The Christian cultural heritage of north Africa is ancient and rich, but at risk after recent political events. Many Christian minority communities living in Islamic environments feel at risk of persecution. This is a topical and timely PhD. The Christian, Coptic heritage of Egypt remains poorly studied from the perspective of heritage management and is also at risk from a number of factors. Using first-hand study and analysis based upon original fieldwork, the thesis offers a state of the art assessment to risks facing Coptic monuments in Egypt today. It does this by situating Egyptian heritage policy within the English framework, and it establishes theoretical approaches to value, significance, meaning, and interpretation in Egyptian heritage within a wider global framework. It is based on the analysis of three markedly different Egyptian Christian Coptic sites, each with their own unique management issues and it offers a series of solutions and ideas to preserve, manage and interpret this unique material culture and to emphasise community solutions as being the most viable and sustainable approaches, whilst taking into account the varied levels of significance of these monuments.

This thesis establishes the basic images of the gazelle in ancient Egyptian art and their meaning. A chronological overview of the categories of material featuring gazelle images is presented as a background to an interpretation. An introduction and review of the characteristics of the gazelle in the wild are presented in Chapters 1-2. The images of gazelle in the Predynastic material are reviewed in Chapter 3, identifying the desert hunt as the main setting for gazelle imagery. Chapter 4 reviews the images of the gazelle in the desert hunt scenes from tombs and temples. The majority of the motifs characteristic for the gazelle are found in this context. Chapter 5 gives a typological analysis of the images of the gazelle from offering processions scenes. In this material the image of the nursing gazelle is given particular importance. Similar images are also found on objects, where symbolic connotations can be discerned (Chapter 6). References to healing and regeneration are found, particularly in relationship to the context of the objects. The gazelle is found in a divine context in a limited material (Chapter 7). A discussion of these sources sees a focus on the gazelle as representative for the desert mountains as the setting for death and rebirth. This relates to the gazelle as a feminine image with a connection to the models of female divinity (Chapter 8).

Two variants of ancient Egyptian were used for different categories of written communication during the last millennium B.C. The vernacular, known as Demotic, served as the written language for administrative, legal and literary documents. Traditional Egyptian (égyptien de tradition), written in the hieroglyphic script and with linguistic structures that are purported to imitate those of the Classical Egyptian, was still used to compose mainly religious documents. The present work treats the verbal system of Traditional Egyptian using texts dated to the period 400-30 B.C. These documents include royal stelae and priestly decrees, among these the Rosetta Stone, as well as biographical inscriptions. After a general introduction, and a presentation of morphological characteristics, the study takes up the basic verbal patterns. The suffix conjugations, the sDm=fand sDm.n=f , in its various meanings and combinations, affirmative and negative, are dealt with, as is the pseudoparticiple. The infinitive, as it appears in e.g. pseudoverbal constructions and the sDm pw ir.n=f is examined in a separate section, with an additional chapter covering the passive forms of the suffix conjugation. A summary of the conclusions that are reached by this study are presented in the final chapter. Graphic variations show that morphemes formerly used to distinguish verbal classes are largely ignored. Only a few irregular verbs still display, at times, writings that retain the old inflections, often, however, without corresponding to the category that would be expected given the context. These writings are unevenly distributed among the documents, testifying to the existence of local, or perhaps rather individual, grammatical systems. Similarly, the co-existence in Traditional Egyptian of the two forms of the suffix conjugation sDm.n=fand sDm=f, both used to express a completed event, is best understood when each document is studied separately. There is a general avoidance of forms and expressions that parallel those found in Demotic. This appears to have been of greater importance than following the rules of Classical Egyptian. The use of the conjunctive and infinitival constructions, under certain conditions, confirms this observation.

The Egyptian religion viewed the whole world as divine and inhabited by both gods and men. Concepts such as death was therefore explained through myths. The ancient society feared death but desired an eternal life. The Egyptians saw death as a physical dismemberment of the body as had happened in the myth of Osiris when death was first introduced to the world. Osiris functioned as a prototype for all men as he had overcome death by finding a new existence in the netherworld. He was not viewed as a resurrected deity but as a god who had found a way to live forever after death. Funerary texts were developed to help the Egyptians navigate the netherworld, overcome trials and dangers, and to become Osiris. These were an extensive corpus of texts which was placed in the grave with the deceased. By analyzing the New Kingdom’s Book of the Dead the Egyptians’ fear of death can be clearly interpreted in the spells which the book contains. In the Book of the Dead there are 189 spells which functions to secure an eternal life after death by protecting the dead from a number of horrible fates. The book depicts a number of dangerous animals and beings in the netherworld which the spells would offer protection from. There are also incantations for things taken for granted on earth such as breathing, walking upright, not eating faeces or drinking urine. The need to formulate these spells shows an underlying fear of death, and deliverance came by using the Book of the Dead. To preserve the body of the deceased in the grave was of the outermost importance since eternal life could only be achieved if the remains worked as a link between the living world and the land of the dead. That is why the Egyptians developed such a complex funerary ritual and mummified the remains, preserving it forever. Fear of death is derived from the descriptions of it as an isolation, total destruction, dismemberment, and decomposition. The purpose of the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead was to counteract this fate as it assured the deceased of an eternal life.

This thesis provides a detailed interpretation of three key texts described in Egyptological research as "coronation inscriptions:" the Historical Inscription of Hatshepsut, Thutmose III's Texte de la jeunesse, and Horemheb's Turin inscription. Similarities and differences between these texts, as well as other sources, both textual and pictorial, are discussed. A clear terminology is laid out, distinguishing between accession (the royal heir becoming king at the death of their predecessor), crowning (the action of placing the crowns on the new king's head), and coronation ceremony (following the accession by some time on which occasion the new ruler would have been bestowed with the crowns and regalia of his office, perhaps for the first time). The main aim of this thesis is to determine whether it would be accurate to label the discussed texts as coronation inscriptions and, if not, how they can best be described. It is determined that the evidence supports the earlier conclusion reached by Redford, that it would be incorrect to speak of a “coronation ceremony” in the dynastic period, for new kings would have been crowned at their accessions in a palace setting, soon after the death of their predecessors, this followed some time later by a public “appearance ceremony” in a temple festival setting. While it is determined that Thutmose III's inscription describes the time when kingship was predicted to him, it is concluded that the Hatshepsut and Horemheb texts narrate exceptional events on which occasion their accessions in a palace and public "appearance ceremonies" intersected.

This paper focuses on Swedish practices regarding the collecting and exhibiting of Egyptian cultural items at the Victoria Museum in Uppsala during the period between 1882 and 1904. It works to establish who the individuals responsible for this collection were, what their social standing were and how they were connected to each other and other foreign collecting practitioners using the actornetwork-theory and comparative studies.

Orientador: Andre Leonardo Chevitarese / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Funari_RaqueldosSantos_D.pdf: 5564364 bytes, checksum: 88c846e0e2efae7688efdf4d5361c181 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A tese de doutoramento estuda como estudantes brasileiros percebem o antigo Egito, por meio de uma análise do filme O Príncipe do Egito. O estudo se inicia com a discussão da História Cultural e dos estudos cinematográficos, tal como são tratados na literatura internacional e brasileira. Em seguida, O Príncipe do Egito é estudado em detalhe, incluindo a análise das imagens e das mensagens, e as percepções dos alunos são analisadas em diferentes contextos. A Tese conclui-se por ressaltar as principais características das representações culturais percebidas pelos alunos. / Abstract: The PhD Dissertation studies how Brazilian pupils perceive ancient Egypt, through an analysis of the movie The Prince of Egypt. The study starts by discussing cultural history and cinema studies, as recently explored by both international and Brazilian scholarship. The Prince of Egypt is then studied in details, including the analysis of images and messages. This is followed by the detailed study of students' perceptions in different contexts. The Dissertation concludes by pointing out the main features of cultural representation as perceived by pupils. / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

La "Superstition raisonnable" est titre qui apparaît contradictoire, mais il donne en deux mots l'ensemble de la pensée des Lumières sur la culture et la civilisation pharaoniques. Les philosophes et les écrivains du XVIIIe siècle considèrent que l'Egypte ancienne est le berceau des arts et des sciences, mais aussi elle est l'origine des cultes irrationnels. Cependant, la production littéraire et philosophique des Lumières ne se contente pas à étudier cette question d'origine des cultes en évoquant le pharaonisme, mais elle s'y inspire aussi dans certains romans tels Le Taureau blanc, Séméramis. Et Durant tout le XVIIIe siècle, le sujet Egyptien est présent, chez les franc-maçons, les antiquaires, les historiens d'arts, les érudits les historiens, comme chez certains poètes et romanciers. C'est pourquoi, une des difficultés qui surgit est de trouver un fil conducteur pour étudier la représentation de l’Egypte antique dans la pensée du XVIIIe siècle en raison de la diversité de la représentation de l’Egypte, non pas seulement au cours du siècle, mais aussi à l’intérieur d’un même ouvrage. C’est en raison de ces diverses approches du pharaonisme par les écrivains des Lumières que cette thèse emprunte des chemins interdisciplinaires, qui se reflètent dans la diversité de la bibliographie. Ainsi Cette étude essaie de donner quelques éclaircissements sur des textes qui n’ont pas fait l’objet de réflexion suffisante de la part des dix-huitiémistes alors qu’ils le méritent, car ces textes sont représentatifs de l’inquiétude philosophique. / The reasonable superstition, representation of the Egyptian mythology in French literature of eighteen century, The title of this thesis appear contrast but it gave us a good idea about Pharaoh representation in enlightenment century. This thesis studies how is about the civilization and the culture of the ancient Egypt in the philosophy writing and the literature : novels, dramas and poetry in eighteen century. The philosophers and the writers of eighteen century thinks that the ancient Egypt was the origin of the science and the art, but this country was also the origin of superstition like in the writing of Boulanger L'Antiquité devoilée pas elle-elle même. But the writers and the philosophers don't satisfy to study this question of originin the Egyptian myth, but in the same time they find some inspirations in the mythology of Isis and Osiris in some novels like Le Taureau blanc and Semeramis of Voltaire. Some dramatists inspire also in this mythology like Tanis et Zelide and les lois de Minos of Voltaire, also in his poem Sesostris and in the creation of another writers Banier, Boulanger, Charles de Brosses, Caylus dramatist and poets Bitaubé, Rocher. Also this thesis is an interdisplinary study because this subject have a multiple approachs.

A partir de uma ampla documentação que abrange diversas categorias de suportes materiais e imagens datadas do período faraônico, este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as mudanças na representação, concepção e simbolismo do touro Ápis e sua significância em rituais da realeza e enquanto divindade para a sociedade egípcia como um todo. / Based on a large documentation that compreend many kinds of material supports and images dated from the Pharaonic Period, this work aims to understand the changes on the representation, conception and symbolism of the Apis bull and its significance in kingship rituals and as a deity to the Egyptian society as a whole.

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