledge transfer to one centered on supporting learning through the design of educational experiences, and we can accelerate the dissemination of CT at scale and reasonable cost while also advancing toward continuously differentiated instruction for each learner.

In game based learning, motivating the players to learn by providing them a desirable gameplay experience is extremely important. However, it's not an easy task considering the quality of today's commercial non-educational games. Throughout the gameplay, the player should neither get overwhelmed nor under-challenged. The best way to do so is to monitor the player's actions in the game because these actions can tell the reason behind the player's performance. They can also tell about the player's lacking competencies or knowledge. Based on this information, in-game educational interventions in the form of hints can be provided to the player. The success of such games depends on their interactivity, motivational outlook and thus player retention. UNTANGLED is an online mapping game based on crowd-sourcing, developed by Reconfigurable Computing Lab, UNT for the mapping problem of CGRAs. It is also an educational game for teaching the concepts of reconfigurable computing. This thesis performs qualitative comparative analysis on gameplays of low performing players of UNTANGLED. And the implications of this analysis are used to provide recommendations for improving the gameplay experience for these players by guiding them. The recommendations include strategies to reach a high score and a compact solution, hints in the form of preset patterns and a clustering based approach.

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Advances in information technology are driving massive improvement to the education industry. The ubiquity of mobile devices has triggered a shift in the delivery of educational content. More lessons in a wide range of subjects are being disseminated by allowing students to access digital materials through mobile devices. One of the key materials is digital-based educational games. These games merge education with digital games to maximize engagement while somewhat obfuscating the learning process. The effectiveness is generally measured by assessments, either after or during gameplay, in the form of quizzes, data dumps, and/or manual analyses. Valuable gameplay information lost during the student's play sessions. This gameplay data provides educators and researchers with specific gameplay actions students perform in order to arrive at a solution, not just the correctness of the solution. This problem illustrates a need for a tool, enabling educators and players to quickly analyze gameplay data. in conjunction with correctness in an unobtrusive manner while the student is playing the game. This thesis describes a client-server software architecture that enables the collection of game-based data during gameplay. We created a collection of web services that enables games to transmit game-data for analysis. Additionally, the web application provides players with a portal to login and view various visualization of the captured data. Lastly, we created a game called "Taffy Town", a mathematics-based game that requires the player to manipulate taffy pieces in order to solve various fractions. Taffy Town transmits students' taffy transformations along with correctness to the web application. Students are able to view several dynamically created visualizations from the data sent by Taffy Town. Researchers are able to log in to the web application and see the same visualizations, however, aggregated across all Taffy Town players. This end-to-end mapping of problems, actions, and results will enable researchers, pedagogists, and teachers to improve the effectiveness of educational games. / Master of Science

Educational video games have proven a useful tool for educators, offering experiential pedagogy in a variety of fields. Predicting the success of a video game in engaging students and motivating them to work with relevant material is problematic. One approach was attempted through administering the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator to 42 high school students and observing subsequent voluntary performance on a popular mathematics video game throughout one semester. Game dynamics matching certain personality elements of the students generally correlated between learning preferences in the classroom and in the online gaming environment. Students who enjoyed group dynamics in classroom settings likewise indicated enthusiasm for the group dynamics in game play. Those students preferring structured learning environments may prefer less open ended virtual learning gaming environments. Since the game incorporated multiple choice questions and rewarded correct choices made quickly, those students with personality styles in which questions are carefully considered before answering suffered in points scored compared to those used to making fast intuitive choices in exam settings. Additional studies, including those with larger populations and different types of video games, are needed for more definite conclusions.