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Orientador: César Tadeu Spadella / Banca: Érika Veruska Paiva Ortolan / Banca: Maurício Ferraz de Arruda / Banca: Mariãngela Esther A. Marques / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Brossi Polissari / Resumo: Bases científicas: Um grande número de alterações associadas ao processo de cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas em indivíduos diabéticos tem sido descrito. Entretanto, os mecanismos exatos responsáveis por estas alterações e como elas estão inter-relacionadas, ainda não são completamente conhecidos. Por conta disto, a busca por um tratamento efetivo, capaz de melhorar a cicatrização das feridas em pacientes com diabetes mellitus continua sendo um campo aberto à pesquisa. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da corrente elétrica contínua isolada (CEC) e da administração de sulfato de zinco, através da iontoforese transdérmica (ITD+Zn), sobre as alterações morfológicas e ultraestruturais do processo de cicatrização da pele de ratos diabéticos induzidos pela aloxana, e estabelecer a correlação existente entre os baixos valores da força de ruptura encontrados nas incisões destes animais com as alterações histopatológicas observadas. Material e Métodos: Cento e vinte ratos machos Wistar, pesando aproximadamente 250g, foram submetidos à incisão cirúrgica na parede anterior do abdome e distribuídos, por sorteio, em 6 grupos experimentais, com 20 animais cada um: GN/NT e GD/NT - ratos controles não-diabéticos e diabéticos hiperglicêmicos, induzidos pela aloxana, sem qualquer tratamento das incisões abdominais; GN/CEC e GD/CEC - ratos controles não-diabéticos e diabéticos hiperglicêmicos, induzidos pela aloxana, com incisões tratadas com corrente elétrica contínua; GN/ITD+Zn e GD/ITD+Zn - ratos controles não-diabéticos e diabéticos hiperglicêmicos, induzidos pela aloxana, com incisões tratadas com sulfato de zinco administrado através da iontoforese transdérmica. Cada grupo experimental foi posteriormente dividido em 4 subgrupos, com 5 ratos cada um, para serem avaliados e sacrificados no 4º, 7º, 14º e 21º dia de pós-operatório (PO). Em cada um destes períodos foram ... / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-05-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864242.pdf: 1971708 bytes, checksum: b9c287857eb37a0b68b044b0e18c35fa (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Eletronarcosis by water bath is the electrical stunning method most widely accepted and used in chicken slaughterhouses in most countries of the world. Although it is provided for Brazilian law, legislation that rules the stunning methods for humanitarian slaughter, this method causes stress for the birds, such as hanging and drowning. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of an electrical stunning device, by direct contact, using alternating current (AC) applied in the bird standing, and evaluate their implications on the intrinsic characteristics of chicken meat. Fifty six birds (Cobb 500, 42 days of age) were slaughtered, in a completely randomized design featuring factorial arrangement 2 by 2 by 2, being two forms of electrical current application, two frequency parameters, and both sexes. The results were analyzed based on the ANOVA methodology, with a significance level of 5% and Duncan's test. There is a significant linear correlation between the amperage and the weight of the animals. There was no statistical difference in terms of blood glucose level, meat color, drip loss of fluid content, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shear force for both sexes submitted to the different methods of electrical stunning. The stunning system by direct contact is viable as regards the humanitarian slaughter assurance for the birds, without damage in the quality of the final product. However, studies involving its mechanization, in order to integrate into the packing industry, are needed / FAPESP: 2013/07186-2

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:33:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-10-14. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000825591.pdf: 1988277 bytes, checksum: e2324fedef53da6d0810ce413b5f9a24 (MD5) / Introdução: Bexiga hiperativa (BH) é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada por urgência urinária, com ou sem incontinência é geralmente acompanhada por aumento da frequência miccional na ausência de infecção urinária ou de outras patologias na bexiga. Entretanto, até o momento não existe consenso na literatura de qual o melhor método de tratamento para BH. Pode atingir milhões de indivíduos de ambos os sexos em todo o mundo e causar grande impacto na qualidade de vida. O tratamento utilizando estimulação elétrica (EE) têm sido recomendado como terapia de primeira linha. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia e segurança da estimulação elétrica (EE) com eletrodos não implantáveis no tratamento da bexiga hiperativa quando comparada a outras formas de tratamento ou placebo. Tipo de estudo: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Estratégia de busca: Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Medline, CENTRAL, Embase e Lilacs. A última busca foi em 12 de janeiro de 2014. Critério para a seleção dos estudos: Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que avaliaram o tratamento de EE com eletrodos não implantáveis comparados ou associados a outros tipos de tratamento. Análise e coleta de dados: Dois revisores selecionaram independentemente os estudos relevantes, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica e extraíram os dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 30 estudos, com um total de 1.785 participantes. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi incerta para risco de viés na maior parte dos domínios. Seis estudos geraram cinco gráficos de metanálise. A primeira metanálise com dois estudos (Barroso 2004; Yamanishi 2000) comparou a estimulação elétrica versus sham na capacidade cistométrica máxima, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da estimulação elétrica (MD 105.52 [95%CI 63.62 to 147.42], p<0.00001, I²=0%). A segunda metánalise com dois estudos (Arruda 2008; Schreiner 2010) comparou a ... / Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome characterized by urgency with or without incontinence is usually concurrent by urinary frequency in the absence of urinary tract infection or other bladder disorders. However there is no consensus in the literature that who is the most better method of treatment for overactive bladder.You can reach millions of individuals of both sexes throughout the world and cause major impact on quality of life. The treatment using electrical stimulation (ES) has been recommended as first-line therapy. Objective: To acess the efficacy and safety of electrical stimulation with non-implantable electrodes for the treatment of overactive bladder when compared to other types of treatment or placebo. Type of study: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Search Strategy: Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE and Lilacs databases were searched. The last search was on January 12, 2014 Criteria for the selection of studies: clinical trials that evaluated the treatment of electrical stimulation compared with nonimplanted electrodes or with other types of treatment were included. Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, assessed the quality methodological and extracted data.Results: 30 studies were included, with a total of 1.785 participants. The methodological quality of the studies was unclear risk of bias all the most domains. Six studies generated five graphs of meta-analysis. The first meta-analysis with two studies (Barroso 2004; Yamanishi 2000) compared electrical stimulation versus sham on the outcome maximum bladder capacity there was a statistically significance difference favouring electrical stimulation (MD 105.52 [95%CI 63.62 to 147.42], p<0.00001, I²=0%).The second meta-analysis with two studies (Arruda 2008; Schreiner 2010) compared the electrical stimulation (ES) versus pelvic floor muscle trainning (PFMT) on the outcome of urinary ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-18. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000825589.pdf: 3849479 bytes, checksum: e75dd1de36224f6862dbd8503add7ad8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Bases científicas: Um grande número de alterações associadas ao processo de cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas em indivíduos diabéticos tem sido descrito. Entretanto, os mecanismos exatos responsáveis por estas alterações e como elas estão inter-relacionadas, ainda não são completamente conhecidos. Por conta disto, a busca por um tratamento efetivo, capaz de melhorar a cicatrização das feridas em pacientes com diabetes mellitus continua sendo um campo aberto à pesquisa. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da corrente elétrica contínua isolada (CEC) e da administração de sulfato de zinco, através da iontoforese transdérmica (ITD+Zn), sobre as alterações morfológicas e ultraestruturais do processo de cicatrização da pele de ratos diabéticos induzidos pela aloxana, e estabelecer a correlação existente entre os baixos valores da força de ruptura encontrados nas incisões destes animais com as alterações histopatológicas observadas. Material e Métodos: Cento e vinte ratos machos Wistar, pesando aproximadamente 250g, foram submetidos à incisão cirúrgica na parede anterior do abdome e distribuídos, por sorteio, em 6 grupos experimentais, com 20 animais cada um: GN/NT e GD/NT - ratos controles não-diabéticos e diabéticos hiperglicêmicos, induzidos pela aloxana, sem qualquer tratamento das incisões abdominais; GN/CEC e GD/CEC - ratos controles não-diabéticos e diabéticos hiperglicêmicos, induzidos pela aloxana, com incisões tratadas com corrente elétrica contínua; GN/ITD+Zn e GD/ITD+Zn - ratos controles não-diabéticos e diabéticos hiperglicêmicos, induzidos pela aloxana, com incisões tratadas com sulfato de zinco administrado através da iontoforese transdérmica. Cada grupo experimental foi posteriormente dividido em 4 subgrupos, com 5 ratos cada um, para serem avaliados e sacrificados no 4º, 7º, 14º e 21º dia de pós-operatório (PO). Em cada um destes períodos foram ...

Resumo:A eletronarcose em cuba d'água é o método de atordoamento elétrico mais amplamente aceito e empregado nos abatedouros de frango da maioria dos países. Embora seja previsto na legislação nacional, que regulamenta os métodos de insensibilização para abate humanitário, esse método promove fatores estressantes para as aves. Este estudo objetivou estudar a viabilidade e eficácia de um equipamento insensibilizador elétrico por contato direto, utilizando corrente alternada (CA), aplicado na ave em pé, e avaliar suas implicações nas características intrínsecas da carne de frango. Foram abatidas 56 aves de linhagem comercial (Cobb 500), com 42 dias de idade, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado apresentando arranjo fatorial 2x2x2, sendo duas formas de aplicação de corrente elétrica, dois parâmetros de frequência e dois sexos. Os resultados foram analisados baseando-se na metodologia de ANOVA - com nível de significância de 5 % e teste de Duncan. Os resultados revelaram correlação linear significativa entre a amperagem e o peso dos animais. Não houve diferença estatística quanto à concentração sanguínea de glicose, cor da carne, teor de perda de líquido por gotejamento, capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso durante o cozimento e força de cisalhamento para ambos os sexos submetidos aos diferentes métodos de atordoamento elétrico. O sistema de insensibilização por contato direto é viável no que diz respeito à garantia de um abate humanitário às aves sem prejudicar a qualidade do produto final. Entretanto, tornam-se necessários estudos direcionados à mecanização do equipamento para que o mesmo possa ser integrado à indústria frigorífica / Abstract:Eletronarcosis by water bath is the electrical stunning method most widely accepted and used in chicken slaughterhouses in most countries of the world. Although it is provided for Brazilian law, legislation that rules the stunning methods for humanitarian slaughter, this method causes stress for the birds, such as hanging and drowning. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of an electrical stunning device, by direct contact, using alternating current (AC) applied in the bird standing, and evaluate their implications on the intrinsic characteristics of chicken meat. Fifty six birds (Cobb 500, 42 days of age) were slaughtered, in a completely randomized design featuring factorial arrangement 2 by 2 by 2, being two forms of electrical current application, two frequency parameters, and both sexes. The results were analyzed based on the ANOVA methodology, with a significance level of 5% and Duncan's test. There is a significant linear correlation between the amperage and the weight of the animals. There was no statistical difference in terms of blood glucose level, meat color, drip loss of fluid content, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shear force for both sexes submitted to the different methods of electrical stunning. The stunning system by direct contact is viable as regards the humanitarian slaughter assurance for the birds, without damage in the quality of the final product. However, studies involving its mechanization, in order to integrate into the packing industry, are needed / Orientador:Marcos Franke Pinto / Banca:Maria Luiza Poiatti / Banca:Márcia Marinho / Mestre

Orientador: Regina Paolicci El Dib / Banca: João Luiz Amaro / Banca: Neuseli Marino Lamari / Resumo: Introdução: Bexiga hiperativa (BH) é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada por urgência urinária, com ou sem incontinência é geralmente acompanhada por aumento da frequência miccional na ausência de infecção urinária ou de outras patologias na bexiga. Entretanto, até o momento não existe consenso na literatura de qual o melhor método de tratamento para BH. Pode atingir milhões de indivíduos de ambos os sexos em todo o mundo e causar grande impacto na qualidade de vida. O tratamento utilizando estimulação elétrica (EE) têm sido recomendado como terapia de primeira linha. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia e segurança da estimulação elétrica (EE) com eletrodos não implantáveis no tratamento da bexiga hiperativa quando comparada a outras formas de tratamento ou placebo. Tipo de estudo: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Estratégia de busca: Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Medline, CENTRAL, Embase e Lilacs. A última busca foi em 12 de janeiro de 2014. Critério para a seleção dos estudos: Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que avaliaram o tratamento de EE com eletrodos não implantáveis comparados ou associados a outros tipos de tratamento. Análise e coleta de dados: Dois revisores selecionaram independentemente os estudos relevantes, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica e extraíram os dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 30 estudos, com um total de 1.785 participantes. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi incerta para risco de viés na maior parte dos domínios. Seis estudos geraram cinco gráficos de metanálise. A primeira metanálise com dois estudos (Barroso 2004; Yamanishi 2000) comparou a estimulação elétrica versus sham na capacidade cistométrica máxima, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da estimulação elétrica (MD 105.52 [95%CI 63.62 to 147.42], p<0.00001, I²=0%). A segunda metánalise com dois estudos (Arruda 2008; Schreiner 2010) comparou a ... / Abstract: Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome characterized by urgency with or without incontinence is usually concurrent by urinary frequency in the absence of urinary tract infection or other bladder disorders. However there is no consensus in the literature that who is the most better method of treatment for overactive bladder.You can reach millions of individuals of both sexes throughout the world and cause major impact on quality of life. The treatment using electrical stimulation (ES) has been recommended as first-line therapy. Objective: To acess the efficacy and safety of electrical stimulation with non-implantable electrodes for the treatment of overactive bladder when compared to other types of treatment or placebo. Type of study: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Search Strategy: Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE and Lilacs databases were searched. The last search was on January 12, 2014 Criteria for the selection of studies: clinical trials that evaluated the treatment of electrical stimulation compared with nonimplanted electrodes or with other types of treatment were included. Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, assessed the quality methodological and extracted data.Results: 30 studies were included, with a total of 1.785 participants. The methodological quality of the studies was unclear risk of bias all the most domains. Six studies generated five graphs of meta-analysis. The first meta-analysis with two studies (Barroso 2004; Yamanishi 2000) compared electrical stimulation versus sham on the outcome maximum bladder capacity there was a statistically significance difference favouring electrical stimulation (MD 105.52 [95%CI 63.62 to 147.42], p<0.00001, I²=0%).The second meta-analysis with two studies (Arruda 2008; Schreiner 2010) compared the electrical stimulation (ES) versus pelvic floor muscle trainning (PFMT) on the outcome of urinary ... / Doutor

Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning (LAPS) has recently become available to the broiler industry. Therefore, research was conducted to determine the effect of stunning method (LAPS and Electrical Stunning(ES)) and postmortem deboning time (0.75 hr and 4 hr) on the instrumental and sensory acceptability (3 replications) of breast meat (n=576, 144 birds per treatment) prepared using different cooking methods (fried, baked, sous vide). Breast meat was evaluated for pH, CIE L*a*b*, yields, shear force, and consumer acceptability. Postmortem pH decline was more rapid (P<0.05) in the breast meat of LAPS stunned birds when compared to ES stunned birds, but no differences existed (P>0.05) among treatments with respect to final pH. On average, no differences (P > 0.05) existed in the sensory acceptability of fried and sous vide cooked broiler breast treatments. However, for the baked cooking method, the LAPS treatment that was deboned at 4 hr was more acceptable (P<0.05) than other treatments and the ES and LAPS 4 hr postmortem treatments had more acceptable (P<0.05) texture than the ES and LAPS 0.75 hr treatments. Since consumers were highly variable in their liking of chicken breast treatments, consumers were grouped into 6 clusters for each cooking method based on liking and preference. Cluster analysis data revealed that the greatest number of consumers liked all chicken breast treatments, but a larger proportion of consumers liked the 4 hour LAPS and ES treatments when compared to the 0.75 hr LAPS and ES treatments for all cooking methods. In addition, the consumers that indicated that baked chicken breast was highly acceptable preferred (P<0.05) breast meat from the 4 hr LAPS treatment over chicken breast meat from the 4 hr ES treatment. Based on sensory results, chicken breast meat from all stunning and deboning method combinations was highly acceptable to the majority of consumers, but the LAPS 4 hr treatment was slightly more acceptable than other treatments when baked.

Moderne Schlachtsysteme tragen ein Risiko lebende Tiere weiterzuverarbeiten (SCHÜTTE und BOSTELMANN 2001, TROEGER 2005 und TROEGER und MEILER 2006). Gründe für dieses ernst zu nehmende tierschutzrelevante Problem sind eine ineffiziente Betäubung und/oder der Mangel an einer ausreichenden und schnellen Entblutung der Schweine. Die europäische Kommission hat 2009 die Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1099/2009 über den Schutz von Tieren zum Zeitpunkt der Tötung implementiert (ANON. 2009). Die Studie schafft Grundlagen um eine automatisierte Methode zu entwickeln, welche die Abwesenheit von Lebenszeichen von Schlachtschweinen verifiziert. Die Hypothese hierbei ist die Annahme, dass Schweine, die auf einen schmerzhaften Reiz wie heißes Wasser mehrere Minuten nach der Entblutung reagieren mit dem Risiko eines zumindest teilweise funktionierenden Gehirns behaftet sind. Die Studie fand an drei kommerziellen Schlachthöfen in Deutschland statt, die verschiedene elektrische Betäubungs- (Kopf-zu-Herz-Durchströmung) und Stechverfahren verwendeten. Insgesamt wurden am Schlachtband 5.301 Mastschweine im Hauptversuch untersucht und mittels Videokameras aufgezeichnet. Um die Abwesenheit von Lebenszeichen am Ende der Nachentblutestrecke, das heißt vier bis fünf Minuten nach Entblutestich, zu überprüfen wurde ein Heißwasser-Reiz mit 65 °C verwendet. Die Dauer der Reizapplikation betrug fünf bzw. 15 Sekunden. Eine automatisierte Reizapplikations-Anlage, erbaut von der Firma BANSS Schlacht- und Fördertechnik GmbH (Biedenkopf), induzierte den Stimulus vor allem im Bereich des Gesichts der Schweine. Als Referenz zu den Beobachtungen der Bewegungen während der Reiz-Applikation wurden Gehirnnerven-Reflexe (Corneal- und Lidschlussreflexe) und Reaktionen auf einen Kniff in die Nasenscheidewand klinisch untersucht. Schweine mit positiven Befunden wurden mittels Bolzenschuss nachbetäubt bzw. getötet. Die Sensitivität des Heißwasser-Tests lag bei 99 %. Eines von 75 Tieren wies positive Corneal- und Lidschlussreflexe auf, obwohl dieses Schwein auf den Heißwasser-Reiz nicht reagiert hatte. Jedoch konnten deutlich erkennbare Spontanbewegungen jenes Tieres bereits vorher beobachtet werden. Die Spezifität des Heißwasser-Tests lag bei 98 %. Beinah jedes Schwein mit negativen Gehirnnerven-Befunden blieb während der Reizapplikation unauffällig. 3,8 % (n = 199) der untersuchten Schweine zeigten eine Reaktion auf den Heißwasser-Reiz. Es war kein Unterschied zwischen dem fünf bzw. 15 Sekunden anhaltendem Reiz zu ermitteln. Neben einer ineffizienten Entblutung kann die reversible Betäubung als ein weiterer möglicher Grund für dieses Ergebnis genannt werden. Die Elektrische Betäubung ist reversibel, solange kein Herzkammerflimmern sicher ausgelöst wird (HOENDERKEN et al. 1980 und VOGEL et al. 2010). Es kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die elektrische Kopf-zu-Herz-Durchströmung, die in den hier dargestellten Schlachtbetrieben verwendet wurde, nicht immer zum Herzkammerflimmern geführt hatte. Die Anzahl der Reaktionen der Schweine auf das heiße Wasser war begrenzt. 92 % der Schweine, die den Kopf während der Reizapplikation geschüttelt hatten und 78 % derer, die eine aufrichtende Bewegung gezeigt hatten, wiesen mindestens einen positiven Gehirnnerven-Befund auf. Auffälligkeiten in den Vordergliedmaßen korrelierten zu 59 % und das Muster “Maul öffnen” zu 52 % mit positiven Gehirnnerven-Befunden. Bewegungen aus dem Becken bzw. den Hintergliedmaße heraus waren nur zu 21 % mit positiven Gehirnnerven-Befunden verbunden. Bei der Betrachtung der Bewegungsmusterkombinationen stellte die Autorin fest, dass nahezu keine Reaktion missachtet werden sollte. Lediglich das Muster „ausschließliche Bewegungen Becken/Hintergliedmaße“ korrelierte in keinem der 59 Fälle mit positiven Gehirnnerven-Befunden. Dieses Ergebnis deckt sich mit den Aussagen von GRANDIN (2013) und den Mitarbeitern des bsi Schwarzenbek (ANON. 2013a), die darauf hinwiesen, dass der caudale Körperabschnitt elektrisch betäubter Schlachtschweine zur Einschätzung ihres möglicherweise vorhandenen Bewusstseins keine Relevanz besitzt. Während der Untersuchungen wurden außerdem Spontanbewegungen der Schlachtschweine zwischen dem Stechen und dem Heißwasser-Test analysiert. Jedes Tier, das eine Reaktion auf die Heißwasser-Reiz-Applikation zeigte und mindestens einen positiven Befund in der Gehirnnerven-Untersuchung aufwies, hatte vorher das Spontanbewegungsmuster „Maul öffnen“ durchgeführt. Um dem Überwachungs- und Schlachthofpersonal zu vermitteln, welche Spontan-bewegungsmuster bzw. reizinduzierten Reaktionen bei der Beobachtung der Nachentblutestrecke entscheidend sind, wurden entsprechende Arbeitsanweisungen entwickelt. Bereits vorhandene Literatur wurde hierbei mit eingearbeitet (ANIL 1991, ATKINSON et al. 2012 und EFSA 2013). Als eine wirksame Lösung um den sicheren Tod von Schweinen vor weiteren Schlachtarbeiten sicherzustellen, scheint es sinnvoll entsprechende Spontanbewegungen zu beachten und die Implementierung einer abschließenden Untersuchung mittels eines Heißwasser-Reiz-Tests am Ende der Nachentblutestrecke zu verwirklichen. Selbstverständlich sollten weiterhin die Betäubung und Entblutung der Tiere möglichst sicher kontrolliert werden. Für die Nachbetäubung bzw. Tötung der betroffenen Schweine wird der Einsatz eines Bolzenschussgerätes von der EFSA (2004), dem bsi Schwarzenbek und dem Max Rubner-Institut empfohlen. / Modern slaughter regimes carry a risk of live animals being further processed (SCHÜTTE and BOSTELMANN 2001, TROEGER 2005 and TROEGER and MEILER 2006). This serious animal welfare problem may result from inefficient stunning and/or lack of complete and fast exsanguination of the pigs. In 2009, the European Commission implemented Council Regulation (EC) No. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing (ANON. 2009). The study lays groundwork for developing an automated method to verify the absence of signs of life in slaughter pigs. The hypothesis is that pigs that react to a painful stimulus, like hot water, several minutes after debleeding have the risk of a partly functional brains. The study took place at three commercial abattoirs in Germany using different electrical stunning (head-to-body) and bleeding methods. In the main part of the study a total of 5,301 finishing pigs was examined and videotaped on line. As a stimulus to check the absence of signs of life right before further processing, namely four to five minutes after sticking, a hot-water-stimulus at 65 °C was utilized. The residence time of the stimulus amounted either five or 15 seconds. An automated construction, built by the company BANSS Schlacht- und Fördertechnik GmbH (Biedenkopf/Germany), implemented the stimulus mainly within the faces of the pigs. As a reference to the observation of movements during the stimulation, brain stem reflexes (corneal and palpebral) and reactions to a nasal septum pinch were clinically examined. Pigs with any positive result were restunned or killed using a captive bolt device. The sensitivity of the hot-water-test was determined at 99 %. One out of 75 animals exhibited positive corneal- and palpebral-reflexes although this one pig did not show any reaction to the hot water stimulation. However, obvious spontaneous movements of this animal could be observed beforehand. The specificity of the hot-water-test was determined at 98 %. Almost every pig with negative brain stem results remained motionless during the stimulation. A share of 3.8 % (n = 199) of pigs showed movements during the hot water exposure. Es war kein Unterschied zwischen dem fünf bzw. 15 Sekunden anhaltendem Reiz zu ermitteln. No difference was estimated between the residence times of five versus 15 seconds. Besides inefficient bleeding one possible reason for this result is reversible stunning. Electrical stunning is reversible, unless effective cardiac arrest is caused (HOENDERKEN et al. 1980 and VOGEL et al. 2010). It may be assumed that after head-to-body electrical stunning used by the abattoirs displayed in this study cardiac arrest was not always achieved. The number of individual responses was limited. 92 % of pigs that shook their heads during the stimulation and 78 % that showed a righting reflex exhibited at least one positive brain stem result. Noticeable front leg activity correlated to 59 % and the movement “opening of the mouth” to 52 % with positive brain stem results. Hips or hind leg movements were only associated with positive brain stem results in 21 % of the cases. By looking at the combinations of movements the author found that nearly no reaction should be ignored. Merely exclusive hips or hind leg movements in none of the 59 cases correlated with brain stem results. This finding is supported by the statements made by GRANDIN (2013) and the staff of the bsi Schwarzenbek (ANON. 2013a), pointing out that the caudal body part of electrically stunned slaughter pigs possesses no relevance to evaluating possible consciousness. During the study additionally spontaneous movements of the slaughter pigs were analyzed between sticking and the hot water device. Every animal that eventually showed a reaction to the hot water stimulation and exhibited at least one positive result during the brain stem examination had shown spontaneous mouth opening. Appropriate working instructions for the monitoring personnel and the slaughter staff, in order for them to realize which spontaneous movements or stimulus induced reactions during the observations of the debleeding line are relevant, were designed. For this available expertise has additionally been taken into account (ANIL 1991, ATKINSON et al. 2012 and EFSA 2013). As a suitable solution for ascertaining death before further processing, the idea of paying attention to slaughter pigs that obviously show signs of recovery and the implementation of a “last check” by using a hot water test right before further processing seems reasonable. Of course the stunning and exsanguination should still be safely monitored. The use of a captive bolt device to restun or kill “suspicious” pigs is recommended by the EFSA (2004), the bsi Schwarzenbek and the Max Rubner-Institute.

This study aimed to optimize the electrical stunning for silver catfish and to evaluate whether the anesthesia with essential oil (EO) of L. alba before electrical stunning or hypothermia, used in pre-slaughter stunning stage, would reduce stress and influence on stability and sensory characteristics of fish produtcts. The effect of electrical frequencies between 50 and 1000 Hz associated to 128 or 256 V m-1 electric field strength and duration of exposure to the current between 1 and 60 seconds were evaluated. The electrical frequencies of 100, 300 and 500 Hz, combined with electric field strength of 128 V m-1 during 5 seconds were the most appropriate electrical combinations for pre-slaughter stunning of silver catfish as they yielded longer apparent stunning, lower levels of glucose and lactate and smaller changes in flesh characteristics compared to the others. Anesthesia with EO (300 mg L-1) did not reduce the biochemical markers of stress in silver catfish. However, compared to non-anesthetized fish, anesthesia did delay the loss of freshness and deterioration of chilled fish as it delayed the degradation of ADP to AMP and the generation of inosine, and contributed to reduce the sensory demerit scores for overall and gills odor, belly firmness and whole TFRU scheme, especially when associated with the electrical stunning. Furthermore, non-anesthetized fish were unacceptable for consumption on the 23rd day of chilled storage, whereas anesthetized fish become unacceptable only on the 33rd day. The EO also showed antimicrobial activity against Enterobacteriaceae species, however, when used before hypothermia the EO anesthesia did not prevent the post mortem oxidative changes in the frozen fillets, and potentialized lipid oxidation of frozen fillets when associated with electrical stunning. Hypothermia stunning did modify post mortem changes of fish stored in ice, however fillet from fish submitted to hypothermia had greater oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and protein carbonylation with consequent reduction in lightness and increase in yellowness along frozen storage, which may be responsible for the greater total color difference and increased elasticity of fillets over 18 months of frozen storage compared to electrical stunning. In contrast, electrical stunning resulted in faster onset of rigor mortis than hypothermia but did not accelerate the resolution of rigor mortis or the degradation of ATP in whole fish stored in ice. In addition, electrical stunning favored the generation of hydroperoxides in fillets by the end of frozen storage, as well as more intense red color at the beginning of storage. Thus, electrical stunning with 128 V m-1 electric field strength combined with 300 Hz frequency during 5 seconds, can be used in the pre-slaughter stunning of silver catfish as it was less stressful for fish than hypothermia and did not have any negative effect on the post mortem stability of chilled fish or frozen fillets compared to hypothermia. In addition, prior anesthesia with 300 mg L-1 of EO of L. alba may also be used in this step of the fish processing, especially for whole fish stored in ice. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o atordoamento elétrico para jundiás e avaliar se a anestesia com óleo essencial (OE) de L. alba antes do atordoamento elétrico ou hipotermia, na etapa de insensibilização pré-abate, reduz o estresse e influência a estabilidade e características sensoriais do pescado. Foram avaliadas frequências elétricas entre 50 e 1000 Hz, força de campo elétrico de 128 ou 256 V m-1 e tempo de exposição a corrente entre 1 e 60 segundos. As frequências elétricas de 100, 300 e 500 Hz, combinadas com a força de campo elétrico de 128 V m-1 durante 5 segundos foram as combinações elétricas mais adequadas para a insensibilização pré-abate de jundiás, uma vez que contribuíram para maior duração do atordoamento aparente, menores níveis de glicose e lactato e menor alteração nas características da carne comparadas às demais. A anestesia com OE (300 mg L-1) não reduziu os níveis de marcadores bioquímicos de estresse dos jundiás, entretanto, comparado aos peixes não anestesiados, retardou a perda de frescor e deterioração do pescado conservado em gelo, já que atrasou a degradação do ADP em AMP e a formação de inosina, e contribuiu para menor pontuação de demérito na avaliação sensorial do odor dos peixes e das brânquias, firmeza da região ventral e no esquema TFRU, especialmente quando associado ao atordoamento elétrico. Além disso, os peixes não anestesiados estavam inaceitáveis para o consumo no 23° dia de armazenamento refrigerado, enquanto que os peixes anestesiados tornaram-se inaceitáveis somente no 33° dia. O OE também apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae, porém, quando utilizado antes da insensibilização por hipotermia não impediu as alterações oxidativas post mortem nos filés congelados, e potencializou a oxidação lipídica dos filés congelados quando associada ao atordoamento elétrico. O atordoamento por hipotermia não modificou as alterações post mortem do pescado estocado em gelo, porém os filés dos peixes submetidos à hipotermia apresentaram maior oxidação de grupos sulfidrila e carbonilação de proteínas com consequente redução da luminosidade e aumento na intensidade da cor amarela durante o congelamento, o que também pode ter influenciado na maior diferença total de cor, e maior elasticidade dos filés ao longo dos 18 meses de armazenamento congelado em relação ao atordoamento elétrico. Em contrapartida, o atordoamento elétrico resultou em instalação mais rápida do rigor mortis quando comparado à hipotermia, mas não acelerou a resolução do rigor mortis nem a degradação do ATP dos peixes inteiros armazenados em gelo. O atordoamento elétrico favoreceu a geração de hidroperóxidos no final do período de estocagem congelada dos filés, e resultou em maior intensidade da cor vermelha no início do armazenamento comparado à hipotermia. Dessa forma, o atordoamento elétrico, utilizando um campo elétrico de 128 V m-1 combinado à frequência elétrica de 300 Hz durante 5 segundos, pode ser utilizado na insensibilização pré-abate de jundiás, já que não apresentou qualquer efeito negativo na estabilidade post mortem do pescado refrigerado ou dos filés congelados em comparação com a hipotermia. Além disso, a anestesia prévia com 300 mg L-1 de OE de L. alba também pode ser utilizada nessa etapa do processamento do pescado, especialmente para os peixes conservados inteiros em gelo.