本研究旨在瞭解國民中學校長分散式領導與學校教育成效現況，並探討國民中學校長分散式領導對學校教育成效之影響。本研究採用調查研究法，自編「分散式領導量表」與「學校教育成效量表」，以八個縣市的公立國民中學正式教師為研究對象，並另外發送校長版問卷以求得校長基本資料。藉由專家效度審查與預試回收有效教師問卷173份，進行項目分析、一階驗證性分析、二階驗證性分析以及信度分析，以形成正式問卷。正式問卷發送1000份教師問卷和100份校長版問卷，回收有效教師問卷567份，回收率為56.7%。本研究以描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、多變量變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關以及結構方程模式等統計方式，對回收資料進行分析。 本研究獲致之結論如下： 一、國民中學校長分散式領導實施現況，尚稱良好。 二、校長分散式領導目前最需加強的是學校「情境」文化部分。 三、校長分散式領導目前表現最好的前三項指標是「校長謙遜有禮」、「校長鼓勵團隊合作」、「校長有清楚的學校願景」。 四、校長分散式領導目前表現最差的三項指標是「本校教職員工勇於嘗試學校新事物」、「本校會依同仁的實際表現來評鑑教職員工的績效」、「本校針對表現不佳的同仁會給予改善建議」。 五、國民中學學校教育成效現況方面，教師部分尚稱良好，學生部分尚可。 六、國民中學學校教育成效，教師成效表現最好的是「教師信任」，最差的是「教師學習」。 七、國民中學學校教育成效方面，學生成效表現最好的是「學生教育機會均等」，最差是「學生學習」。 八、教師因「教師擔任職務」不同，知覺校長分散式領導有顯著差異。 九、教師因「教師性別、教師擔任職務」不同，知覺學校教育成效有顯著差異。 十、教師因「學校規模、校史、學校地區」不同，知覺校長分散式領導有顯著差異。 十一、教師因「學校規模、校史、學校地區」不同，知覺學校教育成效有顯著差異。 十二、教師因「校長性別、校長曾經主要任教領域」不同，知覺校長分散式領導有顯著差異。 十三、教師因「校長性別、校長年齡、校長最高教育程度、校長曾經主要任教領域」不同，知覺學校教育成效有顯著差異。 十四、分散式領導與學校教育成效（學生、教師），均有高度正相關。 十五、校長分散式領導可以有效的預測學校教育成效。 根據研究結果分別提出對教育行政機關、校長以及未來研究的建議如下： 一、對教育行政機關的建議 (一) 宜多辦理教育理念與教育革新議題的相關研習給教師進修。 (二) 舉辦分散式領導相關研習，鼓勵學校成員參與。 (三) 檢視校史達60年以上的學校之教師責任與教師信任。 (四) 建立更有效的學校成員績效評鑑機制。 (五) 加強鄉鎮地區的教育成效關注。 (六) 在學生教育機會均等的進步上，可以參考「導師」的建議。 二、對校長的建議 (一) 校長宜增加與學校成員的互動機會。 (二) 校長可以多鼓勵學校成員嘗試學校新事務。 (三) 學校宜建立更專業發展的回饋機制。 (四) 鼓勵教師主動研究與學習。 (五) 提升學生學習動機。 (六) 關心學生自我概念與具備優良公民美德的能力。 (七) 支持學校成員團隊合作。 三、未來研究的建議 (一) 研究對象：包括不同層級的校長、家長、學生對分散式領導的知覺均為 可能的研究對象。 (二) 研究工具：針對不同研究對象發展不同的問卷。 (三) 研究變項：家長背景亦為可行之研究變項。 (四) 研究方法：加入質性研究加以後續探討。 (五) 統計方法：探討更複雜的分散式領導與各種教育內涵的線性關係。 / The study was to understand the current status of the distributed leadership for junior high principals and effectiveness of school education and to probe into the influences of the distributed leadership for junior high principals on the effectiveness of school education. In this study, I adopted the investigation method, self-prepare the “Distributed Leadership Scale” and the “Effectiveness of School Education Scale”, and took the public junior high school formal teachers in 8 counties/cities as my research samples. Then, I additionally distributed questionnaires to principals for basic information. Through the expert review of validity and pretesting on 173 effective questionnaires, I conducted the item analysis, first order confirmatory factor analysis, second order confirmatory factor analysis, and the reliability analysis to construct the formal questionnaires. Then, 1000 formal questionnaires were issued to the teachers and another 100 questionnaires were issued to the principals with 567 effective teacher questionnaires returned, i.e., 56.7% return rate. Also in this study, I analyzed the returned data by using the descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (or one-way ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (or MANOVA), Pearson's correlation and simple linear regression and the structural equation models. The study concludes as follows： 1. The current implementation status of the distributed leadership for junior high principals was moderately good and what needs to be improved most is the “cultural environment” part. 2. The top 3 indexes of the distributed leadership for junior high principals were that “the principal is civil”, that “the principal encourages teamwork”, and that “the principal has a clear vision for the school” while the bottom 3 indexes were that “the faculty staff at this school are brave to try new things”, that “the faculty at this school evaluate each other’s performance based on reality”, and that “the school recommend improvement to the underperforming staff.” 3. For the current status of effectiveness of junior school education, it was moderately good for teachers and above average for the students; Teachers performed best at “teacher trust” but worst at “teacher learning” while students performed best at “equal educational opportunities for students” but worse at “student learning.” 4. For teachers, there was a significant difference in the consciousness of the distributed leadership for principals due to different “teachers positions”, “school size, history, and districts”, and “principal genders and main teaching fields in the past” while there was a significant difference in consciousness of the effectiveness of school education due to different “teacher genders and positions” and “principal genders, ages, and the highest levels of education.” 5. There was a high positive correlation between the distributed leadership and the effectiveness of school education (both for students and teachers) and through the distributed leadership for principals, I could effectively predict the effectiveness of school education. Recommendations for the educational administration, principal, and future research are as follows: Recommendations for the educational administration I recommend the educational administration conduct more workshops concerning further educational believes and innovations for teachers, hold the distributed leadership, encourage school members to participate in relevant workshops, review teacher responsibility and trust at the 60-year-old or older schools, build a more effective school member performance evaluation mechanism, enhance its focus on the educational effectiveness in the rural areas, and refer to “recommendations for the mentors” based on the equality of educational opportunities for the students. Recommendations for the principals I recommend the principals increase opportunities for school member interactions, encourage school members to try new things more, build a more professionally developed mechanism for the students, encourage the teachers to research and learn actively, promote students’ learning motivation, care about student self-concepts and virtues of citizens, and support teamwork at school. Recommendations for future research I recommend the future research include different levels of principals, parents, elder siblings, and students, and their consciousness in distributed leadership in research objects, develop various questionnaires for various research objects in research instruments, include parents and elder siblings in feasible research variables, supplement with qualitative research for further probe in research methods, and probe into the linear relationship between the distributed leadership of more complexity and all kinds of educational contents in statistical methods.

This study investigated the educational outcomes of foster care youth utilizing the Road to Independence, Adopted from DCF, and Relative Caregiver tuition exemptions to pursue enrollment in Florida's state college system during the 2012-2013 academic year. An extensive literature review was conducted to examine the history of foster care, examine a contemporary portrait of the American foster care system, and the adult outcomes of former foster care. Federal and state policies impacting the population, campus support initiatives at colleges nationwide and the concept of resilience were also explored. In conjunction with the Florida Department of Education's Division of Accountability, Research and Measurement, the Florida Department of Children and Families provided access to a dataset compiled by the Community College and Technical Center MIS department. This file contained enrollment information for foster care youth utilizing one of three tuition exemptions to fund their education-related expenses. While all personal identifiers were eliminated prior to sharing the file, information within the document included student age, gender, race/ethnicity, academic discipline, and degree being pursued. Results of this study yielded some statistically significant differences across tuition exemption type. After examining relationships between gender and race/ethnicity and tuition exemption type, no statistically significant results were found. However, statistical significance was found after examining the relationships between academic degree being pursued and academic major/discipline and tuition exemption type. Many factors impact the experiences of foster care youth in the college classroom. These should be considered when developing programming, policy, and support services aimed at encouraging their success.

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Research on segregation's impact on educational outcomes has been extensive worldwide. Given Sweden's immigration levels and persistent patterns of economic residential segregation, this research aims to investigate how students' educational outcome is associatedwith area characteristics such as socio-economic deprivation, presence of residents with foreign background, and economic segregation. Results are evaluated for all students then separately by gender and students’ background status. Educational outcome is measured with the average merit value for students who finished the ninth grade in 2023. Regression analysis has been used as a method to conduct results. Surprisingly, economic residential segregation alone is associated with higher average school results. Yet, economic residential segregation is no longer a significant predictor of educational outcomes once other factors such as socio-economic deprivation and the share of persons with foreign background are accounted for. The findings suggest that a high proportion of residents with higher levels of education in the municipality has the most consistent and positive association with educational outcomes across all groups. Additionally, no significant association was found between educational outcomes and the presence of residents with foreign background, once socio-economic deprivation has been accounted for. In terms of gender, girls appear less affected by area characteristics compared to boys.

Why do girls and boys perform differently in school? In this paper, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement for Language and Mathematics using a novel dataset of 10,000 students in the Public School System of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The broad set of available information allows us to test the relative importance of skills and incentives to schooling on the educational outcomes of boys and girls. We summarize a unique socioemotional profile of boys and girls in Brazil and find significant gender differences in skills and incentives to schooling. Performing a decomposition exercise, we find that the gender gap in educational outcomes is significantly explained by differences in the levels of observed inputs, especially incentives to schooling. We bring new evidence on the importance of incentives to schooling in explaining the gender differences in both classroom grades in standardized test scores. / Por que meninas e meninos têm desempenhos diferentes na escola? Nesta pesquisa, vamos examinar as disparidades de gênero no desempenho escolar em Linguagem e Matemática utilizando um novo conjunto de dados de 10.000 alunos do Sistema Público de Ensino de São Paulo, Brasil. O amplo conjunto de informações disponíveis nos permite testar a importância relativa das competências socioemocionais e incentivos à educação sobre os resultados educacionais de meninos e meninas. Nós traçamos um perfil socioemocional único de meninos e meninas no Brasil e encontramos diferenças de gênero significativas nas habilidades e incentivos à educação. Realizando um exercício de decomposição, descobrimos que a diferença de gênero nos resultados educacionais é significativamente explicada pelas diferenças nos níveis de insumos observados, especialmente incentivos à educação. Ainda, encontramos novas evidências sobre a importância dos incentivos à educação para explicar as diferenças de gênero em notas de sala de aula e resultados de testes padronizados.

Why do girls and boys perform differently in school? In this paper, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement for Language and Mathematics using a novel dataset of 10,000 students in the Public School System of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The broad set of available information allows us to test the relative importance of skills and incentives to schooling on the educational outcomes of boys and girls. We summarize a unique socioemotional profile of boys and girls in Brazil and find significant gender differences in skills and incentives to schooling. Performing a decomposition exercise, we find that the gender gap in educational outcomes is significantly explained by differences in the levels of observed inputs, especially incentives to schooling. We bring new evidence on the importance of incentives to schooling in explaining the gender differences in both classroom grades in standardized test scores. / Por que meninas e meninos têm desempenhos diferentes na escola? Nesta pesquisa, vamos examinar as disparidades de gênero no desempenho escolar em Linguagem e Matemática utilizando um novo conjunto de dados de 10.000 alunos do Sistema Público de Ensino de São Paulo, Brasil. O amplo conjunto de informações disponíveis nos permite testar a importância relativa das competências socioemocionais e incentivos à educação sobre os resultados educacionais de meninos e meninas. Nós traçamos um perfil socioemocional único de meninos e meninas no Brasil e encontramos diferenças de gênero significativas nas habilidades e incentivos à educação. Realizando um exercício de decomposição, descobrimos que a diferença de gênero nos resultados educacionais é significativamente explicada pelas diferenças nos níveis de insumos observados, especialmente incentivos à educação. Ainda, encontramos novas evidências sobre a importância dos incentivos à educação para explicar as diferenças de gênero em notas de sala de aula e resultados de testes padronizados.

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that contribute to positive educational outcomes as measured by the EXPLORE test for eighth grade males who qualify for free or reduced price lunch. In addition, this study was conducted for the purpose of improving the educational program at a Northeast Tennessee middle school. Archival EXPLORE data, as well as free and reduced price lunch data, were used to identify high school graduates, 6 males and 6 females, who had performed at or above expectation on the eighth grade EXPLORE test. Females were included in this study for the purpose of determining if the factors vary with respect to gender. The participants were interviewed for the purpose of gaining a rich understanding of the factors that enabled them to experience success, while the majority of their socioeconomically disadvantaged peers did not, as well as to determine if these factors varied with respect to gender. Two overarching themes emerged as a result of the interview data analysis: connection to school and support and motivation. Each of the participants reported a sense of connection to the school via of one or more of the following 5 subcategories: teachers, peers, other adults, extracurricular activities, and school structure, culture, and supports. Also, all of the participants spoke of support and motivation via 1 or more of the following 4 subcategories: parents, other adults, preparation, and ability and talent. Two factors emerged that seemed to be most important to their success: connection through relationships and outside support. Each participant was able to establish meaningful relationships during middle school, with 11 of 12 sharing accounts of their connections with school adults, and 12 of 12 discussing their peer relationships. Additionally, each spoke of feeling supported or motivated by a parent or other outside adult. There was little difference with respect to gender. Boys indicated a slightly higher proclivity towards extracurricular activities, while girls seemed to place slightly more importance upon peer relationships. However, establishing meaningful connections within school was of paramount importance for both genders.

The aim of this thesis was to explore Swedish pharmacist students’ learning during pharmacy internship. Internships are meant to introduce students to professional practice. Education programs have to reflect changes in the professional role, and take into account that learning in a professional practice setting differs from organized formal education. This thesis includes both quantitative and qualitative research approaches and applies workplace learning theories. A scheme for measuring pharmacy students’ reflective ability was developed and shown to be feasible and reliable. Factors important for reflection were found to be primarily social and contextual, especially trained tutor and small pharmacy size. Notably, learning style or critical thinking did not correlate to students’ reflective ability. Tutors and students perceived that students used a wide variety of activities supporting learning of a broad repertoire of knowledge and skills, preparing them for coming professional working life. Tutors are most important to support learning. However, the current curriculum and formal activities do not address all these outcomes and learning activities used, e.g. workplace learning. The first overall conclusion is that internship plays an essential part in the pharmacist education program. The integration of formal and informal learning activities during internship, including raising awareness of incidental learning, is important to support students in learning the professional practice of pharmacy. This integration could possibly be strengthened by introducing further tutor training, different assignments, and by using portfolios. The second conclusion is that the community of practice is essential for students’ learning during internship, especially the student-tutor interaction. Hence, the entire social context has to be considered and it is important to ensure a good learning environment at pharmacies during internship. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of students’ learning during pharmacy internship and introduces educational research on the Swedish undergraduate pharmacy education programs.

This is an arts-informed qualitative research study looking at violence against women and how it affects their educational outcomes. It uses an art installation in which the narratives of the women involved are combined with photographs and real world objects in which viewers take on a ‘walking meditation’ as well as the use of participation stations for viewer feedback and further sharing of stories anonymously. This project is based on the belief that through a feminist research lens, participatory practice with the use of storytelling can be a form of transformation in community development.

This is an arts-informed qualitative research study looking at violence against women and how it affects their educational outcomes. It uses an art installation in which the narratives of the women involved are combined with photographs and real world objects in which viewers take on a ‘walking meditation’ as well as the use of participation stations for viewer feedback and further sharing of stories anonymously. This project is based on the belief that through a feminist research lens, participatory practice with the use of storytelling can be a form of transformation in community development.